Effects of inhalational bronchodilator treatment during noninvasive ventilation in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations

Purpose

To study the effects of withdrawing noninvasive ventilation (NIV) used during acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for the delivery of aerosolized medications on physiologic parameters and dyspnea sensation.

Methods

We measured accessory muscle use, dyspnea sensation, heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), blood pressure (BP), and arterial blood gases during NIV, 10 minutes after cessation of NIV (with oxygen), after nebulization with salbutamol (5 mg) and ipratropium (500 μg), and again, on restitution of NIV.

Results

We studied 19 patients (3 women; mean [±SD] age, 72 [± 9] years) with a mean postbronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 second 40% (±12) of predicted. Baseline RR (23/min), HR (98/min), BP (121/62 mm Hg), Spo₂ (95%), pH (7.31 [±0.06]), Paco₂ (65 [±12] mm Hg), and Borg score (1.8 [±0.43]) were recorded. There were no significant changes in physiologic parameters and oxygenation between NIV and nebulization periods. The only physiologic changes observed were increase in systolic BP (SBP, P = .012) and HR (P = .003) after nebulization. However, significant decrease in oxygen saturation (P = .009) and increase in SBP (P = nonsignificant) were observed between NIV and oxygenation phases.

Conclusion

Short-term cessation of NIV for nebulization treatment did not result in distress, discomfort, or physiologic instabilities. The only detectable changes were increase in SBP and HR, probably due to the systemic adrenergic effects of salbutamol.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病伴呼吸衰竭患者两种通气模式应用效果比较

目的探讨两种不同呼吸机通气模式对慢性阻塞性肺疾病伴呼吸衰竭患者的影响。方法 85例COPD合并呼吸衰竭患者分为2组,观察组(n=41)患者采用适用性支持通气模式(ASV),对照组(n=44)患者采用压力支持通气模式(PSV)和同步间歇指令通气模式(SIMV)。结果 2组患者HR、呼吸频率、MAP、pH、SpO_2、p(O_2)、p(CO_2)及p(A-a)O_2指标比较无显著差异(P0.05)。观察组MRV显著高于对照组(P0.01),潮气量(VT)显著低于对照组(P0.01)。观察组患者吸气流量显著高于对照组(P0.01),呼吸比、气道闭合压显著低于对照组(P0.05)。观察组患者并发症发生率显著低于对照组(P0.05)。结论相比SIMV+PSV模式,ASV通气模式可以维持COPD伴呼衰患者自主呼吸功能。     

Early and late failure of noninvasive ventilation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with acute exacerbation

BACKGROUND: Despite recent encouraging results, the use of noninvasive ventilation (NIV) in the management of acute exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), complicated by acute respiratory failure (ARF), is not always successful. Failure of NIV may require an immediate intubation after a few hours (usually 1-3) of ventilation ('early failure') or may result in clinical deterioration (one or more days later) after an initial improvement of blood gas tension and general conditions ('late failure'). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We enrolled 122 patients affected by COPD complicated by ARF, and treated with NIV. The schedule of NIV provided sessions of 2-6 h twice daily. RESULTS: Ninety-nine (81%) patients showed a progressive improvement of the clinical parameters and were discharged. Among the remaining 23 patients, 13 had an early failure and 10 had a late failure. In the 'success' group and 'late failure' groups we found after an increase of pH 2 h of NIV (from 7.31 +/- 0.05 to 7.38 +/- 0.04 P < 0.001 and from 7.29 +/- 0.03 to 7.36 +/- 0.02 P < 0.001, respectively) and a decrease of PaCO2 (from 80.93 +/- 9.79 to 66.48 +/- 5.95 P < 0.001 and from 85.96 +/- 10.77 to 76.41 +/- 11.02 P < 0.001, respectively). After 2 h of NIV in the 'late failure' group there were no significant changes in terms of pH (from 7.20 +/- 0.10 to 7.28 +/- 0.06) nor PaCO2 (from 92.86 +/- 35.49 to 93.68 +/- 23.68). The 'early failure' group had different characteristics and, owing to more severe conditions, the value of pH, of Glasgow Coma Score, and Apache II Score were the best predictors of the failure; while, among the complications on admission, metabolic alterations were the only independently significant predictor. CONCLUSIONS: Our study confirms that NIV may be useful to avoid intubation in approximately 80% of patients with COPD complicated by moderate-severe hypercapnic respiratory failure.     

