舟山渔场主要海产品中铅污染现状与评价

目的了解舟山渔场主要海产品中铅污染情况。方法连续3年在舟山农贸市场及养殖场所随机抽取一定数量的海产品,进行铅含量的分析与评价。结果舟山渔场主要海产品铅的超标率为3.90%(11/282)。不同类海产品中铅蓄积量差异有统计学意义(F=35.683,P<0.01)。海藻类中铅的蓄积量明显比其他3类海产品高(P<0.01)。海产品受铅的污染尚在较低水平,但是海藻类污染指数和超标率都高于其他海产品(χ2=10.167,P<0.05)。结论舟山渔场不同年份海产品中铅的超标率和蓄积量存在差异,提示铅的污染在加重,要加强监测,防止环境污染。     

舟山市海产品铅、镉、甲基汞污染调查

目的分析2013—2015年舟山市市售海产品铅、镉、甲基汞污染情况。方法 2013—2015年在舟山市具有代表性的农贸市场采集海水鱼类(40种240份)、软体类(15种90份)和甲壳类(8种48份)海产品共63种1 134份,采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定铅、镉含量,采用液相-原子荧光联用法测定甲基汞含量,依据GB 2762—2012《食品中污染物限量》评价海产品的食用安全性。结果 1 134份海产品样品中,检出铅含量0.011 5~0.555 mg/kg,超标率为0.44%(5/1 134);镉含量0.000 3~0.328 mg/kg,超标率为0.26%(3/1 134);甲基汞含量ND~0.302 mg/kg,未检出超标。铅2013年和2015年超标率分别为0.79%和0.53%,2014年未检出超标样品;镉2013年超标率为0.79%,其他年份未检出;甲基汞3年均未检出超标样品。5份铅超标海产品为海水鱼类和甲壳类,样品分别为鲨鱼、雪刹鱼、剥皮鱼、对虾和红狮头,检测值分别为0.555、0.532、0.518、0.554和0.532 mg/kg(标准:≤0.5 mg/kg)。3份镉超标海产品均为海水鱼类,样品分别为炮弹鱼、橡皮鱼和鲨鱼,检测值分别为0.184、0.164和0.162 mg/kg(标准:≤0.1 mg/kg)。结论舟山市市售海产品铅、镉、甲基汞污染处于较低水平,部分甲壳类海产品铅含量和海水鱼类铅、镉含量超标,需引起重视。     

舟山渔场主要海产品中甲基汞污染状况调查分析

[目的]了解舟山渔场主要海产品中甲基汞污染状况,为海产品的安全监督管理提供依据.[方法]于2007-2009年,随机抽取282份海产品进行甲基汞含量检测分析.[结果]舟山渔场主要海产品的甲基汞超标率为2.84%.不同类别海产品中甲基汞蓄积量差异有统计学意义(F=25.990,P<0.001).不同类别海产品中甲基汞的单...     

江苏省南通市市售海产品中铅、镉、砷、汞、无机砷及甲基汞污染评价

目的 测定南通市市售海产品中铅、镉、砷、汞、无机砷及甲基汞含量,了解其污染状况,为安全生产和食用海产品提供依据。方法 取四类18种海产品可食部位粉碎均匀后,使用微波消解处理样品,应用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（ICP-MS）测定海产品中铅、镉、砷含量,原子荧光光谱仪测定海产品中汞含量,液相色谱-原子荧光谱仪测定海产品中甲基汞和无机砷含量;依据《食品中污染物限量》（GB2762-2017）评价结果,采用单因子污染指数法（single factor polltion index, Pi）和重金属综合污染指数法（heavy metal polltion index,MPI）评价污染程度。结果 四类18种海产品中铅、镉、砷、汞的检出率都为100.00%,无机砷检出率为50.00%,甲基汞检出率为5.56%。对照限量标准,有1份鱼中铅含量超过限量标准,铅含量合格率94.44%,镉、砷、汞、无机砷、甲基汞含量合格率均为100.00%;Pi显示鱼类的铅中度污染、镉和无机砷轻度污染,双壳类无机砷轻度污染,软体类镉轻度污染,MPI：鱼类>双壳类>甲壳类>软体类。结论南通市市售海产品普遍存在...     

