河北省鼠疫自然疫源地内达乌尔黄鼠寄生蚤的研究

目的　了解河北省鼠疫自然疫源地内达乌尔黄鼠寄生蚤的种类、构成、季节消长。方法　收集活体达乌尔黄鼠及其窝巢 ,置熏鼠桶用乙醚或汽油将鼠、蚤一并熏死 ,捡蚤 ;鼠洞用法兰绒探蚤棒每洞探 3次 ,收集探到的蚤。直接在显微镜下鉴定或制成玻片标本鉴定。结果　共发现寄生蚤 3科 9属 14种 ,方形黄鼠蚤蒙古亚种为优势种 ,其次为光亮额蚤、二齿新蚤。染蚤率、蚤指数年度间有较大差异 ,无明显规律。体、巢、洞干的染蚤率、蚤指数在鼠间鼠疫流行的前一年均较高。巢蚤的染蚤率 7月份为最高 ,蚤指数以 5月份为最高 ;体蚤、洞干蚤的染蚤率、蚤指数均以 4、5月份为最高。结论　查清了河北省鼠疫自然疫源地内达乌尔黄鼠寄生蚤的种类、构成、季节消长 ,为今后进一步研究河北省的鼠疫自然疫源地及动物间鼠疫流行因素 ,提供了科学依据。     

1981-2020年河北省鼠疫自然疫源地康保牧场达乌尔黄鼠寄生蚤调查分析

目的 了解河北鼠疫自然疫源地康保牧场达乌尔黄鼠寄生蚤种群数量和结构变化规律,为疫源地动物疫情的预测预警和预防控制提供必要的依据。方法 应用Excel 2010对达乌尔黄鼠鼠体蚤、洞干蚤及窝巢蚤调查数据进行总结和逐年逐月统计,运用集中度法对寄生蚤季节分布特征进行分析。结果 1981—2020年共计获蚤20 575只,隶属于3科8属15种;达乌尔黄鼠优势蚤种为方形黄鼠蚤蒙古亚种(占73.70%)和光亮额蚤(占14.46%),阿巴盖新蚤(占5.68%)和二齿新蚤(占4.65%)为常见种;体蚤与巢蚤的染蚤率均高于洞干蚤染蚤率;体蚤(M=0.7)、洞干蚤(M=0.7)和窝巢蚤(M=0.9)均有明显的季节性。结论 1981—2020年河北省鼠疫自然疫源地康保牧场达乌尔黄鼠体蚤和窝巢蚤的染蚤率高于洞干蚤染蚤率,体蚤、洞干蚤和窝巢蚤具有明显的季节性,可为有针对性的开展疫源地灭蚤工作提供参考。     

中国达乌尔黄鼠鼠疫媒介控制的研究

目的为控制鼠疫媒介蚤类提供科学的依据。方法概述中国达乌尔黄鼠鼠疫自然疫源地的主要媒介及控制方法。结果在达乌尔黄鼠鼠疫疫源地共发现蚤类95种(亚种),自然染疫的蚤类有方形黄鼠蚤松江亚种、方形黄鼠蚤蒙古亚种、印鼠客蚤、二齿新蚤、阿巴盖新蚤、近代新蚤东方亚种、光亮额蚤、角尖眼蚤指名亚种、秃病蚤蒙冀亚种、短跗鬃眼蚤及不等单蚤11种(亚种)。达乌尔黄鼠的寄生蚤以方形黄鼠蚤为最多,占寄生蚤的79.7%,占自然染疫蚤的78.9%,是主要媒介蚤。结论通过综合控制主要宿主和媒介数量,使达乌尔黄鼠鼠疫疫源地内的人间鼠疫得到控制。     

