腓骨近端肿瘤切除术后膝关节稳定性重建的临床研究

目的探讨腓骨近端肿瘤切除术后重建膝关节稳定性的方法及临床疗效。方法回顾分析2008年1月-2009年12月行近端腓骨切除并重建腓侧副韧带和股二头肌肌腱骨性止点的16例腓骨近端肿瘤患者(试验组)临床资料,与同期5例未行韧带骨性重建患者(对照组)进行比较。两组患者性别、年龄、病程、肿瘤发生部位等一般资料比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。术后行膝外侧方应力试验;摄X线片测量关节间隙,与健侧比较间隙增大程度并分级;参照美国骨与软组织肿瘤协会(MSTS)功能评分标准对关节功能进行评分。结果术后两组切口均Ⅰ期愈合。两组采用MalawerⅡ型手术切除者均发生医源性完全腓神经功能丧失。患者术后均获随访,随访时间12～36个月,平均30个月。试验组中1例纤维母细胞性骨肉瘤患者发生局部复发,12个月后死于肺部及全身转移;其余患者肿瘤均无复发。末次随访时,试验组膝外侧方应力试验均为阴性,关节间隙增大分级为A级;对照组应力试验均为阳性,分级为D级。试验组MSTS评分为(97.5±3.5)分,对照组为(87.5±3.5)分,两组比较差异有统计学意义(t=2.85,P=0.01)。结论腓骨近端肿瘤切除术后重建腓骨近端腓侧副韧带及股二头肌肌腱的骨性附着点,恢复了膝关节稳定性,利于关节功能重建。     

股二头肌长头腱等长重建膝关节外侧副韧带

目的：通过研究膝关节外侧副韧带在股骨髁上的等长点,采用股二头肌长头腱等长重建膝关节外侧副韧带,并探讨其临床结果。方法：自2001年6月至2007年6月,采用股二头肌长头腱等长重建外侧副韧带16例,男10例,女6例;年龄20-58岁,平均38-4岁。急性损伤4例,陈旧性损伤12例,病程5d-11个月。3例合并后十字韧带损伤．2例合并前十字韧带损伤,整组病例不包含其他后外侧结构损伤的病例。切取股二头肌长头肌腱的中1／3,固定在其股骨外髁的等长点上,通过膝关节内翻应力试验,判断膝关节外侧结构的稳定性。结果：外侧副韧带腓骨附着点或股二头肌长头肌腱的中1／3腓骨附着点至外侧副韧带股骨附着点的前方或前下方8-10mm处具有较好的等长性。术后随访12—24个月,平均13．5个月。术前稳定性检查,完全伸膝内翻不稳Ⅲ度7例,Ⅱ度9例;屈膝30。位,内翻不稳Ⅲ度9例,Ⅱ度7例。术后16例完全伸膝位均无内翻不稳;屈膝30。位,I度内翻不稳2例,其内翻应力试验外侧关节间隙较健侧增大程度小于5mm。结论：应用股二头肌长头腱等长重建膝关节外侧副韧带能有效恢复膝关节外侧结构在屈伸过程中的稳定性,手术创伤相对较小,是一种理想的重建方法。     

腓骨切除对膝关节稳定性的影响

腓骨在维持膝关节稳定中具有较大作用,腓骨切除可影响膝关节的稳定性,但对于减少腓骨切除对膝关节稳定性影响的措施,尚无统一观点。腓骨近端切除可破坏腓侧副韧带和股二头肌肌腱止点,直接导致膝关节不稳定,术中重新固定被破坏的腓侧副韧带和股二头肌肌腱可预防膝关节不稳定且步态不受影响,但其有效性褒贬不一;腓骨中段切除可破坏骨间膜完整性及相关肌肉附着点,目前认为对膝关节稳定性影响不大,但缺乏更深入的研究。该文就腓骨切除对膝关节稳定性的影响作一综述。     

