河南省外环境中沙门菌流行特征和分子分型研究

目的 了解河南省外环境中沙门菌的分布,探讨外环境沙门菌的不同型别分布和同源关系。方法 采集动物粪便、生熟肉制品和厨具等各类标本4 488份,进行沙门菌分离培养、生化鉴定及血清学分型;对其中部分优势血清型菌株进行PFGE分子分型研究。结果 从18种标本中共分离出324株沙门菌,分离率为7.21%;分离株分属于39种血清型,优势血清型是肠炎沙门菌（24.07%,78/324）和德尔比沙门菌（20.37%,66/324）。46株肠炎沙门菌经XbaⅠ酶切后共分为12种带型,其宿主多来自于鸡宿主源;30株德尔比沙门菌XbaⅠ酶切后共分为17种带型,其宿主多来自于猪宿主源。结论 河南省外环境沙门菌血清型分布呈多样性,不同来源的沙门菌的血清型有一定的差异;同一克隆菌株在相同地区内流行。     

四川省部分地区2010－2011年猪肉生产链中沙门菌耐药特征及分子分型研究

目的 分析2010－2011年四川省部分地区猪肉生产链中沙门菌耐药特性及分子分型特征。方法 对分离的112株沙门菌采用肉汤微量稀释法进行10种抗生素 （组合） 药敏试验,参考CLSI标准 （2010） 判定结果。选取不同菌株来源、 血清型和耐药谱的74株沙门菌,按照美国PulseNet标准进行脉冲场凝胶电泳 （PFGE） 分型。结果 猪肉生产链中沙门菌对四环素耐药率最高 （89.29%）,其次为大观霉素 （36.61%）、 甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲噁唑 （35.71%）、 萘啶酸 （33.93%） 和氨苄西林 （24.11%）,多重耐药率为33.93%,对头孢噻呋敏感,共有19种耐药谱。来自猪肉生产链的74株沙门菌可分为34个PFGE谱型,其相似性为40%～100%。结论 四川省猪肉生产链中沙门菌耐药较为严重,其血清型及耐药谱与PFGE分型有一定相关性; 生产链中沙门菌可能存在自上游生产链向下游生产链水平传播的情况。     

广东省2018-2022年侵袭性非伤寒沙门菌病原学特征分析

目的 了解2018-2022年广东省侵袭性非伤寒沙门菌（iNTS）的血清型分布、耐药性以及分子流行情况,为沙门菌侵袭性感染的防治提供科学依据。方法 对2018-2022年广东省分离自血液和粪便样本的沙门菌进行血清学鉴定、药敏试验、多位点序列分型（MLST）和全基因组测序。同时利用微生物基因注释系统对测序结果开展耐药基因与毒力因子注释。结果 136株iNTS分为25种血清型,肠炎沙门菌占38.24%（52/136）。以鼠伤寒变种沙门菌作为对照计算其余iNTS血清型的OR值,奥雷宁堡、里森和波摩那3种沙门菌血清型的OR值较高,分别为423.50、352.92和211.75。iNTS耐药率在0.74%~66.91%之间,普遍低于非iNTS株（3.90%~77.21%）。iNTS耐药以氨苄西林和四环素为主,耐药率分别为66.91%（91/136）和50.00%（68/136）,而对环丙沙星（5.88%,8/136）、头孢他啶（5.88%,8/136）、庆大霉素（5.13%,7/136）和头孢西丁（0.74%,1/136）耐药率较低。iNTS携带多种耐药基因与毒力因子,但尚未发现共同毒力因子分布特征。MLST聚类分析显示,iNTS分为26种序列型别,ST11型占38.24%（52/136）。结论 2018-2022年广东省iNTS以肠炎沙门菌为主,其中奥雷宁堡、里森和波摩那3种血清型可能与更高的侵袭性感染风险有关。iNTS对临床一线治疗药物（头孢类和氟喹诺酮类抗生素）敏感,序列呈现高度多样性且具有明确的系统发育分支,以ST11型为本地优势克隆群。     

沙门菌脉冲场凝胶电泳分型与血清型的对应关系

目的分析沙门菌脉冲场凝胶电泳分型(PFGE)与血清分型之间的对应关系.方法选择中国细菌性传染病分子分型实验室监测网络PulseNet China沙门菌监测数据中鼠伤寒(Typhimurium)、肠炎(Enteritidis)、德尔卑(Derby)、阿贡纳(Agona)及山夫登堡(Senftenberg)前五位常见血清型菌株共1230株,进行PFGE聚类分析,以血清分型作为参照进行比对.确定这5种血清型PFGE优势带型的共有条带.结果1230株菌株中,1149株经PFGE预测的血清型与实际血清型一致,PFGE预测血清型的准确率为93.4%.5种血清型经PFGE预测的血清型阳性预测值多在90.0%以上、阴性预测值均在95.0%以上.结论PFGE聚类对5种常见血清型沙门菌血清分型具有较好的提示及验证作用.     