无创正压通气联合氨茶碱治疗老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并呼吸衰竭患者的临床效果

目的探究无创正压通气联合氨茶碱治疗老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并呼吸衰竭患者的临床效果。方法选择2017年2月至2018年2月我院收治的140例慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并呼吸衰竭患者为观察对象,运用随机数字表法将其分为对照组(n=70,常规治疗)和观察组(n=70,常规治疗+无创正压通气+氨茶碱治疗)。比较两组患者的治疗效果。结果治疗前,两组患者的心率、呼吸频率、pH、PaO2、PaCO2比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗7 d后,两组患者的心率、呼吸频率、pH、PaO2、PaCO2均明显改善,且观察组心率、呼吸频率、PaO2、PaCO2优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组的治疗总有效率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论无创正压通气联合氨茶碱治疗老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并呼吸衰竭临床效果确切,具有协同作用,值得临床推广应用。     

无创正压通气在慢性阻塞性肺疾病所致严重呼吸衰竭机械通气脱机过程中的应用

目的 探讨无创正压通气在慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)并发呼吸衰竭患者有创机械通气撤机后的应用时机及治疗效果.方法 选择36例COPD患者,随机选取18例行气管插管机械通气并作为实验组,以同步间歇指令通气(SIMV) 压力支持通气(PSV) 呼气末正压(PEEP)方式行机械通气,待肺部感染控制窗出现,拔除气管插管,改为经面罩BIPAP无创通气,逐渐脱机.余18例做为对照组,行常规有创通气,最后以PSV方式至撤机.现察两组病例的呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的发生例数、病死率、机械通气天数、总住院天数、动脉血气分析.结果 实验组住院时间少于对照组,(21.1±1.8)天vs(27.1±1.4)天(P<0.05);机械通气时间为(11.4±0.8)天vs(14.8±2.4)天(P<0.05);呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率为0 vs 5例(P<0.01);死亡例数为1例vs 4倒.实验组撤机前后血气分析比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);对照组撤机后pH降低、PaCO2升高(P<0.05).结论 对COPD并发呼吸衰竭患者采用早期有创机械通气,序贯应用无创正压通气可以显著降低VAP发生率,提高撤机成功率,缩短住院时间.     

慢性阻塞型肺疾病伴Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者实施无创通气最佳时机的探讨

目的探讨无创通气(NIPPV)用于治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)伴Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者的最佳时机。方法120例COPD患者随机分为NIPPV组和常规治疗组(对照组),在治疗前及治疗2 h、第3天观察两组血气、临床症状、肺功能和预后的变化。根据病情将患者分为轻、中、重三组,评价NIPPV的效果,选择应用NIPPV的最佳时机。结果NIPPV组在治疗2h后迅速改善了患者的心率、呼吸频率、呼吸困难评分、辅助呼吸肌动用评分和血气(P<0.05)。实施NIPPV后,患者的住院时间由20.6±28.9 d缩短至12.4±9.9 d,插管率由26.7%降至11.7%,病死率由13.3%降至3.3%(P<0.05)。轻、中度患者实施NIPPV的成功率较高,而重度患者的疗效不佳。结论COPD伴Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者应尽早使用NIPPV,应用NIPPV的最佳时机为50 mmHg相似文献   

无创通气联合莫西沙星对慢性阻塞性肺病合并呼吸衰竭患者预后的影响

目的探讨无创通气联合莫西沙星对慢性阻塞性肺病合并呼吸衰竭患者预后的影响。方法选取72例慢性阻塞性肺病合并呼吸衰竭患者,随机分为观察组(常规治疗+无创通气+莫西沙星)和对照组(常规治疗+无创通气)。比较2组患者预后指标的改善情况。结果观察组总有效率、细菌清除率、p H、p(CO2)、p(O2)、FEV1、APACHEⅡ、生活质量评分均显著优于对照组(P0.05)。结论无创通气联合莫西沙星治疗慢性阻塞性肺病合并呼吸衰竭患者疗效显著。     

不同类型面罩对慢性阻塞性肺疾病无创正压通气效果的影响

目的观察不同类型面罩对无创正压通气效果的影响。方法选择8例慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)并呼吸衰竭患者,采用交叉自身对照试验,应用自行改良的双流向面罩及惯用面罩各通气1小时,两者间隔30分钟。在相同通气参数状态下,比较两种面罩通气效果。结果2组通气治疗后气促和呼吸费力改善,动脉血气pH升高、心率和呼吸频率显著降低（P<0.05或P<0.01）。改良面罩组动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO     