半腱肌腱等长重建膝关节后外侧复合体

目的通过研究膝关节外侧副韧带在股骨髁上的等长点,采用半腱肌腱等长重建膝关节后外侧复合体,并探讨其临床结果。方法自2001年2月至2005年2月,对18例膝关节后外侧复合体陈旧性损伤患者采用自体同侧半腱肌腱等长重建。男12例,女6例;年龄19～52岁,平均39岁。术中将半腱肌腱双折后从腓骨头外侧副韧带止点的骨隧道穿入,从腘腓韧带止点的骨隧道穿出;然后分别固定在其股骨外侧髁的等长点上。通过观察膝关节内翻和外旋的稳定性,判断膝关节后外侧结构的稳定性。结果外侧副韧带腓骨附着点至股骨附着点的前方或前下方8￣10mm处具有较好的等长性;而腓骨后上方的腘腓韧带附着点与腘肌腱股骨附着点相对等长。重建术后随访12￣24个月,平均14个月。18例患者完全伸直位均无内翻不稳,屈膝30°位时膝关节Ⅰ度内翻不稳2例。3例屈膝30°和90°位小腿外旋增加5°￣8°,平均6°;14例外旋和健侧相同;1例外旋减小。结论应用半腱肌腱等长重建膝关节后外侧复合体能有效恢复膝关节后外侧结构的稳定性,手术创伤相对较小,是一种理想的重建方法。     

股二头肌长头腱重建膝关节后外侧角韧带结构

目的采用股二头肌长头腱重建膝关节后外侧角韧带结构并探讨其近期临床效果。方法对23例膝关节后外侧角韧带结构陈旧性损伤患者,采用股二头肌长头腱进行解剖学重建。术中保留股二头肌长头在腓骨头的附着或者在远端的连接,分切出一个远端带蒂、宽8～10mm、长16～18cm的肌腱条,再将肌腱条纵行劈为前、后两半。将后侧半肌腱条反折重建腓韧带和肌腱,其股骨附着点位于肌腱的解剖学附着点,反折后的游离端固定在开口于胫骨平台后外侧角的骨隧道内。将前侧半肌腱条反折重建外侧副韧带,其股骨附着点位于外侧副韧带的解剖学附着点,反折后的游离端固定在开口于腓骨头前缘的骨隧道内,或者直接缝合在腓骨头上。通过对膝关节内翻稳定性和小腿外旋活动度的随访,了解膝关节后外侧角的稳定性。结果术后半年,完全伸膝位无膝内翻不稳;屈膝30°,Ⅰ度膝内翻不稳伴硬性终止点2例;屈膝30°,小腿外旋增加2例,相同16例,减小5例。术后1年,患膝后外侧角的稳定性无明显改变。结论采用股二头肌长头腱同时重建膝外侧副韧带、腓韧带和肌腱能够有效恢复膝关节后外侧角的稳定性。     

膝关节后外侧复合体

膝关节后外侧复合体（posterolateral complex,PLC）也称膝关节后外侧结构,是一个多条肌腱、韧带组成的解剖及功能复杂的膝关节后外方稳定性结构。PLC由静力性稳定结构和动力性稳定结构共同组成,主要结构有外侧副韧带、胭肌腱和胭腓韧带复合体,次要结构有膝关节后外侧关节囊、豆腓韧带、弓状韧带、髂胫束、股二头肌腱、腓肠肌外侧头。其中外侧副韧带、胭肌腱和胭腓韧带复合体具有解剖学的稳定性。外侧副韧带主要防止膝关节内翻,同时也辅助防止胫骨外旋和后坠。     

Müller法重建膝关节后外侧结构

目的：探讨Muller法重建膝关节后外侧结构的临床疗效。方法：2005年6月至2007年6月治疗13例膝关节后外侧损伤,7例伴有后交叉韧带损伤,4例伴有前后交叉韧带损伤,1例伴前交叉韧带损伤,1例伴前交叉韧带止点骨折,其中5例为陈旧损伤。先关节镜下重建交叉韧带,采用髂胫束前侧约10mm宽腱束经胫骨骨隧道至后侧胭肌腱通道,与胭肌腱平行返回胭肌腱上止点,挤压螺钉固定重建胭肌腱。采用股二头肌腱前1／3腱束及挤压螺钉固定重建外侧副韧带,术后早期进行CPM锻炼及股四头肌锻炼,6-8周扶拐下地。结果：术后随访6-27个月,平均13个月,无屈伸活动障碍,外旋稳定性和对侧相比无明显差别。术后1年,有2例在屈膝30。位存在内翻I度松弛。术后膝关节功能评分（Lysholm）77～94分,平均86分。结论：Miiller法重建治疗膝关节后外侧结构损伤临床操作简便,不受重建材料限制,重建效果满意。     

