急性缺血性脑卒中降纤治疗出血性转化的危险因素分析

目的 分析急性缺血性脑卒中降纤治疗出血性转化的危险因素。方法 回顾性分析2012年1月~2015年12月在沈阳医学院附属中心医院进行降纤治疗的急性缺血性脑卒中患者225例临床资料,根据降纤治疗后复查头颅CT及MRI发现梗死部位出血分为出血性转化(HT)组,非出血性转化(非HT)组,对两组临床资料进行单因素和多因素分析。结果 共34例发生出血性转化,发生率为15.11%,24例发生于降纤治疗后1周内,10例发生于第8~13天;中位时间4 d。因脑实质血肿死亡1例。HT组冠心病、房颤、大面积脑梗死、皮质梗死、心源性脑栓塞占比例明显高于非HT组,HT组入院时美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分、空腹血糖、尿酸值明显高于非HT组,均与降纤治疗出血性转化有关,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 房颤、大面积脑梗死、心源性脑栓塞、严重神经损害是急性缺血性脑卒中降纤治疗出血性转化的独立危险因素。     

出血性脑梗死的相关因素分析

目的探讨出血性脑梗死的危险因素。方法对16例出血性脑梗死患者的病历资料进行统计学分析，按相关因素进行比较。结果脑栓塞、大面积脑梗死、皮层梗死、糖尿病等危险因素以及进行溶栓治疗是出血性脑梗死的危险因素。结论脑栓塞、大面积腑梗死、皮层梗死、糖尿病患者发生梗死后出血的机率增大，及时行影像学检查可以早期发现。     

睡眠时间与脑梗死关系的病例对照研究

目的 探讨睡眠时间与脑梗死的关系。方法 采用病例对照研究方法选择2011年12月至2012年12月哈尔滨医科大学第二附属医院1037例脑梗死住院患者作为病例组,以同期健康体检的1205名非脑血管病者作为对照组,采用统一的调查问卷。数据分析采用χ²、u检验和多 因素非条件logistic回归模型。结果 以睡眠时间6～8 h者为基准相比,调整年龄、性别、BMI、腰臀围比值、吸烟、饮酒、高血压、糖尿病、冠心病以及血脂指标后,睡眠时间＜6 h者患脑梗死的风险增加(OR=2．81,95％CI：1．68～4．70);睡眠时间＞8 h者与脑梗死无关联(OR=O．76,95％CI：0．48～1．20)。按照性别分层后,睡眠时间＜6 h与脑梗死的相关性仍然存在,且女性睡眠时间＜6 h者脑梗死发生风险高于男性,OR值分别为5．58(95％CI：1．78～17．52)、2．00(95％CI：1．10～3．64)。结论 睡眠不足可能是脑梗死的危险因素。     

食管癌患者术后医院感染发生特点及相关危险因素分析

目的 总结食管癌术后医院感染分布特点, 分析医院感染发生的相关危险因素, 为减少食管癌术后医院感染、提高患者生命质量提供依据。 方法 回顾性分析2022年1—12月某院收治的患食管癌且进行手术的患者的临床资料, 汇总其术后发生医院感染的部位和分布情况。采用χ²检验、单因素和多因素分析的统计学方法, 对患者的基本特征、手术相关影响因素、抗菌药物使用情况及住院期间相关危险因素与医院感染的发生进行关联性分析。 结果 共纳入404例食管癌手术患者, 其中发生医院感染102例, 118例次, 医院感染发病率为25.25%, 例次率为29.21%。主要感染部位为下呼吸道(57例次, 48.31%)、胸膜腔(31例次, 26.27%)和器官腔隙(16例次, 13.56%)。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示, 年龄≥60岁(OR=2.115, 95%CI: 1.150~3.890)、住院时长≥25 d(OR=8.388, 95%CI: 4.491~15.667)、术后抗菌药物使用时长≥10 d(OR=2.885, 95%CI: 1.506~5.527)为患者术后发生医院感染的独立危险因素(均P＜0.05)。 结论 食管癌患者术后医院感染主要以下呼吸道感染为主, 且是多因素共同作用的结果, 年龄≥60岁、住院时间≥25 d、术后抗菌药物使用时间≥10 d的患者术后更容易发生医院感染。为提高食管癌手术患者的生命质量, 建议进一步强化围手术期管理, 优化患者住院期间的护理水平, 合理使用抗菌药物, 以减少医院感染的发生。     

