河南省2014-2016年发热伴血小板减少综合征时空分布特征研究

目的 探讨河南省发热伴血小板减少综合征（SFTS）的时空动态分布特征。方法 收集2014-2016年河南省SFTS疫情监测资料,应用描述流行病学方法分析SFTS病例分布特征,采用公共卫生地理信息系统（PHGIS）1.7.0软件绘制SFTS空间分布图。率的比较采用χ²检验。结果 2014-2016年河南省共报告SFTS病例2 781例,死亡34例,平均病死率为1.22%。不同年份发病率的差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）。SFTS病例主要集中在4-10月,占病例总数的96.66%,5月为发病高峰。春、夏、秋季发病多于冬季。病例分布在8个地市26个县（区）。病例主要集中在豫南地区,信阳市发病最多,占全省病例总数的97.59%,其年均发病率为17.22/10万,高于全省平均发病率（0.98/10万）水平（P<0.01）。6个县（区）有死亡病例报告,占病例报告县（区）总数的23.08%。河南省SFTS存在局部空间区域高度聚集和个别县（区）散在发生两种发病模式。河南省报告SFTS病例的县（区）数逐年增多,疫区范围不断扩大,呈现由南向北逐渐扩散趋势。结论 河南省SFTS发病具有时间上的季节性和空间上的高度聚集性特征,应针对其时空分布特征和发病趋势,制定有效防控措施。     

上海市2010－2014年确认和疑似诺如病毒感染聚集性疫情流行病学分析

目的 分析2010－2014年上海市确认或疑似诺如病毒感染聚集性疫情及其流行病学特征。方法 统计分析2010年1月至2014年11月上海市报告的确认或疑似诺如病毒聚集性疫情的调查报告。结果 共报告80起聚集性疫情,报告病例总数为2 399例,总罹患率为4.17%。聚集性疫情持续时间M=4.5 d,疫情达到峰值时间M=2 d。秋冬季疫情高发,10月至翌年2月共发生53起,占总例数的66.25%。发生在学校、幼儿园和养老院的疫情共75起(93.75%)。医院住院病例和养老院老年人罹患率高于托幼儿童及学生,差异有统计学意义(χ²=683.12,P< 0.01);集体机构员工罹患率均低于其服务对象的罹患率。临床症状以呕吐为主,共1 900例(79.20%),腹泻和发热仅分别为694例(28.93%)和364例(15.17%),差异有统计学意义(χ²=2 251.48,P< 0.01)。短期共同来源为主要暴露形式,接触传播是主要感染途径。结论 2010－2014年上海市诺如病毒聚集性疫情主要发生在秋冬季和集体机构,应加强重点地区和人员监测及防护。     

河南省2017-2020年发热伴血小板减少综合征监测分析

目的 了解河南省2017-2020年发热伴血小板减少综合征（SFTS）监测病例的流行病学和病原学特征。方法 利用描述流行病学方法对河南省2017-2020年SFTS病例特征进行分析。采集急性期病例血标本，应用实时荧光RT-PCR法检测新布尼亚病毒核酸。对部分分离到的病毒株扩增S片段基因，进行同源性分析，构建系统进化树。结果 2017-2020年河南省共报告SFTS 1 767例（疑似病例1 000例、确诊病例767例），累计死亡11例（疑似病例3例、确诊病例8例），平均病死率为0.62%（11/1 767）；发病呈逐年下降趋势（趋势χ²=12.018，P=0.001）。病例分布在6个城市28个县（区），信阳市报告1 681例，占病例总数的95.13%（1 681/1 767）。病例主要发生在4-10月，占病例总数的96.10%（1 698/1 767）。男性发病率（0.38/10万）低于女性（0.54/10万）（χ²=54.855，P<0.001）；40~84岁占病例总数的93.44%（1 651/1 767）；农民占病例总数的96.10%（1 698/1 767）。发生家庭聚集性疫情1起。共检测标本1 110份，新布尼亚病毒的平均阳性率为39.19%（435/1 110），不同年份的差异有统计学意义（χ²=25.405，P<0.001）。分离到39株新布尼亚病毒中，S片段核苷酸同源性为94.76%~99.82%。39株病毒株完整S片段遗传进化分析结果显示，34株为A基因型、2株为B基因型，3株为D基因型。结论 2017-2020年河南省SFTS以散发为主，发病呈逐年下降趋势，发病具有明显的地域性和季节性，发病范围不断扩大，女性、≥ 40岁和农民多发，不同年份新布尼亚病毒阳性率差异较大，新布尼亚病毒主要流行型别为A基因型，但仍需持续开展病原学监测。     