新疆维吾尔自治区准噶尔盆地2007-2016年鼠疫流行态势分析

目的 了解准噶尔盆地鼠疫自然疫源地鼠疫流行现状。方法 采用数理统计方法分析2007-2016年在该疫源地18个县（市、区）采集的鼠疫宿主动物、媒介及鼠疫抗体和病原体检测数据。结果 该疫源地大沙鼠密度在时间分布上呈波动状态,为2.1~22.6只/hm²;空间分布呈不均匀分布,以克拉玛依市和乌鲁木齐市米东区最高,分别为14.2只/hm²和13.0只/hm²;夜行鼠捕获率为4.2~10.1只/100夹次,以2014年最高,为10.1只/100夹次;子午沙鼠为优势种（81.9%）;大沙鼠染蚤率和总蚤指数空间和时间分布存在波动,平均染蚤率为90.7%,总蚤指数为10.44,簇鬃客蚤为优势种,分布最广,占总蚤指数的47.8%;夜行鼠平均染蚤率为20.2%,总蚤指数为1.20,以同形客蚤指名亚种和秃病蚤指名亚种为优势种类;鼠疫血清学检测啮齿动物13种9 087份,阳性617份。其中大沙鼠阳性率最高（9.4%）,其次为三趾毛脚跳鼠（1.1%）。空间分布存在2个鼠疫流行强度较高区域：昌吉至木垒的准噶尔东部区域,以克拉玛依、沙湾和乌苏甘家湖为中心的中部地区,大沙鼠鼠疫抗体阳性率分别为14.3%和13.6%。时间分布上呈波动状态：2008年为低谷,2013年呈高峰,阳性率分别为1.0%和19.3%;10年间共计检出鼠疫菌18株,以大沙鼠及其体蚤检菌最多。以乌鲁木齐市米东区、吉木萨尔和克拉玛依市检菌最多。结论 准噶尔盆地鼠疫自然疫源地是一个物种组成丰富、宿主和媒介群落结构多样、鼠疫流行强度不断变化的复杂生态系统,动物间鼠疫流行呈全区域性、连续性和异质性,存在主动和被动接触感染2类3种鼠疫风险播散链。     

准噶尔盆地鼠疫自然疫源地大沙鼠寄生蚤群落结构及其鼠疫流行病学分析

目的了解准噶尔盆地鼠疫自然疫源地大沙鼠体蚤群落的结构,解释其体蚤群落结构与动物鼠疫流行的关系。方法采用群落生态研究方法分析2005--2010年采自准噶尔盆地的大沙鼠体蚤,采用统计学方法分析所得到的各聚类群落与动物鼠疫流行的病原学和血清学相关指标。结果大沙鼠体蚤具有复杂群落结构,体蚤群落19种,但常见仅3种,16种为稀有种类,蚤群落平均丰富度和多样性较高,分别为1.66和1.5556,优势度不显著,为0.332,均匀性适中(o.5283)。群落蚤类间具有共寄生性,染蚤率、蚤指数及主要寄生蚤的比例变化是影响体蚤类群落结构的关键因素,可分为5个聚类群。结论准噶尔盆地大沙鼠体蚤群落存在地理区域异质性,并与动物鼠疫流行强度相关。     

内蒙古自治区不同生态系鼠疫自然疫源地动物鼠疫流行现状及流行风险简析

内蒙古面临着多种类型疫源地鼠疫流行和复燃的风险。蒙古旱獭疫源地虽然暂未在国内发现动物间鼠疫流行,但过去检出过阳性血清,同时蒙古旱獭种群数量持续增加且分布范围不断扩大,毗邻的蒙古国和俄罗斯联邦的蒙古旱獭疫源地动物间鼠疫持续流行;达乌尔黄鼠疫源地动物间鼠疫时隐时现;长爪沙鼠疫源地动物间鼠疫流行猛烈,并频频波及人间。由于蒙古旱獭和达乌尔黄鼠鼠疫耶尔森菌菌株毒力明显高于长爪沙鼠鼠疫耶尔森菌菌株,且在历史上曾给当地带来深重灾难,因此内蒙古自治区鼠疫防控重点应在常规鼠疫监测的基础上,进一步加强蒙古旱獭和达乌尔黄鼠疫源地流行动态的监测,警惕该两个疫源地复燃并波及人间。     

内蒙古自治区不同生态系鼠疫自然疫源地动物鼠疫流行现状及流行风险简析

内蒙古面临着多种类型疫源地鼠疫流行和复燃的风险。蒙古旱獭疫源地虽然暂未在国内发现动物间鼠疫流行,但过去检出过阳性血清,同时蒙古旱獭种群数量持续增加且分布范围不断扩大,毗邻的蒙古国和俄罗斯联邦的蒙古旱獭疫源地动物间鼠疫持续流行;达乌尔黄鼠疫源地动物间鼠疫时隐时现;长爪沙鼠疫源地动物间鼠疫流行猛烈,并频频波及人间。由于蒙古旱獭和达乌尔黄鼠鼠疫耶尔森菌菌株毒力明显高于长爪沙鼠鼠疫耶尔森菌菌株,且在历史上曾给当地带来深重灾难,因此内蒙古自治区鼠疫防控重点应在常规鼠疫监测的基础上,进一步加强蒙古旱獭和达乌尔黄鼠疫源地流行动态的监测,警惕该两个疫源地复燃并波及人间。     