经双通道面罩对慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者进行无创正压机械通气的效果观察

目的评价经双通道面罩对慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者进行无创正压机械通气的临床效果。方法选择43例慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）急性加重期合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者，随机使用双通道面罩（试验组22例）或使用单通道面罩（对照组21例）进行双水平气道正压无创机械通气4h，通过分析患者的呼吸频率、心率和动脉血气变化，比较两组机械通气的临床效果。结果两组患者机械通气前后其呼吸频率、心率和动脉血二氧化碳分压（PaCO2）均显著降低（P〈0．05或P〈0．01），动脉血pH、氧分压（PaO2）均显著增高（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）；双通道面罩组pH增高和PaCO2降低均显著优于单通道面罩组（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。结论经双通道面罩和经单通道面罩对COPD合并呼吸衰竭患者进行面罩机械通气（FMMV）均取得良好的临床效果，经双通道面罩对COPD合并呼吸衰竭患者进行FMMV可以减少CO2重复呼吸，更有利于降低PaCO2水平。     

无创性目标潮气量机械通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并急性Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭临床观察

目的探讨无创性目标潮气量机械通气在慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)合并急性II型呼吸衰竭治疗中的应用价值。方法 2013年1月至2014年1月我院收治的61例COPD合并急性Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者,按照随机数字表法分为三组,对照组20例行常规治疗,ST组21例在常规治疗基础上加用无创呼吸机并采用ST模式,TVV组在常规治疗基础上加用无创呼吸机并采用TVV模式,比较三组的临床治疗有效率、患者血气改善情况。结果 20例对照组治疗后72 h、7 d以及ST组、TVV组治疗后6 h、72 h、7 d各血气指标水平较治疗前升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);ST组、TVV组治疗后6 h、72 h、7 d的血气指标水平均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);三组治疗有效率比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),ST组、TVV组有效率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论常规治疗基础上加用无创性目标潮气量机械通气可显著改善COPD合并急性II型呼吸衰竭症状,疗效肯定。     

Noninvasive versus conventional ventilation to treat hypercapnic encephalopathy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Objective We recently reported a high success rate using noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) to treat COPD exacerbations with hypercapnic encephalopathy. This study compared the hospital outcomes of NPPV vs. conventional mechanical ventilation (CMV) in COPD exacerbations with moderate to severe hypercapnic encephalopathy, defined by a Kelly score of 3 or higher. Design and setting A 3-year prospective matched case-control study in a respiratory semi-intensive care unit (RSICU) and intensive care unit (ICU). Patients and participants From 103 consecutive patients the study included 20 undergoing NPPV and 20 CMV, matched for age, simplified acute physiology score II, and baseline arterial blood gases. Measurements and results ABG significantly improved in both groups after 2 h. The rate of complications was lower in the NPPV group than in the CMV group due to fewer cases of nosocomial pneumonia and sepsis. In-hospital mortality, 1-year mortality, and tracheostomy rates were similar in the two groups. Fewer patients remained on ventilation after 30 days in NPPV group. The NPPV group showed a shorter duration of ventilation. Conclusions In COPD exacerbations with moderate to severe hypercapnic encephalopathy, the use of NPPV performed by an experienced team compared to CMV leads to similar short and long-term survivals with a reduced nosocomial infection rate and duration of ventilation.     

整体护理在无创呼吸机治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并呼吸衰竭中的效果

目的：观察和分析整体护理在无创呼吸机治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病（ COPD）合并呼吸衰竭中的效果。方法选取80例COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者作为研究对象,将其随机分为观察组和对照组,每组40例,两组患者均给予无创呼吸机械通气治疗,对照组患者给予常规护理措施,观察组患者给予整体护理模式的护理措施,对两组患者的治疗效果、不良反应发生情况进行观察和比较,并对患者进行依从性和满意度的调查。结果观察组和对照组中分别有37例（92.5％）和28例（70％）患者坚持接受无创呼吸机治疗,直到好转出院,观察组的比例显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（ P＜0.05）;两组分别有2例（5％）和10例（25％）无法耐受无创呼吸机治疗,改用气管插管机械通气治疗,观察组的比例显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（ P＜0.05）;对照组发生面部皮肤压伤、口干等不良反应的比例显著高于观察组,差异有统计学意义（ P＜0.05）;观察组患者的依从性问卷评分和满意度问卷评分均显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（ P＜0.05）。结论在应用无创呼吸机治疗COPD合并呼吸衰竭的过程中采用整体护理模式可提高治疗效果,减少应用有创机械通气治疗的患者比例,降低不良反应的发生率,提高患者对治疗的依从性和满意度。     