浙江省2011-2015年发热伴血小板减少综合征发病空间预测

目的 了解浙江省发热伴血小板减少综合征（SFTS）发病空间分布特征,预测发病区域及聚集性疫情发生概率。方法 收集2011-2015年浙江省SFTS发病个案数据,使用ArcGIS 10.0软件进行空间分析,利用Moran''s I和G统计量探索空间自相关;采用趋势面分析发病趋势;以Kriging插值进行预测。结果 2011-2015年浙江省报告SFTS发病数逐年上升,报告发病地区扩大,发病时间和人群特征与既往研究结果相似;SFTS发病具有地区聚集性（P<0.001）,全省发病自东北向西南方向呈下降趋势;采用Kriging预测精度较好,预测发病区域较为广泛,以安吉、岱山、天台县发生聚集性病例概率相对更高,内部地区预测误差小于边缘地区。结论 Kriging插值预测SFTS发病较为准确,浙江省SFTS病例发生区域和水平均高于目前报告水平,以安吉、岱山、宁海、天台、三门、临海等地区发生聚集性疫情风险较高。     

天津市新型冠状病毒肺炎聚集性疫情病例分析

目的 分析天津市新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）聚集性疫情病例情况,掌握不同类型聚集性病例发病特征,为COVID-19防控提供流行病学证据和经验。方法 收集截至2020年2月22日天津市全部COVID-19确诊病例的聚集性资料,梳理和分析不同类型聚集性疫情发病特点。结果 截至2月22日,天津市共报告COVID-19聚集性疫情33起,涉及病例115例。聚集性病例分为4类：家庭聚集（28起,71例）、单位聚集（1起,10例）、交通工具（3起,8例）和公共场所（1起,26例）,其中单位和公共场所聚集性疫情中的病例又导致了14起家庭聚集性疫情。家庭聚集的续发病例1~7例,中位数为2例。家庭首发病例发病到确诊时间长于续发病例（Z=-2.406,P=0.016）。公共场所聚集的潜伏期中位数为7 d。家庭、单位和公共场所3类聚集性疫情相比较,病例发病到确诊时间差异有统计学意义（H=8.843,P=0.012）,续发病例发病时间差异有统计学意义（H=16.607,P=0.000）。结论 COVID-19疫情监测应特别关注容易发生聚集性疫情场所,及时开展细致的流行病学调查和排查。出现聚集性疫情的场所内部,应及时将密切接触者转至统一的隔离观察点,严格单间管理,避免疫情扩散。部分农村地区防疫意识不强,聚集活动较多,且发病后就诊不及时,在疫情初期应该加强防控的宣传和控制措施。     

天津市2005-2014年成年人百日咳流行特征及相关因素分析

目的 分析天津市成年人百日咳流行特征及相关因素。方法 采用描述流行病学方法分析2005-2014年天津市成年人百日咳流行特征及其家庭聚集性发病的传播特征,应用ELISA对18~83岁人群百日咳IgG综合抗体的免疫水平进行检测。结果 2005-2014年天津市共诊断882例百日咳病例,其中成年人252例(28.57%),年均发病率为0.16/10万,2013年发病率最高(0.46/10万)。21~30岁年龄组病例占36.12%(91/252),女性病例多于男性,差异有统计学意义(χ²=41.14,P<0.001)。涉及到成年人百日咳聚集性发病共126起,有3种传播模式,其中成年人→婴幼儿传播模式98起(77.78%),是百日咳家庭聚集性发病的主要传播模式。在成年人→婴幼儿传播模式中,首发病例为患儿父母亲的为80起(81.64%),是婴幼儿百日咳发病的最主要传染模式。百日咳IgG综合抗体平均阳性率为55.20%(95%CI:51.96%~58.44%),随着年龄增长呈线性相关(Pearson相关系数r=0.98,P=0.003)和上升趋势(χ²=11.79,P=0.001)。结论 成年人已经成为天津市百日咳新的高发人群且是婴幼儿病例的主要传染源,其百日咳IgG综合抗体水平较低,建议探讨成年人百日咳疫苗的预防接种。     