2005—2020年宁夏阿拉善黄鼠鼠疫自然疫源地监测数据分析

目的 分析2005—2020年宁夏阿拉善黄鼠鼠疫自然疫源地监测数据,了解该疫源地宿主动物及其寄生媒介生物种群特征,为准确制订预防控制措施提供科学依据。方法 运用描述性流行病学方法,用构成比、率和相对比等指标,对宁夏阿拉善黄鼠鼠疫自然疫源地2005—2020年间的监测数据进行统计分析;率的比较用卡方检验,检验水准α=0.05。结果 2005—2020年,宁夏阿拉善黄鼠鼠疫自然疫源地各监测点共鉴定啮齿动物18种10403只。其中,阿拉善黄鼠6511只,占鉴定总数的62.59%,为该地区绝对优势种群,平均鼠密度为0.51只/公顷;小型啮齿动物平均捕获率为1.39%,不同年度间捕获率比较差异具有统计学意义（x2=1198.982,P<0.05）;鉴定蚤类14种45497只,其中方形黄鼠蚤蒙古亚种37181只,占鉴定总数的81.72%,为该地区绝对优势种群;鼠体平均染蚤率为60.41%,不同年份间鼠体染蚤率比较差异具有统计学意义（x2=1251.907,P<0.05）,平均蚤指数为1.34;鼠疫病原学、血清学检测结果均为阴性。结论 宁夏阿拉善黄鼠鼠疫自然疫源地疫源性持续存在,发生动物间鼠疫流行的风险较低,但不能排除动物间鼠疫局部散发的可能性,需继续加强动物间鼠疫监测力度,适时开展监测预警及灭鼠工作,严防鼠疫疫情的发生。     

1990—2020年河北省鼠疫自然疫源地长爪沙鼠体蚤和巢蚤数量分析

目的 研究1990—2020年河北省鼠疫自然疫源地长爪沙鼠体蚤和巢蚤数量变化规律,为动物间鼠疫防控提供依据。方法 整理1990—2020年河北省鼠疫自然疫源地媒介监测数据,使用SPSS软件、描述流行病学方法对长爪沙鼠体蚤、巢蚤动态变化进行统计分析。结果 1990—2020年共检获长爪沙鼠体蚤3 855只、巢蚤4 534只,其中秃病蚤蒙冀亚种和方形黄鼠蚤蒙古亚种总占比分别为36.99%和30.23%。体蚤指数为0.07～1.58、染蚤率为4.47%～56.92%;巢蚤指数为0.41～4.07,染蚤率为17.12%～64.58%;巢蚤指数大于体蚤指数(u=5.51,P<0.001)。长爪沙鼠体蚤和巢蚤指数与染蚤率正相关(P<0.001),长爪沙鼠体蚤和巢蚤指数与秃病蚤蒙冀亚种指数正相关(P<0.05)。结论 秃病蚤蒙冀亚种和方形黄鼠蚤蒙古亚种为河北省鼠疫自然疫源地长爪沙鼠寄生蚤优势种。长爪沙鼠体蚤和巢蚤指数升高是动物间鼠疫流行的危险因素,对动物间鼠疫流行起协同推进作用。     

河北省鼠疫自然疫源地鼠疫混合宿主动物寄生蚤分布分析

目的探讨河北省鼠疫自然疫源地鼠疫混合宿主动物寄生蚤的分布特征。方法从2001—2019年在河北省鼠疫自然疫源地收集并鉴定宿主动物寄生蚤,分析不同季节和不同监测点宿主动物的染蚤率、蚤指数及蚤类构成的差异。结果 2001—2019年河北省鼠疫自然疫源地共收集混合宿主动物寄生蚤13 262只,属4科10属19种,平均染蚤率为41.15%,平均蚤指数为1.60。该疫源地混合宿主动物寄生蚤中方形黄鼠蚤蒙古亚种构成比最高,占46.63%～81.34%。不同季节宿主动物染蚤率、蚤指数和蚤种构成均不同(H=19.149和13.610、χ~2=793.646;P0.05)。夏季宿主动物染蚤率和蚤指数均最高,冬季最低。不同监测点中,康保牧场的染蚤率和蚤指数均高于照阳河(Z=3.670和5.823,P0.05)。结论河北省鼠疫自然疫源地鼠疫宿主动物染蚤率和蚤指数均较高,建议今后防控工作中有针对性地开展灭蚤工作。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.