云南省鹤庆县2017年分离鼠疫菌分子溯源

目的 了解2017年云南省鹤庆县新分离的鼠疫菌的基因分型,为该地的鼠疫防控提供科学依据。方法 采用差异片段（DFR）、规律成簇的间隔短回文重复序列（CRISPRs）和多位点可变数目串联重复序列分析（MLVA）3种方法对10株鹤庆县新分离鼠疫菌进行分型,并将10株鼠疫菌及邻近疫源地鼠疫菌株93株纳入聚类分析。结果 鹤庆鼠疫菌株与丽江鼠疫疫源地菌株具有相同的DFR型（Genomovar 05型）及CRISPRs型（Ca7簇,22型）,在MLVA聚类分析中,鹤庆鼠疫菌株与丽江野鼠鼠疫菌株位于同一个簇,两者之间仅有2个位点（N2117,M23）的差异。结论 2017年云南省鹤庆鼠疫菌株与丽江野鼠鼠疫疫源地菌株具有很高的同源性,鹤庆县疫情可能是丽江鼠疫进一步向南扩散的结果。     

PulseNet China数据库在安徽省4起霍乱 疫情溯源中的应用

目的通过PulseNetChina数据库对安徽省2012年4起霍乱疫情进行溯源分析。 方法应用PCR扩增霍乱弧菌CT和TCP毒力基因,并利用脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)对其进行分 型,使用BioNumericsV4．0软件对电泳结果进行聚类分析,并与PulseNet China数据库进行比对。 结果16株菌经PCR扩增,cT和TCP基因均出现目的条带。菌株经Not I和踬I酶切,PFGE聚 类分析显示,13株菌的同源性>98％。其中2株菌与PulseNetChina数据库中湖南、四川、浙江、上 海、湖北5省(市)同年霍乱疫情菌株同源性达100％。结论安徽省2012年4起霍乱疫情均源自 食用霍乱弧菌感染甲鱼。PulseNet China数据库能有效、快速地对霍乱疫情溯源和预警。     

青海省人间鼠疫病原学研究及菌株溯源分析

目的　对1958--2012年青海省人间鼠疫流行期间自鼠疫患者和尸体中分离的129株鼠疫菌进行病原学研究。方法　采用常规方法和分子生物学技术对鼠疫菌进行病原学研究,同时采用差异区段（DFR）基因分型技术对2004年囊谦县、2009年兴海县人间肺鼠疫暴发疫情进行溯源分析。结果　119株鼠疫菌中,205株属青藏高原型菌株,6株属祁连山型菌株,8株菌具有特殊生化特性;84．03％（100／219）的鼠疫菌具有4个毒力因子（F1⁺、Pst I⁺、VW⁺、Pgm⁺）。测试的74株菌中,72株（97．30％）为强毒菌;携带大质粒52×10⁶、65X 10⁶、92×10⁶的菌株主要分布于海南、海北、海西、玉树、果洛、黄南6个州和湟源县;鼠疫菌DFR基因型以5、8型为主。其中5型占44．54％（53／119）,分布于都兰、湟源、玉树、杂多、治多、称多、曲麻莱、玛多、囊谦、祁连等地区;8型占32．77％（39／119）,分布于祁连山南北麓、青海湖环湖地区。2004年囊谦县肺鼠疫暴发分离株均为10型;2009年兴海县肺鼠疫暴发分离株（来自鼠疫患者、人尸和牧犬体内）的基因型均为8型。结论　本次试验菌株均具备青藏高原鼠疫病原体特性。菌株溯源分析显示,基于DFR的鼠疫菌基因分型与流行病学调查一致,可用于确定传染源。     

非O157产志贺毒素大肠埃希菌分离株脉冲场凝胶电泳分析

目的 对国内不同宿主来源的非0157产志贺毒素大肠埃希菌(STEC)分离株进行脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)分析，以初步建立中国非0157 STEC菌株的基础数据库，了解其分子流行病学特征。方法 参照PulseNet非0157 STEC的PFGE实验方法对76株非0157 STEC分离株进行分析，并使用BioNumerics软件进行聚类。结果 在PulseNet推荐的电泳参数和内切酶XbaI情况下，菌株酶切片段分布均匀，条带易于识别。76株非0157 STEC分离株产生62种PFGE带型，初步聚类为A～M 13个群，不同来源菌株的PFGE带型分布广泛，但均具有某些优势的PFGE聚类群。结论 国内不同来源的非0157 STEC呈高度多态性，PulseNet推荐的PFGE电泳参数和内切酶XbaI适用于中国非0157 STEC菌株的分析。     