河南省2009-2011年伤寒副伤寒沙门菌分子分型与耐药研究

目的 分析2009-2011年河南省伤寒副伤寒沙门菌临床分离株耐药状况与PFGE分型特征。方法 根据PulseNet公布的伤寒副伤寒沙门菌PFGE分型操作规程与美国临床实验室标准协会(CLSI)沙门菌K-B法药敏测试方案,对2009-2011年分离自河南省监测哨点医院78株伤寒副伤寒沙门菌进行抗生素药敏测试与PFGE分子分型。结果 78株伤寒副伤寒沙门菌对8类13种抗生素均有不同程度的耐药,62株为多重耐药菌株(79.5%),其中耐2～3种4株(5.1%),耐5～8种41株(52.6%),耐9～10种14株(17.9%),耐11～12种3株(3.8%);菌株对头孢类、喹诺酮类等5类抗生素耐药率总体呈上升趋势。经XbaⅠ酶切与PFGE后,获得14种带型,每种带型包含菌株数1～47株不等,相似度为66.03%～100.00%。结论 2000-2011年河南省临床分离的伤寒副伤寒沙门菌耐药状况普遍比较严重,PFGE带型呈现多样性的同时又具有较显著的优势带型特点,部分带型与其对应的耐药谱具有一定的关联性和聚集性。     

广东省2007-2016年人源沙门菌流行现状及病原学特征

目的 了解广东省人源沙门菌1,4,[5],12：i：-的流行现状、耐药性与分子特征。方法 对2007－2016年广东省沙门菌腹泻病例监测检出的人源沙门菌1,4,[5],12：i：-进行药物敏感试验、PCR检测和PFGE分型。结果 2007－2016年广东省共检出人源沙门菌1,4,[5],12：i：-2 960株,检出率逐年增多,至2015年成为广东省人源沙门菌中最主要的血清型。病例中男女性别比为1.58∶1,发病年龄以婴幼儿为主。沙门菌1,4,[5],12：i：-除对亚胺培南100%敏感外,对其他17种抗生素均有不同程度的耐药。2011－2016年对头孢他啶、头孢噻肟和环丙沙星的耐药率呈上升趋势。多重耐药现象严重,具有ASSuT多重耐药的有70.62%（435/616）,具有ACSuGSTTm多重耐药的有27.11%（167/616）。第Ⅱ相鞭毛蛋白不表达主要（75.53%）是缺失fljA、fljB和hin基因,但保留了iroB、STM2740、STM2757基因,共有8种不同的缺失方式。2 347株菌有934种PFGE谱型别,表现出较大的指纹图谱多态性,最主要的优势PFGE谱型为JPXX01.GD0226型（97株菌,4.13%）。168株沙门菌1,4,[5],12：i：-的PFGE图谱与鼠伤寒沙门菌PFGE图谱一致。结论 沙门菌1,4,[5],12：i：-已成为广东省人源沙门菌中最主要的血清型,且多重耐药现象严重,第Ⅱ相鞭毛蛋白不表达主要由缺失fljA、fljB和hin基因引起,其PFGE型别多样,呈遗传多态性。     

