浙江省2013年病毒性脑膜脑炎病原学及分子流行病学特征

目的 分析2013年浙江省监测点病毒性脑膜脑炎病原学及分子流行病学特征。方法 从浙南和浙北监测点医院采集疑似病毒性脑膜脑炎患者脑脊液和/或粪便样本,用荧光定量PCR方法检测样本中人类肠道病毒(HEV)、流行性乙型脑炎病毒(JEV)、腮腺炎病毒(MuV)、单纯疱疹病毒(HSV)和巨细胞病毒(CMV)核酸,采用人横纹肌瘤细胞(RD)和人喉表皮样癌细胞(Hep-2)分离HEV,对HEV阳性分离物或核酸阳性样本扩增VP1基因并测序,然后进行同源性与进化分析。结果 在229例患者共计239份样本中检测到病毒核酸阳性92份(38.5%),其中HEV阳性87份,MuV、HSV和CMV阳性分别为1、2和2份;87份HEV中柯萨奇病毒(CV)38份和埃可病毒(E)49份;239份样本中分离到56株(23.4%)HEV;在31份HEV核酸阳性但病毒分离阴性的脑脊液样本中,检出最多的为E9(9份),其次为CVA9(8份);HEV血清型分别为CVA9、CVB4、CVB5、E6、E7、E9、E11、E14、E16、E25和E30;浙南监测点优势流行株为CVB5,浙北为E6。VP1区进化分析显示,浙江省HEV均为B组EV。结论 2013年浙江省监测点病毒性脑膜脑炎的主要病原为HEV-B,涉及11个血清型,首次在浙江省分离到E7;浙南优势流行株为CVB5,浙北为E6;核酸检出率明显高于病毒分离率,采用常规EV分离法存在漏检E9和CVA9的风险。     

浙江省病毒性脑炎病原柯萨奇B1病毒分子特征研究

目的:为了查明引起2008-2009年浙江省疑似病毒性脑炎的病原,分析病原的分子特征。方法:采用Hep-2和RD细胞从疑似患者脑脊液样本中分离肠道病毒,对分离株扩增VP1基因,测序并进行同源性与进化分析。结果:从患者11份脑脊液样本中分离到4株柯萨奇B1病毒(CVB1);测得VP1基因全长为834核苷酸(nt),无插入和缺失,推导编码278个氨基酸(aa)。4株浙江CVB1分离株(ZJ/CVB1)之间在VP1区nt和aa的同源性分别为96.3%~99.9%和100%。浙江CVB1分离株BLAST比对nt同源性最高的毒株为2006年山东株(SD/168/06),同源性为98.7%;与CVB1原型株(Conn-5/86)的nt同源性为78.9%。VP1区氨基酸进化树显示浙江CVB1分离株在CVB1 Clade3进化支上,与浙江株亲缘关系最近的毒株为山东CVB1株,均在同一进化支上。结论:从病毒分离结果证实浙江省疑似病毒性脑炎是由肠道病毒CVB1引起,2008-2009年在浙江循环的CVB1病毒之间没有明显差异,浙江CVB1流行株与山东株亲缘关系最近。     

肠道病毒相关小儿病毒性脑炎病原谱及分子流行病学特征分析

目的:探讨肠道病毒(HEV)相关小儿病毒性脑炎病原谱及分子流行病学特征,为临床治疗提供依据。方法:选取2010年1月~2012年12月珠海市各监测点中的样本,患儿均疑似患病毒性脑炎。病毒株均采用WTO《病毒试验室操作手册》检测,脑脊液或粪便0.2 ml接种RD细胞,操作步骤按说明书进行。结果:观察的545份样本中,分离到HEV115株,分离率为21.1%。在375份脑脊液样本中,分离HEV 72株,分离率为19.2%;在170份粪便样本中,分离HEV 43株,分离率为25.3%。分离的115株病毒共涉及12个血清型,CVB3-5、E25和E30在近3年中均有检出,且分离株最多,为绝对优势株。9例同时采集脑脊液和粪便样本的患儿中,有7例在两类样本均分离到同一血清型病毒,CVB3和CVB5各2例,两组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);住院天数比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);PICS评分比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);综合疗效比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。测序株各血清型内nt和aa同源性分别为79.3%~99.8%和89.1%~99.9%,与各原型株的nt和aa的同源性分别为79.1%~99.90%和88.4%~99.8%。结论:由于病原体的基因重组和变异,易使其致病病原改变,各地医务工作者对于HEV的基因变异应做好高度的准备,以防范各地的病毒性脑炎的暴发。     