胫骨近端截骨联合膝关节后外侧重建治疗儿麻后遗症严重膝内翻

[目的]胫骨近端截骨术联合采用股二头肌长头腱重建膝关节后外侧结构并探讨其在儿麻后遗症严重膝内翻畸形矫正中的临床效果。[方法]2011年8月~2015年8月对7例儿麻后遗症严重膝内翻畸形患者,一期均行胫骨近端截骨术,二期取内固定时,同时采用股二头肌长头腱重建膝关节后外侧结构。[结果]一期胫骨近端截骨术后均随访20~48个月,平均25.40个月。在非负重状态下,所有胫骨内翻畸形均矫正;在负重状态下,术前膝内翻角度30°~45°,平均37.10°,术后膝内翻角度8°~14°,平均11.70°,矫正角度20°~31°,平均25.4°,所有膝内翻畸形较术前有改善。截骨端愈合时间3~5个月,平均3.50个月。二期膝关节后外侧重建术后随访12~24个月,术后12个月,完全伸膝位无内翻不稳;屈膝30°,Ⅰ度内翻不稳1例;屈膝30°,患侧小腿外旋较健侧增加1例。术后24个月,患膝后外侧结构的稳定性无明显改变,下肢力线恢复满意。[结论]胫骨近端截骨术可以纠正胫骨内翻畸形,改善膝内翻畸形;采用股二头肌长头腱重建膝外侧副韧带和腘肌腱,能够有效恢复膝关节后外侧结构的稳定性;两者联合应用在儿麻后遗症严重膝内翻畸形矫正中可以取得较好疗效。     

Muller法重建膝关节后外侧结构

目的：探讨Muller法重建膝关节后外侧结构的临床疗效。方法：2005年6月至2007年6月治疗13例膝关节后外侧损伤,7例伴有后交叉韧带损伤,4例伴有前后交叉韧带损伤,1例伴前交叉韧带损伤,1例伴前交叉韧带止点骨折,其中5例为陈旧损伤。先关节镜下重建交叉韧带,采用髂胫束前侧约10mm宽腱束经胫骨骨隧道至后侧胭肌腱通道,与胭肌腱平行返回胭肌腱上止点,挤压螺钉固定重建胭肌腱。采用股二头肌腱前1／3腱束及挤压螺钉固定重建外侧副韧带,术后早期进行CPM锻炼及股四头肌锻炼,6-8周扶拐下地。结果：术后随访6-27个月,平均13个月,无屈伸活动障碍,外旋稳定性和对侧相比无明显差别。术后1年,有2例在屈膝30。位存在内翻I度松弛。术后膝关节功能评分（Lysholm）77～94分,平均86分。结论：Miiller法重建治疗膝关节后外侧结构损伤临床操作简便,不受重建材料限制,重建效果满意。     

第三腓骨肌动力解剖重建外侧副韧带

[目的]介绍第三腓骨肌腱解剖重建外侧副韧带治疗踝关节慢性外侧不稳定的技术与临床疗效。[方法]回顾分析2015年12月～2018年01月采用第三腓骨肌动力解剖重建外侧副韧带治疗慢性踝关节外侧不稳63例。在第三腓骨肌肌腱远端止点处切断,向近端游离至远侧伸肌支持带近端,向下牵拉肌腱,于距骨颈距腓前韧带附着点放置锚钉,缝合固定第三腓骨肌腱。于外踝距腓前韧带及跟腓韧带附着点分别建立骨道并相通,将移植腱游离端穿过骨隧道,拉紧肌腱,Swivelock锚钉固定肌腱,重建距腓前韧带,再在跟骨止点建立骨道,将移植腱游离端导入,Swivelock锚钉固定,重建跟腓前韧带。[结果]随访时间为8～28个月。术后6个月,患者的AOFAS评分,应力下影像距骨倾斜角、距骨前移距离均较术前显著改善,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。末次随访时,临床结果评定为优11例,良49例,可3例,优良率为95.24%。[结论]应用第三腓骨肌解剖重建外侧副韧带,创伤小,操作简单,临床疗效满意。     

Intentional marginal excision of osteosarcoma of the proximal fibula to preserve limb function

Three cases of osteosarcoma (stage IIB) of the proximal fibula were successfully treated by marginal excision that preserved the common peroneal nerve and lateral stabilizers of the knee joint. Caffeine-assisted chemotherapy was administered to three boys, ages 15, 17, and 11 years, and resulted in a complete response. Two patients initially presented with peroneal nerve palsy that resolved completely with preoperative chemotherapy. The subsequent intentional marginal procedures resulted in preservation of the common peroneal nerves, lateral collateral ligaments, and biceps femoris tendons. In two cases the collateral ligament and biceps tendon were reattached to the tibia with a spike washer or suture anchors, and in the third case they were reattached by suture only to the ligamentous and capsular structure of the tibia. All three patients have normal ankle and knee joint function without evidence of recurrence 122, 120, and 61 months after surgery, respectively. Preservation of limb function without compromising the principles of tumor surgery is a desirable goal in any patient but particularly in young patients. For patients with osteosarcoma of the proximal fibula, this approach provides a better quality of life than conventional wide excision.     