无创正压通气治疗COPD急性加重导致高碳酸血症的临床研究

目的对比无创正压通气（NPPV）对慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）急性加重导致轻中度高碳酸血症与重度高碳酸血症的疗效。方法对比入选COPD急性加重导致轻中度高碳酸血症（PaCO2〈80mmHg,1mmHg=0.133kPa）组患者和重度高碳酸血症（PaCO2〉80mmHg）组患者NPPV2h后pH值和PaCO2的变化、24h后pH值恢复正常的人数、总的NPPV治疗时间和住院天数。结果轻中度高碳酸血症组44人,重度高碳酸血症组42人。轻中度高碳酸血症组和重度高碳酸血症组相对比,NPPV2h后pH值（分别为0.04±0.01和0.06±0.03,P=0.63）和PaCO2[分别为（14.3±7.4）mmHg和（18.1±11.2）mmHg,P=0.34]的改善程度相似。对比两组患者NPPV24h后pH值恢复正常比率（分别为65.9%和59.5%,P=0.65）、NPPV应用时间[分别为（103±8.1）h和（106±6.6）h,P=0.74]、住院天数[分别为（13±2.7）d和（15±4.1）d,P=0.53]及NPPV失败率（分别为13.6%和19.0%,P=0.56）也无差异。结论 NPPV治疗对COPD急性加重导致重度高碳酸血症的患者是有效的。     

无创正压通气对不同轻重COPD呼吸衰竭患者的治疗效果研究

目的：观察无创正压通气在不同轻重慢性阻塞性肺病伴Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭中的治疗作用，为更好的选择无创正压通气的临床应用适应证提供指导。方法：用双水平无创正压呼吸机对78例慢性阻塞性肺病伴Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者经口鼻面罩辅助通气，动态观察无创正压通气治疗前和治疗后2h，1d，2d，3d，6d，8d动脉血气变化。根据动脉血气结果，比较分析病情程度不同轻重患者对无创正压通气治疗的反应。结果：经无创正压通气治疗后各组PaO2均有不同程度升高，PaCO2明显降低。PaO2的改善以二氧化碳中度升高组（PaCO2 7.98～10．6mmHg）最为明显，而PaCO2的改善尤以极重度二氧化碳潴留组患者（PaCO2〉13.3kPa）下降比率最大。结论：无创正压通气对COPD伴Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭疗效确切，各组呼吸衰竭患者均能从无创正压通气治疗中获益，并以极重度CO2潴留组患者获益最大。     

Noninvasive ventilation in hypercapnic acute respiratory failure due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease vs. other conditions: effectiveness and predictors of failure

Objective This study compared the effectiveness of noninvasive ventilation (NIV) and the risk factors for NIV failure in hypercapnic acute respiratory failure (ARF) due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) vs. non-COPD conditions.Design and setting Prospective cohort study in the medical intensive care unit of a university hospital.Patients and participants 111 patients with hypercapnic ARF, 43 of whom had COPD exacerbations and 68 other conditions. Baseline characteristics of the two groups were similar.Measurements and results The risk of NIV failure, defined as the need for endotracheal intubation, was significantly lower in COPD than in other conditions (19% vs. 47%). High APACHE II score was an independent predictor of NIV failure in COPD (OR 5.38 per 5 points). The presence of pneumonia (OR 5.63), high APACHE II score (OR 2.59 per 5 points), rapid heart rate (OR 1.22 per 5 beats/min), and high PaCO₂ 1 h after NIV (OR 1.22 per 5 mmHg) were independent predictors of NIV failure in the non-COPD group. Failure of NIV independently predicted mortality (OR 10.53).Conclusions Noninvasive ventilation was more effective in preventing endotracheal intubation in hypercapnic ARF due to COPD than non-COPD conditions. High APACHE II score predicted NIV failure in both groups. Noninvasive ventilation was least effective in patients with hypercapnic ARF due to pneumonia.This revised version was published online in March 2005. In the abstract all occurrences of 95% CI were deleted, and in the main text some orthographical corrections were made.     