浙江省2002－2018年病毒性脑膜炎病原学与分子流行病学特征

目的 了解2002-2018年浙江省病毒性脑膜炎病原学及分子流行病学特征。方法 从设立的监测点医院采集疑似病毒性脑膜炎患者样本2 173份,其中脑脊液1 718份、粪便455份,用荧光定量PCR方法检测脑脊液中人类肠道病毒(HEV)、腮腺炎病毒(MuV)、单纯疱疹病毒(HSV)、巨细胞病毒(CMV)和乙型脑炎病毒(JEV)核酸,粪便样本只检测HEV;用ELISA方法检测脑脊液中上述5种病毒IgM抗体;对HEV核酸阳性样本扩增病毒VP1基因和测序,确定病毒型别并进行进化分析。结果 在2002-2018年2 173份样本中检出HEV核酸阳性871份(40.1%),其中脑脊液1 718份、阳性654份(38.1%),粪便455份、阳性217份(47.7%);871份HEV核酸阳性样本,VP1扩增测序阳性670份,其中HEV-A 5份、HEV-B 665份,涉及23个病毒血清型,分别为柯萨奇病毒(CV)A组CVA4、CVA6、CVA9、CVA10,CVB组1~5, 埃可病毒(EchoV;E)E3、E4、E6、E7、E9、E11、E14、E16、E18、E21、E25、E30、E33和肠道病毒(EV)-71,位于前3位的分别为E30、E6和CVB5,该3个血清型间隔若干年呈现病毒活动性增强的趋势。从2012-2015和2018年795份脑脊液中检出HEV核酸阳性374份、MuV 6份、HSV和CMV均为5份,对其中的368份脑脊液同时检测5种病毒IgM抗体,HEV抗体阳性2份、JEV 6份、MuV 1份。670份HEV中除1份EV-71外,EchoV 517份、CV 152份,两者之比为3.4:1,两类病毒间隔3~5年存在优势株交替变化的趋势。VP1进化树显示,浙江省HEV位于HEV-A和HEV-B分支上,E30存在h和i基因亚型。结论 浙江省病毒性脑膜炎的主要病原为HEV-B;EchoV检出率明显高于CV,两类病毒存在交替变化的趋势;优势血清型E30、CVB5和E6间隔若干年呈现病毒活动性增强的趋势;监测点HEV活动强度与病毒性脑膜炎暴发疫情的发生两者之间在时间上有较好的相关性。     

2011年河南省脑炎患者柯萨奇病毒B5型分离株基因组序列分析

目的 分析河南省柯萨奇病毒B5(cvBs)分离株全基因序列,了解其遗传特性。方法 采集2例脑炎患者临床标本,分离病毒,提取病毒阳性分离物RNA,进行RT-PCR扩增,产物直接测序。利用DNAStar 5.01和Mega 5.05软件进行全基因序列拼接及亲缘进化分析。结果 获得2株CVB5分离株(03001N和17Y)全基因组序列,核苷酸长度分别为7408bP和7404 bP,两者核苷酸同源性为97%,同2010年河南CVB5分离株同源性最高,分别为98%和99%。5-UTR分别为747 bP和743 bP<;3-UTR区均为103 bP;病毒基因组编码区全长同为6558 bP,编码含2185个氨基酸残基的多聚蛋白,氨基酸同源性为99%。VPl区系统发生树分析显示,2株CVB5分离株进化关系较近,同近年来国内其他分离株成一簇,而2009年的河南省CVB5分离株同山东省CVB5分离株成一簇。结论河南省内存在不同CVB5株传播链的流行,此次分离株为近几年内的主要流行株。     

宁夏地区1997-2011年急性弛缓性麻痹病例非脊髓灰质炎肠道病毒分型鉴定分析

目的 对1997-2011年宁夏地区急性弛缓性麻痹(AFP)病例中分离的73株非脊髓灰质炎肠道病毒(NPEV)进行分型鉴定.方法 采用简并引物RT-PCR对分离株进行VP1区基因扩增和序列测定,测序结果进行BLAST比较和基因进化分析.结果 经过基因测序分析鉴定,73株NPEV中,有4株无法定型,另69株共包括27个血清型,分别属于A组肠道病毒(HEV-A)和HEV-B组,无HEV-C和HEV-D组毒株,其中HEV-A组毒株包括8个血清型23株,HEV-B组毒株包括19个血清型46株.69株病毒中,以EV71所占比例最大(9/69),以CVA4、CVA16、Echo24、Echo6和CoxA9所占比例较高.结论 1997-2011年宁夏地区AFP病例分离的NPEV以HEV-B组为主要型别66.7％(46/69).     