甘肃省鼠疫耶尔森菌规律成簇间隔短回文重复序列位点多态性分析及地区分布

目的 研究甘肃省鼠疫耶尔森菌（鼠疫菌）的规律成簇的间隔短回文重复序列（CRISPR）位点多态性及地区分布。方法 选取1962－2014年分离的203株鼠疫菌,培养并提取DNA。采用3对CRISPR引物对菌株DNA进行PCR扩增,对PCR产物进行测序。根据菌株CRISPR位点的间区序列种类和排列情况,确定菌株的基因型（类群）,采用BioNumerics 5.10软件进行聚类分析。结果 203株鼠疫菌发现有16种间区序列,包括YPa位点9种、YPb位点4种、YPc位点3种,发现新的间区序列a1''。共发现5个CRISPR基因簇,分别为Cb2、Ca7、Ca7''、CaΔ5''、Ca35''。不同的基因簇呈现区域性特征：Cb2主要分布在会宁县、平川区,Ca7主要分布阿克塞哈萨克族自治县;Ca7''主要分布在夏河县;Ca35''主要分布肃北蒙古族自治县、玉门市;CaΔ5''主要集中在肃南裕固族自治县。结论 CRISPR分子分型方法能够较好地区分甘肃省不同疫源地的菌株,且各基因簇呈现一定的区域性特征。对研究甘肃省鼠疫菌进化规律和人间疫情分子生物学溯源有一定意义。     

广东省2009-2011年鼠伤寒沙门菌监测及菌株分子分型的研究

目的 了解广东省鼠伤寒沙门菌监测现况及菌株分子分型特点,并初步建立数据库,为食源性疾病暴发追踪污染源及传播途径提供基线数据。方法 参考国际PulseNet公布的沙门菌脉冲场凝胶电泳（PFGE）分型方案及 7 个位点的鼠伤寒沙门菌多位点可变数目串联重复序列分析（MLVA）方法,分析广东省2009-2011年10个市275株鼠伤寒沙门菌分型特点,利用BioNumerics软件建立分子分型数据库。结果 2009-2011年广东省沙门菌年均检出率为4.03%;鼠伤寒沙门菌年均检出率和构成比分别为1.38%和34.29%,均呈双峰形分布趋势,流行高峰为5和9月。275株鼠伤寒沙门菌经XbaⅠ酶切和PFGE分析,获得124种带型,其分型D值为 0.928 6,而MLVA分型获得143种型别,D值为0.966 5,分辨能力高于单酶切的 PFGE分型。对其中>3株的相同带型进一步采用PFGE-XbaⅠ- BlnⅠ双酶切分型,获得分型共174种,D值为0.989 1,与采用MLVA方法相同,即对同一菌株的分辨结果具有较高一致性。结论 广东省鼠伤寒沙门菌具有遗传多样性。初步建立的菌株分子分型数据库显示采用MLVA 分型方法可完成菌株聚集性分析,以确认鼠伤寒沙门菌引起的暴发。     

广东省2009－2013 年霍乱弧菌病原学特征分析

目的 分析广东省2009－2013 年霍乱病例及环境来源O1/O139 群霍乱弧菌病原学特征。方法 选取2009－2013 年广东省霍乱病例来源、环境（水体和海水产品）来源的O1/O139群霍乱弧菌。采用血清分型、抗菌药物敏感性试验、毒力基因PCR 检测和脉冲场凝胶电泳（PFGE）分子分型方法 , 研究不同来源的霍乱弧菌血清型、抗菌药物敏感性、毒力基因携带以及分子分型方面的异同。结果 2009－2013 年广东省共分离得到各类来源O1/O139 群霍乱弧菌190株（病例16 株, 外环境174 株）。病例来源菌株分为O1 群稻叶型（3 株）、小川型（7 株）和O139 群（6株）3 种菌型;其中10 株ctxA 基因阳性, 2 株小川型菌株携带不完整CTXΦ噬菌体;5 株菌对11 种抗菌药物完全敏感, 3 株对4 种抗菌药物表现出耐受。外环境来源菌株中53 株稻叶型, 22 株小川型和2 株O139 群菌株携带不完整CTXΦ噬菌体;2 株O139 菌株检出ctxA 基因阳性;25 株对≥4 种抗菌药物耐受, 其中有2 株同时对11 种抗菌药物中的7 种耐受, 以水产品中的稻叶型菌株为主（13株）。PFGE分子分型结果显示, 菌株经NotⅠ酶切后的PFGE型别表现出明显的多样性。稻叶型和O139 群病例菌株的带型聚集在同一个聚类中, 小川型病例菌株带型分散在不同的聚类中, 病例来源菌株与环境来源菌株的带型差别较大。结论 广东省O1/O139 群霍乱弧菌毒力基因和遗传特征复杂多样, 菌株多重耐药形势严峻, 需要加强菌株型别变异及耐药监测。     