广东省2013-2014年食源性疾病主动监测的病原学特征分析

目的 了解广东省腹泻病例中沙门菌、志贺菌、副溶血弧菌和4种致泻性大肠埃希菌［肠产毒性大肠埃希菌（ETEC）、肠致病性大肠埃希菌（EPEC）、产志贺毒素大肠埃希菌（STEC）、肠侵袭性大肠埃希菌（EIEC）］的感染情况及其血清型别、耐药变化和分子特征。方法 对2013-2014年广东省食源性疾病主动监测检出的沙门菌、志贺菌、副溶血弧菌和4种致泻性大肠埃希菌菌株进行血清分型、药物敏感试验和PFGE分型。结果 2013-2014年检测粪便标本57 834份,分离到3 372株致病菌,检出率为5.83%;沙门菌的检出阳性率最高,其次是副溶血弧菌、致泻性大肠埃希菌、志贺菌。3 213株沙门菌分为143种血清型,最常见的血清型为鼠伤寒、4,5,12：i：-、肠炎、斯坦利和德尔卑沙门菌。沙门菌对头孢类和氟喹诺酮类药物均较敏感;不同血清型沙门菌对抗生素的耐药率有明显差异,10种最常见血清型中,肠炎沙门菌对头孢类药物的耐药率最高,德尔卑沙门菌对环丙沙星的耐药率最高。2 289株各血清型沙门菌的PFGE型别分布多样,表现出较大的指纹图谱多态性。85株副溶血弧菌分为10种血清型,最主要的血清型为O3：K6（61.18%）,其次是O4：K8（10.59%）;tdh携带率高（81.18%）,trh携带率较低（7.06%）,有10株菌（11.76%）不携带该两种毒力基因;副溶血弧菌对亚胺培南、萘啶酸、复方新诺明、氯霉素、四环素的敏感率均>95%。13株志贺菌分别为宋内志贺菌9株、福氏志贺菌3株、鲍氏志贺菌1株;对头孢他啶、环丙沙星、氯霉素较敏感（76.92%）。检出的86株致泻性大肠埃希菌中ETEC 29株（33.72%）,EPEC 27株（31.39%）,STEC 27株（31.39%）,EIEC 3株（3.48%）。结论 2013-2014年广东省食源性疾病主动监测中沙门菌检出率最高（5.57%）,其次是副溶血弧菌、致泻性大肠埃希菌、志贺菌;沙门菌、副溶血弧菌和志贺菌对头孢类和氟喹诺酮类药物敏感;沙门菌感染中仅发现聚集性病例,但未监测到暴发。     

江苏省2012-2015年伤寒/副伤寒沙门菌耐药及分子分型研究

目的 回顾性分析2012-2015年江苏省伤寒/副伤寒沙门菌的耐药表型和分子分型特征。方法 采集江苏省伤寒/副伤寒监测病例的血液和粪便标本,分离培养伤寒/副伤寒沙门菌后进行生化鉴定和血清分型;采用Kirby-Bauer纸片法检测菌株对抗菌药物的敏感性;应用PFGE技术对伤寒和甲型副伤寒沙门菌进行分子分型。结果 134株伤寒沙门菌和甲型副伤寒沙门菌对萘啶酸的耐药率最高,分别为61.2%和86.7%,其余抗生素的耐药率均低于15.0%。伤寒和甲型副伤寒沙门菌中只耐1种抗生素的菌株最多,多重耐药菌在伤寒沙门菌中占2.6%,而在甲型副伤寒沙门菌中占13.3%。2015年伤寒沙门菌的全敏感菌株构成比较2012年增加了44.3%,同年副伤寒沙门菌中出现了耐5种和6种抗生素的多重耐药株。甲型副伤寒沙门菌可分为8种PFGE型别,多重耐药株与其他菌株条带相似性低,不同型别与耐药谱有对应关系;伤寒沙门菌可分为68种PFGE型别,不同型别间变异度较大,与耐药谱无对应关系。结论 2012-2015年江苏省伤寒/副伤寒沙门菌对抗生素的耐药性总体随时间降低,耐药种类数有所增加。伤寒沙门菌株PFGE带型呈现多样性,无耐药谱对应性;而甲型副伤寒菌株PFGE带型较少,有耐药谱对应性。需要加强重点地区重点型别菌株的监测。     

河南省2011-2015年非伤寒沙门菌病原学与耐药监测

目的 检测与分析2011-2015年自河南省腹泻多病原监测系统腹泻病例粪便中分离的1 351株非伤寒沙门菌血清型别及耐药表型。方法 采集河南省5家监测哨点医院肠道门诊及住院病例腹泻样本,进行沙门菌分离培养、生化鉴定与血清学分型;根据美国临床与实验室标准协会（CLSI）沙门菌K-B法药敏测试方案,对其进行8类12种抗生素的药敏测试与表型分析。结果 1 351株非伤寒沙门菌感染病例男女比例1.5：1（811：540）,以低龄儿童和青壮年为主;分离时间多集中于每年的5-10月,具有较典型的春夏季节特征。1 351株非伤寒沙门菌共分为58个血清型,以肠炎（S.enteritidis）、鼠伤寒（S.typhimurium）、阿贡那（S.agona）等7种血清型为主。药敏结果显示,其对广谱合成类青霉素氨苄西林（AMP）、三代头孢类抗生素头孢他啶（CAZ）、头孢噻肟（CTX）、四代头孢类抗生素头孢吡肟（FEP）、三代氟喹诺酮类抗生素环丙沙星（CIP）、氨基糖苷类抗生素庆大霉素（GEN）等12种抗生素均存在不同程度的耐药与多重耐药性。结论 河南省感染人群的非伤寒沙门菌血清型别众多;部分菌株对临床常用的12类抗生素具有较高的耐药率且多重耐药问题日益严重。     