1 052例新型冠状病毒肺炎聚集性病例流行病学特征分析

目的 了解新型冠状病毒肺炎聚集性病例的流行病学特征,探讨家庭因素以及集体活动等对本病传播的影响。方法 于2020年1月19日至2月25日每日从中国6个省份公布聚集性病例的36个地市官方平台收集积聚性病例数量、个案信息,采用描述性统计方法、χ²检验以及曲线拟合对聚集性病例的流行病学特征进行分析。结果 共收集聚集性病例366起1 052例,家庭聚集性病例占86.9%（914/1 052）;1 046例有性别信息的聚集性病例中,男性513例（49.0%）,女性533例（51.0%）;病例以18～59岁青壮年为主,占68.5%（711/1 038）。在366起聚集性疫情中,有47.0%（172/366）聚集性疫情的首例确诊病例曾有武汉市或湖北省旅居史。1月19日至2月3日,首例确诊病例有武汉市或湖北省旅居史占66.5%;2月4-25日聚集性病例首例确诊病例有武汉市或湖北省旅居史仅占18.2%。一代病例与二代病例发病时间间隔M为5（2～8）d,首发病例的发病—确诊时间间隔M为6（3～9）d,续发病例的发病—确诊时间间隔M为5（3～8） d。结论 聚集性疫情在武汉市和湖北省以外多地市普遍出现,家庭密切接触是造成家庭内传播的主要原因之一。2月4日后聚集性病例以当地一代或二代以后的病例传播为主,确诊时间缩短。     

浙江省一起发热伴血小板减少综合征聚集性疫情调查

目的 调查2014年5月浙江省西北山区一起发热伴血小板减少综合征(SFTS)暴发疫情的发生原因、传播方式和危险因素。方法 制订病例定义并开展病例主动搜索, 现场调查采用统一调查表, 利用回顾性队列研究分析危险因素。采集首发病例污染的血迹涂抹标本和续发病例血液标本, 采用RT-PCR检测新型布尼亚病毒核酸, 同时开展人群和动物血清流行病学调查及生物媒介监测。结果 该起疫情共发生13(男性6, 女性7)例。首发病例于4月23日急性起病, 5月1日死亡, 5月10－16日参与丧事的8名亲属、3名邻居及1名同村村民陆续发病, 发病高峰为5月13日, 潜伏期为9～15 d。该13例均急性起病, 临床表现为发热(100%)、畏寒(92%)、乏力(92%)、全身酸痛(92%)、纳差(92%)、头痛(77%)、恶心(69%)等。首发病例病前在居住地采野茶持续1月余, 曾有蜱叮咬史。5月1日首例死亡后, 续发病例中9人直接接触过死者血液, 回顾性队列研究证实直接接触血液是危险因素(RR=43.36, 95%CI:13.66～137.63, P=0.000)。结论 该起为家庭内人传人SFTS聚集性疫情, 直接接触血液是疫情暴发的主要危险因素, 但不排除通过气溶胶传播的可能性。     

中国内地人感染H7N9禽流感疫情流行病学特征分析

目的 分析中国内地人感染H7N9禽流感疫情.方法 以2013年以来我国内地报告的确诊H7N9禽流感病例为研究对象,采用描述性流行病学方法分析病例的时间、空间和人群分布特点.结果 截至2014年6月4日中国内地共确诊人感染H7N9禽流感病例433例,死亡163人.2013年3－4月及2014年1－2月分别为2个发病高峰.病例分布在14个省(市),报告病例数前五位的省份为浙江、广东、江苏、上海、湖南,占总报告病例数的85%;病例年龄1～91岁(M=58岁);男性占70%.82%的病例在发病前有活禽相关的暴露史.共发生14起聚集性病例,其中9起发生人传人的可能性大.结论 中国内地人感染H7N9禽流感疫情有较明显的季节分布特点,同时呈现一定的区域聚集性;感染人群以老年人为主,男性多于女性;感染来源主要为禽类.     

北京市2010-2015年法定报告传染病流行特征分析

目的 分析北京市2010-2015年法定报告传染病发病趋势和流行特征,为完善法定报告传染病防控策略提供数据参考。方法 收集2010-2015年中国疾病预防控制信息系统中北京市报告的甲乙丙类法定报告传染病监测数据,进行流行病学分析。结果 2010-2015年,北京市共报告法定报告传染病病例764290例,年报告发病率在498.95/10万~828.45/10万之间,呈逐年下降趋势(χ²=1.25×10⁴,P<0.01)。肠道传染病和呼吸道传染病年报告发病率均呈逐年下降趋势(χ²=1.25×10⁴,P<0.01;χ²=4.97×10²,P<0.01);分别占甲乙类报告总例数的39.72%和33.01%。男性报告发病率高于女性,7岁以下学龄前儿童年均发病率高于其他年龄组人群,占报告总例数的47.79%,高发职业主要是散居儿童,占全部报告病例的31.64%。发病顺位居前三位的病种连续6年均为其他感染性腹泻病、手足口病和痢疾。法定报告传染病实验室诊断率为16.67%,呈逐年升高趋势。结论 肠道传染病是目前北京市较为严重的法定报告传染病,应加强学龄前儿童尤其是散居儿童的传染病预防控制,进一步提高实验室诊断率以有效控制传染病的流行。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.