支气管肺泡灌洗联合无创正压通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并呼吸衰竭的临床研究

目的探讨支气管肺泡灌洗联合无创正压通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并呼吸衰竭的临床疗效。方法选择本科住院治疗的慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并呼吸衰竭的患者104例,按照治疗方法的不同随机分为对照组(常规治疗组)和观察组(BAL+NIPPV治疗组),观察记录2组患者治疗前、治疗后2 h、治疗后12 h以及治疗后24 h动脉血气分析,以及治疗期间2组患者的不良反应发生情况。结果 2组患者治疗后24 h,p H值均较治疗前显著提高(P0.05),观察组p H值较对照组升高显著(P0.05);2组患者治疗后各时间点p(CO_2)、p(O_2)与治疗前比较,p(CO_2)降低,p(O_2)升高,且观察组患者改善状况优于对照组(P0.05);2组患者气管插管、腹胀和鼻面部压伤的不良反应发生率差异显著(P0.05)。结论支气管肺泡灌洗联合无创正压通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并呼吸衰竭可显著提高患者p(O_2),降低p(CO_2),提高血p H值,有效改善患者的呼吸衰竭症状,纠正患者酸碱失衡,值得临床推广应用。     

危重肺心病救治时无创和有创通气相互转换时血气监测意义

目的探讨危重慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)救治时无创和有创正压通气相互转换时血气监测的意义.方法 入住ICU病房的危重COPD患者首先应用无创正压通气(NPPV),然后根据血气分析结果及病情情况,及时转换为有创正压通气(IPPV)为A组,维持NPPV治疗为B组.比较两组的病死率、呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)发生率、机械通气时间及住ICU时间.结果 A组病死率为13.3%,B组病死率为100%,A组病死率明显低于B组(P＜0.05);A组VAP发生率较B组明显降低(P＜0.05);A组机械通气时间和住ICU时间较B组明显缩短(P＜0.05).结论对危重肺心病患者机械通气治疗期间,根据血气分析的结果及病情准确把握从无创到有创或有创到无创的转换时机,灵活选用NPPV和IPPV,可提高治疗效果,降低VAP发生率和病死率.     

经面罩机械通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺病呼吸衰竭昏迷患者的疗效评价

目的：评价经面罩机械通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺病（慢阻肺）呼吸衰竭昏迷患者的疗效。方法：１３例慢阻肺呼吸衰竭昏迷患者经面罩压力支持通气，并与同期１６例非昏迷患者比较。结果：昏迷患者通气２～４小时后，ｐＨ值从７．２３１±０．０５４升至７．３７６±０．０７３，ＰａＣＯ２从１２．０３±１．８３ｋＰａ（１ｋＰａ＝７．５ｍｍＨｇ）降至９．３６±１．９４ｋＰａ；且多数患者意识转清，并恢复正常的咳痰能力；合并电解质紊乱者治疗反应较差。８５％的患者平均通气１３天后恢复至稳定的自主呼吸状态和较满意的动脉血气水平。与非昏迷患者比较疗效相似（Ｐ＞０．０５），但较多患者需改用辅助／控制模式通气，且有较高的胃胀气发生率。结论：昏迷不应是面罩通气的禁忌证；加强昏迷患者意识清醒前呼吸道分泌物的清除及胃胀气的引流，合理选用机械通气模式是成功的关键。     

99m锝-二乙三胺五乙酸气溶胶肺通气指数在慢性阻塞性肺疾病肺功能评估中的价值

目的研究99m锝-二乙三胺五乙酸(Tc-DTPA)气溶胶肺通气显像的通气指数(ventilation index,VI)与慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)肺功能之间的关系。方法 42例COPD患者均行气溶胶肺通气显像和COPD肺功能分级。肺通气显像结束后,利用感兴趣区(region of interest,ROI)技术分析左右肺中央带、周围带的放射性分布情况,并计算得到VI。分析肺功能分级和VI之间的关系。结果 VI≥50%组第1秒用力呼气容积(FEV1%)和FEV1/用力肺活量(FVC)分别为:(51.8±18.2)%和(60.0±11.9)%,VI<50%组FEV1%和FEV1/FVC分别为(40.5±13.0)%和(51.7±9.3)%,两组之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。且FEV1%和VI之间有很好的相关性(r=0.391,P<0.05),FEV1/FVC与VI之间也有很好的相关性(r=0.517,P<0.01)。但FVC与VI之间无相关性(r=0.123,P>0.05)。结论 VI和COPD肺功能分级之间有很好的相关性。VI可直接和准确的预测和显示肺内的气体分布。联合应用VI和COPD分级能更准确的评估肺功能。