The anatomy of the posterolateral aspect of the rabbit knee.

The purpose of this study was to determine the anatomy of the posterolateral aspect of the rabbit knee to serve as a basis for future in vitro and in vivo posterolateral knee biomechanical and injury studies. Twelve nonpaired fresh-frozen New Zealand white rabbit knees were dissected to determine the anatomy of the posterolateral corner. The following main structures were consistently identified in the rabbit posterolateral knee: the gastrocnemius muscles, biceps femoris muscle, popliteus muscle and tendon, fibular collateral ligament, posterior capsule, ligament of Wrisberg, and posterior meniscotibial ligament. The fibular collateral ligament was within the joint capsule and attached to the femur at the lateral epicondyle and to the fibula at the midportion of the fibular head. The popliteus muscle attached to the medial edge of the posterior tibia and ascended proximally to give rise to the popliteus tendon, which inserted on the proximal aspect of the popliteal sulcus just anterior to the fibular collateral ligament. The biceps femoris had no attachment to the fibula and attached to the anterior compartment fascia of the leg.This study increased our understanding of these structures and their relationships to comparative anatomy in the human knee. This knowledge of the rabbit's posterolateral knee anatomy is important to understand for biomechanical and surgical studies which utilize the rabbit knee as a model for human posterolateral knee injuries.     

En bloc resection of osteosarcoma of the proximal fibula. An analysis of 8 cases

Osteosarcoma of the proximal fibula is a rare entity that poses a surgical challenge. Limb salvage is the goal of treatment, and this entails sacrifice of the common peroneal nerve as well as the anterior tibial artery. Also the loss of the lateral collateral ligament and biceps attachment leads to unavoidable knee instability which requires special reconstructive procedures. From 2002 to 2008, eight patients with osteosarcoma of the fibular head were treated in our institution with Malawer type II resection. Seven of these patients are still alive without evidence of disease. Our results indicate that the sacrifice of the common peroneal nerve ensures a wide margin of resection which in turn correlates with long-term survival. Furthermore, our technique of reconstruction of lateral knee structures has produced good functional outcome without significant postoperative knee instability.     

Chronic instability after posterior cruciate ligament injury. Tactics, techniques, and results

Summary This article reviews the surgical treatment of chronic posterior knee instability. The treatment rationale includes exact definition of the instability pattern (“envelope-of-motion” of the tibia) by clinical examination, arthrometry and stress radiography. Exact evaluation of the osseous anatomy is mandatory to identify an eventual varus morphotype. This osseous variant in combination with posterior/posterolateral instability should be treated by an osteotomy in every case. The technique of additive osteotomy to correct varus and increase the sagittal tilt of the proximal tibia is described. Ligament reconstruction in chronic posterior knee instability must address the posterior cruciate ligament and the lateral/posterolateral structures in many cases. Patellar tendon grafts, quadriceps tendon grafts or hamstrings can be used for posterior cruciate ligament replacement. Arthroscopic or mini-open techniques may be used for graft placement, direct posterior fixation of the graft via a posterior incision is an option for patellar tendon grafts. Bousquet's biceps plasty or Clancy's biceps tenodesis may be used for posterolateral stabilization; a biceps tendon strip can also be used for lateral collateral ligament reconstruction. Results of surgery are still moderate. In the author's series of chronic posterior/posterolateral instability, 26 cases were treated with posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and biceps tenodesis. Follow-up at 18 months demonstrated increased stability (mean residual posterior drawer 8 mm at 70 ° and 20 lb force) and improved knee function (33 % IKDC B, 67 % IKDC C). Presently, surgical treatment of chronic posterior knee instability should be restricted to centers devoted to this problem.      

Chronic instability after posterior cruciate ligament injury. Tactics, techniques, and results Taktik, Technik und Ergebnisse

