类风湿性关节炎患者外周血CCR4和CCR6与白细胞介素17的相关性

类风湿性关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis,RA)是一种以累及周围关节为主的自身免疫性疾病,主要表现为关节滑膜的慢性炎症[1],T淋巴细胞是RA滑膜组织中的主要炎性细胞.促炎性细胞因子和趋化因子是介导炎性细胞参与炎症反应的关键因素.白细胞介素(IL)-17是一种促炎性细胞因子,在炎症反应中对白细胞的迁移和活化,在骨质破坏反应中对破骨细胞的活化和骨质的吸收方面均发挥着重要作用[2].     

膝关节创伤后炎性细胞因子变化的研究现状

膝关节创伤后周围组织,包括关节囊、滑膜、关节软骨、半月板等,均能产生炎症介质,这就提示膝关节创伤后疼痛及僵直与其局部的炎症反应及炎性细胞因子有关。这些炎性细胞因子中有促进和加速炎症反应的因子如肿瘤坏死因子、白细胞介素-1、白细胞介素-2、白细胞介素-6、环氧酶等。本文介绍膝关节创伤后周围组织部分炎性细胞因子的研究现状,分析目前研究存在的不足,为进一步研究奠定基础。     

炎症反应和自身免疫在复杂性区域疼痛综合征中作用

复杂性区域疼痛综合征(complex regional pain syndrome,CRPS)是一种神经病理性疼痛综合征,常伴感觉、运动以及自主神经的异常。CRPS的外周敏化与神经源性炎症密切相关,主要包括C纤维末梢神经肽的释放、局部促炎性细胞因子的表达上调,以及肥大细胞的激活。脊髓背角炎症反应参与CRPS中枢敏化过程,主要包括N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸(N-methyl-D-aspartic acid,NMDA)受体的磷酸化、促炎性细胞因子的释放,以及星形细胞和小胶质细胞的激活。CRPS患者系统性和局部氧化应激水平升高,这或许与线粒体功能异常相关。CRPS患者的血清中存在结合自主神经受体的自身抗体,提示自身免疫机制或与自主神经功能异常相关。本文对神经炎症和自身免疫在复杂性区域疼痛综合征中的作用展开综述,其详细和全面的机制尚需更深入研究。     

骨性关节炎患者退变软骨及滑膜组织中细胞因子的表达

背景：骨性关节炎的炎症反应是Fh软骨细胞、滑膜组织分泌的细胞因子所介导的。关节软骨和滑膜组织内含有多种细胞因子,在关节软骨的损伤修复中起着重要的调节作用。目的：分析软骨细胞、滑膜组织分泌的细胞因子与骨性关节炎发病的关系及影响。方法：由第一作者应用计算机检索万方数据库（WWW．wanfangdata．com．cn）,PubMed数据库（www．ncbi．nIm．nih．guv／pubmed）检索时间：2005至2010年。检索词为“骨性关节炎,退变,软骨组织,细胞因子”。计算机初检得到146篇文献,阅读标题和摘要进行初筛,排除因研究目的与此文无关的86篇,内容重复性的研究40篇,保留21篇骨性关节炎患者退变软骨及滑膜组织中各种细胞因子作用及影响的相关文献作进一步分析。结果与结论：细胞因子主要是指活化的免疫细胞和某些基质细胞分泌的一类非特异调节免疫应答和介导炎症反应的小分子蛋白质,包括由淋巴细胞产生的淋巴因子,单核巨噬细胞产生的单核因子及其他细胞因子等。关节滑膜细胞分泌的细胞因子可部分解释骨性关节炎的病理过程,在炎症关节中起着重要的作用。虽然越来越多的学者重视到滑膜细胞、软骨细胞分泌细胞因子的作用,但主要是研究外源性细胞因子对软骨细胞或滑膜细胞的影响,而其内源性细胞因子在骨性关节炎发病中的作用却未广泛开展研究。     

中药外敷治疗类风湿性关节炎肿痛的护理进展

类风湿性关节炎(rheumatoid artheritis,RA)作为一种慢性关节疾病,主要表现为四肢多关节肿胀、疼痛,病理变化为关节滑膜的慢性炎症,血管翳形成,软骨及软骨下骨破坏,关节滑膜的血管增生和炎性细胞浸润,最终导致关节畸形和强直,功能障碍[1]。祖国医学称此为"痹症",认为多由风寒湿     

膝骨关节炎疼痛机制及治疗研究进展

膝骨关节炎(knee osteoarthritis, KOA)以膝关节疼痛、活动受限、功能障碍及关节畸形为主要表现,疼痛是病人就医的主要因素。现代医学认为其与年龄、肥胖、急、慢性关节损伤、代谢性骨病等因素密切相关,具有易诊断、难治疗、复发率高的特点,严重影响病人的生活质量及心理健康。但目前KOA发生疼痛的具体机制仍不明确,导致针对KOA疼痛的治疗效果不尽如人意。由于国内外对KOA疼痛机制及治疗研究进行整体综述的报道较少,因此本文系统查阅相关文献,从膝关节解剖、生理病理等方面出发,总结出关节软骨、软骨下骨、滑膜、髌下脂肪垫、半月板及前交叉韧带等组织病变均可能导致促炎细胞因子产生,诱发炎症反应;病变也可导致关节内机械应力改变,刺激痛觉感受器产生疼痛;疼痛信号的持续输入使神经功能发生改变,诱导痛觉敏化发生,贯穿于KOA整个病程。本文从基础治疗、药物治疗及手术治疗三个方面对KOA疼痛治疗研究进行归纳分析,为今后临床防治KOA疼痛提供一定的理论参考与治疗思路。     