河南省2011-2014年D群宋内志贺菌病原学监测与分子流行病学研究

目的 分析2011-2014年河南省腹泻患者粪便中分离的216株D群宋内志贺菌毒力基因携带情况、耐药谱及代表性菌株的PFGE指纹图谱特征,为志贺菌病的病原学监测及暴发溯源提供基线数据与方法学参考。方法 采集腹泻患者粪便样本,SS平板分离培养18~24 h,采用克氏双糖铁(KIA)/动力-吲哚-尿素(MIU)与API20E系统进行生化鉴定,利用志贺菌分型血清进行玻片凝集;使用热裂解法制备DNA模板,采用多重PCR鉴定毒力基因种类。根据国际PulseNet细菌性传染病分子分型监测网络公布的宋内志贺菌PFGE分型技术方案进行PFGE分子分型与聚类分析。结果 216株D群宋内志贺菌中,98株为宋内Ⅰ型,118株为宋内Ⅱ型;各菌株均携带不同的毒力因子编码基因,包括SHET-1B、SHET-2、ial、ipaH,具有4种毒力基因组合类型;216株宋内志贺菌均为耐2种以上抗生素的多重耐药菌株,其中耐2~4种为34株(15.7%),耐5~8种为147株(68.1%),耐9~10种为24株(11.1%),耐11种为7株(3.2%),耐13种为4株(1.9%)。100株宋内志贺菌经XbaⅠ酶切与PFGE后共分为31种不同带型,相似度为68.6%~100.0%,各带型包含菌株数为1~13株不等。结论 2011-2014年河南省宋内志贺菌均携带致病性毒力基因,菌株耐药现象比较严重,其PFGE指纹图谱呈现多样性的同时又具有较显著的优势带型特点,部分带型与其对应的耐药谱具有一定的关联性与相同的聚集性。     

河南省外环境中沙门菌流行特征和分子分型研究

目的 了解河南省外环境中沙门菌的分布,探讨外环境沙门菌的不同型别分布和同源关系。方法 采集动物粪便、生熟肉制品和厨具等各类标本4 488份,进行沙门菌分离培养、生化鉴定及血清学分型;对其中部分优势血清型菌株进行PFGE分子分型研究。结果 从18种标本中共分离出324株沙门菌,分离率为7.21%;分离株分属于39种血清型,优势血清型是肠炎沙门菌（24.07%,78/324）和德尔比沙门菌（20.37%,66/324）。46株肠炎沙门菌经XbaⅠ酶切后共分为12种带型,其宿主多来自于鸡宿主源;30株德尔比沙门菌XbaⅠ酶切后共分为17种带型,其宿主多来自于猪宿主源。结论 河南省外环境沙门菌血清型分布呈多样性,不同来源的沙门菌的血清型有一定的差异;同一克隆菌株在相同地区内流行。     

河南省2009-2011年伤寒副伤寒沙门菌分子分型与耐药研究

目的 分析2009-2011年河南省伤寒副伤寒沙门菌临床分离株耐药状况与PFGE分型特征。方法 根据PulseNet公布的伤寒副伤寒沙门菌PFGE分型操作规程与美国临床实验室标准协会(CLSI)沙门菌K-B法药敏测试方案,对2009-2011年分离自河南省监测哨点医院78株伤寒副伤寒沙门菌进行抗生素药敏测试与PFGE分子分型。结果 78株伤寒副伤寒沙门菌对8类13种抗生素均有不同程度的耐药,62株为多重耐药菌株(79.5%),其中耐2～3种4株(5.1%),耐5～8种41株(52.6%),耐9～10种14株(17.9%),耐11～12种3株(3.8%);菌株对头孢类、喹诺酮类等5类抗生素耐药率总体呈上升趋势。经XbaⅠ酶切与PFGE后,获得14种带型,每种带型包含菌株数1～47株不等,相似度为66.03%～100.00%。结论 2000-2011年河南省临床分离的伤寒副伤寒沙门菌耐药状况普遍比较严重,PFGE带型呈现多样性的同时又具有较显著的优势带型特点,部分带型与其对应的耐药谱具有一定的关联性和聚集性。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.