This article reviews the surgical treatment of chronic posterior knee instability. The treatment rationale includes exact definition of the instability pattern (“envelope-of-motion” of the tibia) by clinical examination, arthrometry and stress radiography. Exact evaluation of the osseous anatomy is mandatory to identify an eventual varus morphotype. This osseous variant in combination with posterior/posterolateral instability should be treated by an osteotomy in every case. The technique of additive osteotomy to correct varus and increase the sagittal tilt of the proximal tibia is described. Ligament reconstruction in chronic posterior knee instability must address the posterior cruciate ligament and the lateral/posterolateral structures in many cases. Patellar tendon grafts, quadriceps tendon grafts or hamstrings can be used for posterior cruciate ligament replacement. Arthroscopic or mini-open techniques may be used for graft placement, direct posterior fixation of the graft via a posterior incision is an option for patellar tendon grafts. Bousquet's biceps plasty or Clancy's biceps tenodesis may be used for posterolateral stabilization; a biceps tendon strip can also be used for lateral collateral ligament reconstruction. Results of surgery are still moderate. In the author's series of chronic posterior/posterolateral instability, 26 cases were treated with posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and biceps tenodesis. Follow-up at 18 months demonstrated increased stability (mean residual posterior drawer 8 mm at 70 ° and 20 lb force) and improved knee function (33 % IKDC B, 67 % IKDC C). Presently, surgical treatment of chronic posterior knee instability should be restricted to centers devoted to this problem.     

The effects of resection of the proximal part of the fibula on stability of the knee and on gait

We studied six patients to determine the effects of unilateral marginal resection of the proximal part of the fibula on stability of the knee and on gait. At the time of the operation, the fibular collateral ligament and the tendon of the biceps femoris were reattached, but no attempt was made to stabilize the fibula otherwise. The patients were tested an average of sixty-one months after operation. Stability of the knee was measured with an instrumented system. Gait was evaluated with an optical electronic three-dimensional digitizing system and a multicomponent force-platform. The gait of six healthy control subjects of similar age was also studied, and the reproducibility of measurements of stability of the knee was investigated in four healthy adults. There were significant differences between the side on which an operation had been done and the contralateral side with regard to the extent of anterior translation and of total anterior-posterior translation of the tibia at both 20 and 90 degrees of flexion of the knee, and in total varus and valgus rotation of the knee (the number of degrees from a position of maximum varus to one of maximum valgus angulation) at 20 degrees of flexion. The measurements of gait and of motion of the knee were found to be normal when compared with those in the control subjects. In the ground-reaction measurements, there were some significant differences from normal in the medial-lateral plane, but they were clinically unimportant. Resection of the proximal part of the fibula can lead to instability of the knee.     

The insertion geometry of the posterolateral corner of the knee

We have quantitatively documented the insertion geometry of the main stabilising structures of the posterolateral corner of the knee in 34 human cadavers. The lateral collateral ligament inserted posterior (4.6 mm, sd 2) and proximal (1.3 mm, sd 3.6) to the lateral epicondyle of the femur and posterior (8.1 mm, sd 3.2) to the anterior point of the head of the fibula. On the femur, the popliteus tendon inserted distally (11 mm, sd 0.8) and either anterior or posterior (mean 0.84 mm anterior, sd 4) to the lateral collateral ligament. The popliteofibular ligament inserted distal (1.3 mm, sd 1.2) and anterior (0.5 mm, sd 2.0) to the tip of the styloid process of the fibula.The ligaments had a consistent pattern of insertion and, despite the variation between specimens, the standard deviations were less than the typical size of drill hole used in reconstruction of the posterolateral corner. The data provided in this study can be used in the anatomical repair and reconstruction of this region of the knee.     

膝关节多发韧带损伤一期修复与重建

目的：探讨膝关节多发韧带损伤关节镜下重建前交叉韧带（anteriorcruciateligament,ACL）和后交叉韧带（posteriorcruciateligament,PCL）,及同期修复内副韧带（medialcollateralligament,MCL）、后外侧复合体（posteriorlateralcomplex,PLC）的手术方法及临床疗效。方法：2009年6月。2011年12月,30例病人（31膝）膝关节多发韧带损伤患者采用自体或同种异体肌腱关节镜下重建ACL和PCL,铆钉缝合修复内侧副韧带,铆钉缝合修复或部分股二头肌腱修复后外侧复合体,术后早期功能锻练。根据国际膝关节文献委员会（InternationalKneeDocumentationCommittee,IKDC）评分和Lysholm膝关节功能评分表对患膝功能进行评估。结果：30例病人（31膝）例随访18—30个月,平均24个月。患者在0和200应力测试时稳定性均完全恢复,IKDC评分入院时均为显著异常（D级）,术后随访时正常（A级）18例（58．0％）,接近正常（B级）10例（32．3％,）,异常（C级）3例（9．7％）。Lysholm评分由术前平均（48．7±4．5）分提高到（87．6±2．6）分,差异有统计学意义（t=-8．432,P〈0．01）。所有患者膝关节功能较术前明显改善。结论：关节镜下一期重建ACL、PCL,同期行关节外韧带修补或重建具有损伤小,能早期功能锻炼,能有效恢复关节功能,治疗效果满意。