2015－2016年威海市售海产品重金属污染状况分析

目的 了解威海市售海产品重金属污染情况。 方法 2015－2016年在超市、农贸市场和码头采集海鱼类、甲壳类和软体类159份样品,依据国家标准,测定海产品中铅、镉及铬的含量,采用单因子污染指数和金属污染指数评价海产品的污染状况。 结果 3类海产品中铅、镉及铬的合格率分别为100%、83.02%及98.74%。海鱼类铅达到轻度污染水平的占29.42%,甲壳类和软体类镉达到重度污染水平的分别占40.82%和14.29%。海鱼类对铅、铬的富集能力较强,软体类对镉的富集能力较强,海鱼类、软体类及甲壳类对3种金属的富集能力依次增强。 结论 2015－2016年威海市海产品镉的含量较高,海鱼类铬、镉以及甲壳类镉均有超标。     

浙江省部分沿海地区海产品中铅、砷、镉、汞的污染调查

目的研究东海水域海产品中的重金属污染及食用安全性状况。方法以来自宁波和舟山市场的110例海产品(含鱼类、软体类和甲壳类3类)为研究对象,依据国家食品卫生标准《食品中污染物限量》(GB 2762—2012)检测铅、砷、镉、汞的含量,并采用生物质量指数进行评价。结果 110份检测样品的总合格率为72.7%;铅、砷、镉、汞的合格率分别为96.4%、95.4%、80.9%、99.1%;采用生物质量指数进行评价,在这3类海产品中,软体类中镉的合格率最低,镉污染指数大多位于污染水平和重度污染水平之间,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论铅、砷、镉、汞等重金属在东海水域的海产品中有不同程度的蓄积,特别是软体类海产品中的镉含量超标严重,已经对周边人群的健康形成潜在威胁,应引起高度重视。     

秦皇岛近海域海产品中铅、镉、汞、砷检测与安全性评价

目的了解秦皇岛近海域海产品中铅、镉、总汞、总砷污染状况,评价其食用的健康风险。方法采集该地区养殖、捕捞及市售量较大的海产鱼类、甲壳类和软体类共计110份鲜冻海产品,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱法检测其铅、镉、总汞、总砷含量,依据国家食品卫生标准,采用食品安全指数评价方法进行污染评估。结果鲜冻海产品Pb、Cd、Hg、As合格率分别为97.3%、83.6%、100%、16.7%;其食品安全指数为2.32,其中,海水鱼、甲壳类、软体类分别为0.11、3.89、1.47。结论该区域海产品中海水鱼的重金属风险是可接受的,而软体类和甲壳类的重金属风险较大,尤其是镉、砷的风险应引起足够的关注。     

上海市水产品中重金属污染情况

目的了解上海市市售水产品中重金属含量水平。方法在上海市采集具有代表性的水产品6类685件,测定铅、镉、总汞和总砷(部分无机砷)的含量。采用重金属污染指数(MPI)评价其污染程度。结果不同种类水产品中重金属水平存在差异,其中铅均未超标,镉的超标率依次为海水甲壳类(28.1%)、头足类(20.0%)和双壳类(13.6%),海水甲壳类中海水蟹中镉污染较为严重,平均值为0.913 mg/kg(超标率61.7%)。大闸蟹分组研究结果显示,肌肉组织和蟹膏蟹黄的重金属(镉、总汞、总砷)污染水平差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。MPI评价重金属污染总体程度为双壳类海水甲壳类头足类淡水甲壳类海水鱼类淡水鱼类。结论上海市市售水产品有一定程度的重金属污染,尤其以双壳类、海水甲壳类和头足类中镉超标比较严重。     

大连市售海产品铅、镉污染状况分析与评价

目的 了解大连市售常见海产品铅、镉污染状况并进行评价. 方法 对大连市售海鱼、贝类、甲壳类中铅、镉含量进行测定,采用重金属单因子污染指数法进行污染状况评价. 结果 海鱼铅平均含量为0.249 mg/kg,超标率18.9％.贝类铅平均含量为0.262 mg/kg,超标率2.6％.甲壳类镉的平均含量为0.223 mg/kg,超标率为18.8％. 结论 大连市售部分海产品存在不同程度的铅、镉污染.海鱼和贝类存在铅的轻度污染,甲壳类存在镉的中度污染.     

大连市售海产品铅、镉污染状况分析与评价

目的 了解大连市售常见海产品铅、镉污染状况并进行评价. 方法 对大连市售海鱼、贝类、甲壳类中铅、镉含量进行测定,采用重金属单因子污染指数法进行污染状况评价. 结果 海鱼铅平均含量为0.249 mg/kg,超标率18.9％.贝类铅平均含量为0.262 mg/kg,超标率2.6％.甲壳类镉的平均含量为0.223 mg/kg,超标率为18.8％. 结论 大连市售部分海产品存在不同程度的铅、镉污染.海鱼和贝类存在铅的轻度污染,甲壳类存在镉的中度污染.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.