类风湿关节炎患者血清及滑膜转化生长因子-β1含量变化与临床意义

类风湿关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis,RA)的基本病理改变是关节的滑膜改变,即滑膜炎和血管翳形成,以及与其相关的血清组织中多种细胞因子、抗原抗体、黏附分子等的变化.细胞因子(cytokine,Ck)是RA炎症和损伤的重要介质,在参与免疫炎症反应的各种因子中,转化生长因子β1(transforming growth factor beta,TGF-β1)为重要的炎性分子.     

IASP关节痛文献资料,《中国疼痛医学杂志》组织翻译第二篇:关节生物化学标志物:软骨、骨、软骨退变、骨重塑以及炎症

<正>关节主要由三个重要的部分组成:骨、关节软骨和滑膜。这三部分在风湿性结缔组织病,均会受到累及。骨性关节炎是以整个关节骨刺的形成、软骨下骨的硬化、关节软骨退行性变和滑膜改变(炎症反应,增生和滑膜增厚)为特征的一种疾病。     

痛风性关节炎患者的健康教育

痛风是一组长期嘌呤代谢紊乱、血尿酸增高的异源性疾病。其临床特点是高尿酸血症，痛风性关节炎是尿酸盐在关节软骨或滑膜沉积，导致关节滑膜及周围组织的炎症反应，其初发部位多侵犯跖关节，受累关节常于夜间发作红、肿、热、痛，后期会出现关节畸形及功能障碍。由于痛风性急性关节炎反复发作、痛风石形成、痛风石慢性关节炎和关节畸形，造成患者长期的巨大痛苦，严重影响了患者的身心健康。在药物尽快控制痛风性关节炎的急性发作的同时，通过进行整体护理、控制饮食、生活调理等的健康教育、可达到加快疾病康复及减少发作的目的。     

银屑病性关节炎诊断进展

银屑病性关节炎（Psoriatic arthritis，PsA）是一种与银屑病相关的炎性关节病，可导致关节和周围软组织肿胀、疼痛、僵硬和运动障碍，部分患者可有骶髂关节炎和（或）脊柱炎，病程迁延，可致关节强直或残疾。     

Back Pain with Leg Pain

Purpose of Review

The clinical diagnostic dilemma of low back pain that is associated with lower limb pain is very common. In relation to back pain that radiates to the leg, the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) states: “Pain in the lower limb should be described specifically as either referred pain or radicular pain. In cases of doubt no implication should be made and the pain should be described as pain in the lower limb.”

Recent Findings

Bogduks’ editorial in the journal PAIN (2009) helps us to differentiate and define the terms somatic referred pain, radicular pain, and radiculopathy. In addition, there are other pathologies distal to the nerve root that could be relevant to patients with back pain and leg pain such as plexus and peripheral nerve involvement. Hence, the diagnosis of back pain with leg pain can still be challenging.

Summary

In this article, we present a patient with back and leg pain. The patient appears to have a radicular pain syndrome, but has no neurological impairment and shows signs of myofascial involvement. Is there a single diagnosis or indeed two overlapping syndromes? The scope of our article encompasses the common diagnostic possibilities for this type of patient. A discussion of treatment is beyond the scope of this article and depends on the final diagnosis/diagnoses made.

     

Associations Between Pain Appraisals and Pain Outcomes: Meta-Analyses of Laboratory Pain and Chronic Pain Literatures

In this research, meta-analyses were performed to evaluate associations between primary appraisals of pain as a source of threat and/or challenge and responses to 1) noxious laboratory stimuli and 2) chronic noncancer pain. Twenty-two laboratory pain studies comprising 2,031 participants and 59 chronic pain studies based on 9,135 patients were identified for analysis. For laboratory pain, elevated threat appraisals were linked to overall increases in reported pain, reduced pain tolerance, and high levels of passive coping. Method of measuring appraisal as well as type and duration of noxious stimulation moderated some of these associations. Challenge appraisals were related to more pain tolerance and less passive coping but not pain intensity. For chronic pain studies, threat appraisals had positive overall correlations with pain intensity, impairment, affective distress, and passive coping but were negatively related to active coping. The pattern of associations between challenge appraisals and outcomes was largely complementary. Appraisal scale used and gender were consistent moderators of appraisal-outcome relations in chronic pain samples. In sum, appraisals of pain as a source of potential damage or opportunity have robust associations with responses to acute laboratory pain and ongoing chronic pain.PerspectiveMeta-analyses evaluated associations between primary appraisals and responses to laboratory pain and chronic pain. Significant effect sizes for most outcomes suggest that appraisals of pain as a source of threat and challenge have important implications for functioning in response to pain.