我国成年居民膳食胆固醇摄入量与血清总胆固醇水平关系的研究

目的 了解我国成年居民膳食胆固醇摄入量与血清总胆固醇(TC)水平的关系。 方法 资料来源于2009年第八轮“中国健康与营养调查”。将参加2009年中国健康与营养调查并有完整个人信息的18~65岁成年居民作为调查对象。分析调查对象膳食胆固醇摄入量与TC水平的相关关系, 探讨膳食胆固醇摄入对TC水平的影响及膳食胆固醇摄入过量人群高胆固醇血症的患病风险。结果 我国成年居民膳食胆固醇摄入量与TC水平及LDL-C水平呈显著正相关(均P<0.05);多元回归分析显示, 成年居民膳食胆固醇摄入量是影响TC水平(P<0.05)及女性LDL-C水平的重要因素(P=0.01);调整混杂因素后, 膳食胆固醇摄入过量(≥300 mg/d)的男女性人群发生高胆固醇血症的危险性明显增高(OR=1.21, 95%CI: 1.03~1.42, P=0.019;OR=1.18, 95%CI: 1.00~1.40, P=0.044)。结论 我国成年居民膳食胆固醇摄入量与其TC水平存在一定关联, 降低居民膳食胆固醇摄入量可以预防高胆固醇血症的发生。     

膳食胆固醇摄入对妊娠期糖尿病的影响

目的 研究妊娠期妇女孕前1年、孕早期、孕中期膳食胆固醇摄入对妊娠期糖尿病的影响。方法 收集2012年3月至2016年9月在山西医科大学第一医院产科住院分娩孕妇的一般人口学特征、妊娠期糖尿病诊断结果及膳食胆固醇摄入情况,根据对照组孕妇不同时期胆固醇摄入的P₂₅、P₅₀、P₇₅将其分为4组。采用非条件logistic回归分析孕前1年、孕早期、孕中期膳食胆固醇摄入量与妊娠期糖尿病的关系,及不同年龄段孕妇膳食胆固醇摄入对妊娠期糖尿病发生的影响。结果 共纳入研究对象9 005人,其中妊娠期糖尿病1 388例。多因素分析结果显示,孕前1年胆固醇摄入量≥ 76.50 mg/d且孕中期摄入量为≥ 46.75 mg/d的孕妇患GDM的风险增加。按年龄分层后,年龄<35岁孕妇的孕前1年和孕中期胆固醇摄入量≥ 76.50 mg/d是妊娠期糖尿病的危险因素（分别为OR=1.336,95%CI：1.083~1.647;OR=1.341,95%CI：1.087~1.654）,孕妇年龄≥ 35岁组未发现膳食胆固醇摄入与妊娠期糖尿病发生有关。结论 妊娠期妇女孕前1年及孕中期膳食胆固醇摄入高均会增加妊娠期糖尿病的发生风险。     

出血性脑梗死相关因素的临床分析

目的 探讨出血性脑梗死(HI)的危险因素.方法 采用回顾性分析方法 ,将560例脑梗死患者分为HI组(56例)及非出血性脑梗死(NHI)组(504例),比较两组患者的年龄、脑栓塞病史、糖尿病和高血压病史、血糖和血压水平、脑梗死面积、神经功能缺损程度.结果 HI组患者血压及脑栓塞病史、高血压病史、大面积梗死、重度神经功能缺损比例均显著高于NHI组(P＜0.05或＜0.01),而年龄显著低于NHI组[(59.0±7.2)岁比(63.0±9.6)岁,P＜0.05].结论 低龄、高血压、脑栓塞病史、高血压病史、大面积梗死以及重度神经功能缺损容易发生HI.     