温州市沙门菌血清型、耐药性和PFGE指纹图谱研究

目的了解2017年温州市沙门菌的血清型、耐药情况和PFGE指纹图谱。方法对分离自腹泻病例的77株沙门菌进行血清分型;采用微量肉汤稀释法对优势菌株进行12种抗生素的药敏试验;采用脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)进行指纹图谱分型研究。结果 77株沙门菌共分为23种血清型,优势血清型为鼠伤寒沙门菌,22株占28.58%;肠炎沙门菌,11株占14.29%。33株优势血清型沙门菌对氨苄西林耐药率最高(84.85%),其次为四环素(69.70%)和萘啶酸(63.64%);多重耐药14株,占42.42%;除氨苄西林、萘啶酸外,鼠伤寒沙门菌的耐药率普遍高于肠炎沙门菌。22株鼠伤寒沙门菌可分成16种PFGE指纹图谱;11株肠炎沙门菌分成3种PFGE指纹图谱。结论温州市食源性沙门菌的血清型分布广泛,耐药状况严重,PFGE指纹图谱呈多样性,其聚集性与血清型存在关联性。     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.     

Assessing occupational and environmental exposure

Exposure assessment is a poorly understood component of the science of epidemiology. The relationship between exposure to chemicals and ill-health outcomes is often calculated using crude exposure measures such as ever/never exposed or duration. When investigating subtle effects, exposures need to be characterized much more fully in terms of intensity, frequency, duration and route. While occupational exposures tend to be much greater than those experienced from the wider environment there is a need to remember that, for many chemicals, exposure can occur occupationally, environmentally and through consumer use of products containing the material of interest. Inhalation exposure has generally been the traditional focus for most epidemiological investigations but there is now growing awareness of the importance of the dermal and ingested routes of contact and internalization. Quantification of the exposure also needs to be related to a biological mechanism of action and exposure metrics need to be selected accordingly. Occupational exposures can generally be measured using simple well-validated techniques. Environmental exposures require much more sensitive instruments and are more difficult to assess. Exposure modelling, particularly for the environmental fate of chemicals has undergone many recent developments and Monte Carlo techniques can be used to characterize model uncertainty and variability. This approach to exposure assessment can now be used in the setting of the wider environment and will enable a far better understanding of the relationship between exposure and disease.     

Mercury toxicity due to the smelting of placer gold recovered by mercury amalgam

A 19-year-old man developed tremor in both hands and fatigue after starting work at a placer gold mine where he was exposed to mercury-gold amalgam. Examination revealed an intention tremor, dysdiadochokinesis and mild rigidity. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration reached a peak of 715 nmol/l (143 ug/l) shortly before the clinical examination, after which he was removed from working in the gold room [Mercury No. Adverse Effect Level: 250 nmol/l (50 ug/l)]. On review 7 weeks later his tremor had almost resolved and the dysdiadochokinesis and rigidity had gone. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration had fallen to 160 nmol/l (32 ug/l). The principal exposure to mercury was considered to be the smelting of retorted gold with previously unrecognized residual mercury in it. The peak air concentration of mercury vapour during gold smelting was 0.533 mg/m3 (Mercury Vapour ACGIH TLV: 0.05 mg/m3 TWA). Several engineering and procedural controls were instituted. This episode occurred at another mine site, unrelated to Mount Isa Mines Limited.     

How Adults with Acquired Brain Damage Perceive Computer Training as a Rehabilitation Tool: A Focus-group Study

The aim of this study was to explore and describe how adult outpatients with acquired brain damage and referred to occupational therapy perceive computer training with the RehaCom programs, in order to evaluate the method of treatment as a tool in the rehabilitation of persons with cognitive disorders. By using focus-group discussions as a qualitative method of research when analysing the result, five themes with corresponding categories emerged, describing a development of understanding and learning about capacities. Themes describing how the participants could apply strategies to overcome shortcomings in daily occupations and the therapeutic role of the occupational therapist were identified as well. The result shows that a computer training program such as RehaCom can be used as an educational tool, for example, to guide a person who is trying to adopt compensatory strategies to avoid overload by taking pauses. It was found that anything the participants learned was also applicable to occupational performance in daily life.