2009年云南省柯萨奇病毒B3型分离株A103/KM/09全基因序列分析

目的 分析2009年云南省脑炎患儿粪便标本分离的柯萨奇病毒B3型分离株A103/KM/09全基因序列,了解其遗传特性。方法 设计针对柯萨奇病毒B3型引物,提取病毒RNA、RT-PCR扩增和产物直接测序获得全基因组序列,利用Geneious和Mega 5.05软件进行核苷酸、氨基酸序列比对及其系统进化分析,应用RDP 3和SimPlot 3.5.1重组软件对序列进行重组分析。结果 该分离株全基因组核苷酸序列长度为7389 bP。其核苷酸和氨基酸序列与其原型株Nancy的同源性分别为81.O%和95.7%;与其他柯萨奇病毒B3型毒株的各区段核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别为81.0%~88.0%和95.7%~98.0%;进化分析发现CVB3可分为5个分支(I~V),核苷酸之间的差异为16.2%~24.3%;中国分离株属V分支,又可分为A～D亚分支,核苷酸之间的差异为4.3%~11.4%。并发现A103/KM/09株基因序列在非结构区可能存在重组事件。结论柯萨奇病毒B3型分为5个基因型,云南分离株A103/KM/09属于V-D亚型,而中国分离株已经发生一定进化。     

河南省2012-2023年儿童青少年病毒性脑炎的流行病学特征分析

目的 分析2012-2023年河南省儿童青少年病毒性脑炎流行特征及其时空变化趋势分布。方法 以河南省儿童医院/郑州儿童医院（国家儿童区域医疗中心）为研究现场,收集入院时间为2012年10月1日至2023年7月26日的病毒性脑炎病例信息,分析病例的时空分布特征、重症发生率、年龄构成、病原构成和影像学检查结果的情况。结果 本研究排除信息不全的病毒性脑炎病例后共纳入6 276例。病例主要来源于郑州市（38.96%）,其次分别为周口市（9.93%）、许昌市（8.68%）、驻马店市（7.90%）和平顶山市（7.39%）。病例中男性占62.13%,女性占37.87%,7~13岁病例数最多（72.45%）。2012-2023年总体重症率为4.51%,不同地区、年份的重症构成比差异有统计学意义（χ²=5.33,P=0.021; χ²=48.14,P<0.001）。病原分型中肠道病毒构成比最大（31.57%）,其中柯萨奇病毒居多（58.37%）。影像学检查结果表明,儿童青少年患病毒性脑炎大脑半球的损伤最常见（54.93%）。结论 2012-2023年河南省病毒性脑炎病例中男性较多,7~13岁儿童青少年为主要发病人群,肠道病毒尤其是柯萨奇病毒感染应当引起重视,在诊断病毒性脑炎后要特别注意预防大脑半球的损伤。     

河南省2014年手足口病重症病例病原学分析

目的 分析2014年河南省手足口病(HFMD)重症病例病原学特征。方法 整群抽取郑州市某儿童医院2014年4-6月244例HFMD住院病例作为研究对象,采集粪便标本,病原学检测采用荧光定量RT-PCR、病毒分离、VP1测序比对等方法。病原学特征统计分析采用SPSS 17.0软件。结果 244例手足口病病例中,重症组109例,轻症组135例,肠道病毒(EV)通用引物RT-PCR阳性229例,阳性率为93.85%。肠道病毒71型(EV71)、柯萨奇病毒A组16型(Cox A16)和Cox A10的感染构成比分别为83.84%、5.68%和8.30%。EV71感染致8例心肺功能衰竭,2例死亡;Cox A10感染致1例心肺功能衰竭、死亡。重症组与轻症组之间肠道病毒感染率差异有统计学意义(χ²=5.312,P=0.021)。采用Fisher精确概率法对重症组和轻症组EV71、Cox A16和其他EV感染构成比进行统计学比较,P=0.048。EV71和Cox A10感染致心肺功能衰竭发生率和致死率的差异无统计学意义(分别为χ²=0.051,P=0.821和χ²=2.198,P=0.138)。2014年河南省Cox A10分离株属于基因6型,VP1区段核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别为94.3%~99.7%和96.3%~100.0%。结论 EV71仍然是河南省HFMD的主要病原。Cox A10在感染病原谱中所占比加大,且感染后可致心肺功能衰竭,应加强对其他EV的监测。     

云南省急性弛缓性麻痹病例中柯萨奇病毒B5VP1区基因特征分析

目的分析云南省2015年从急性弛缓性麻痹(AFP)病例中分离到的3株柯萨奇病毒B5(CVB5)VP1区核苷酸基因特征。方法采集RD细胞和L20B细胞对AFP标本进行病毒分离,应用反转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)扩增病毒VP1基因,目的基因送至基因公司进行序列测定;应用MEGA 6软件对分离到的病毒与基因库代表株进行进化树分析。结果 213例AFP标本中分离到23株非脊髓灰质炎肠道病毒(NPEV),包括3株CVB5;3株CVB5与原型株VP1区之间核苷酸(nt)相似性为80.7%~81.9%,氨基酸(aa)相似性为95.1%~96.5%;系统进化树结果显示,本研究分离的CVB5与山东分离株(JN712675)的nt相似性为91.7%~92%,与安徽分离株(KF751191)的nt相似性为92%~93%。结论云南省2015年从AFP病例中分离到的3株CVB5与山东代表株(JN712675)和安徽代表株(KF751191)相似性较高。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.