北京市社区老年人跌倒情况及其后果的相关因素研究

目的 了解老年人跌倒的发生及跌倒后致伤情况,并探讨跌倒致伤的相关因素.方法 采用分层整群抽样方法抽取北京市某社区≥60岁1512名老年人,按照统-设计的调查问卷,以面对面询问的方式进行入户调查,对可能与跌倒致伤有关的因素进行单因素分析及多因素logistic回归分析,以寻找对跌倒后果有影响的因素.结果 272名老年人在过去的1年中共发生379次跌倒,跌倒发生率为18.0％;272例跌倒的老年人中有131例(8.7％)因跌倒致伤,在379次跌倒中,发生143次(37.7％)跌倒后致伤;跌倒致伤性质以软组织损伤和表皮擦伤为主,分别为84次(58.7％)和57次(39.9％),其次为骨折(20次,14.0％)、割伤/开放性伤(9次,6.3％),脑震荡及内脏损伤较少;跌倒致伤的部位以下肢最多(67次,46.9％),其他依次为上肢(39次,27.3％)、头部(27次,18.9％)、面部(19次,13.3％)、髋部(11次,2.9％)、腹部/腰部(10次,2.6％)、胸部(6次,1.6％)、脊柱(5次,1.3％),颈部伤最少(3次,0.8％).多因素logistic回归分析显示女性(OR=2.09)、楼梯台阶高度合适(OR=1.94)、经常饮酒(OR=3.10)、能独立行走400 m(OR=2.11)、曾因跌倒过害怕再次跌倒(OR=3.30)是老年人跌倒致伤的危险因素;室内扶手充足(OR=0.41)是老年人跌倒致伤的保护因素.结论 北京市社区老年人跌倒发生率和致伤比例较高,跌倒的发生和致伤与多种因素有关,应采取综合性预防措施.     

中国15省（自治区、直辖市）18~64岁居民心血管代谢性危险因素的流行现况及变化趋势

目的 探讨中国15个省（自治区、直辖市）18~64岁居民心血管代谢性危险因素的流行特征和变化趋势，并分析人口学特征对其的影响。方法 选取2009、2015和2018年“中国健康与营养调查”中18~64岁19 827名成年居民作为研究对象，利用其人口经济因素、血生化数据和体格测量数据，通过Joinpoint回归模型分析不同年份各代谢性危险因素检出率的变化趋势，并采用多项logit模型分析各危险因素与人口学特征的相关性。结果 在所有危险因素中，超重和中心性肥胖的整体检出率较高，在2018年分别达到36.41%和39.93%，另外，在3个年份中，危险因素聚集率在2015年最高，2018年稍有下降。Joinpoint回归模型分析结果显示，大多数代谢性危险因素的检出率2009-2018年整体呈上升趋势，但年度变化百分比（APC）无统计学意义。在APC>0的危险因素中，肥胖和糖尿病的APC较大（APC=5.37%，t=3.26，P=0.190；APC=5.52%，t=7.70，P=0.082），在APC<0的危险因素中，高敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）升高的APC较大（APC=-6.95%，t=-4.17，P=0.150）。多项logit回归模型分析结果显示，除LDL-C、TC和hs-CRP外，男性发生其他各代谢性危险因素的风险均高于女性；45~64岁成年人除HDL-C外发生其他危险因素的风险高于18~44岁低年龄组且在高血压和糖化血红蛋白升高中更为显著，分别为低年龄组的4.67（95%CI：4.07~5.37）倍和3.73（95%CI：2.91~4.77）倍；居住在东部地区的居民发生肥胖、LDL-C边缘升高、高血压、血糖升高和糖尿病的危险性较高，而发生TG升高和hs-CRP升高的危险性较低，西部地区居民发生中心性肥胖、血压升高和高血压的风险较低。结论 在3个年份中，大多数危险因素的检出率及危险因素聚集率在2015年最高，2018年变化不大或稍有下降。性别、年龄和地域分布为心血管代谢性危险因素的主要影响因素，建议采取针对性的预防策略和干预措施，减少心血管代谢性危险因素的发生风险。     

中国四省市结核病发病危险因素研究

目的探讨中国东、中部广东、湖南、江苏、上海四省市结核病发病的影响因素，为结核病防控工作提供参考依据。方法2009年11月-2011年2月，采用结核病发病监测户卡对四省市若干乡镇/街道的常住人口，共进行3次以全人群为基础的入户调查。调查中的474例结核病患者作为病例组，从源人群中按地区、年龄、性别进行频数匹配，随机抽取1896位非结核病患者作为对照组，进行发病危险因素的病例对照研究。资料分析采用单因素和多因素非条件logistic回归分析。结果多因素分析结果提示，结核病史(OR=52．356，95%CI：18．956～144．607)、人均居住面积≥50 m²(OR=8．742，95%CI：1．107～69．064)、结核病患者接触史(OR-6．083，95%CI：2．336～15．839)、外来人口(OR=3．306，95%CI：1．907～5．734)是结核病发生的危险因素，文化程度高(OR=O．284，95%CI：0．110～0．733)是其保护因素。结论加强对既往有结核病史者、结核病接触者以及外来人口的结核病管理控制工作，将有助于降低结核病的流行强度。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.