瑞格列奈联合二甲双胍缓释片治疗对青少年2型糖尿病患者血糖及胰岛B细胞功能的影响

目的探讨瑞格列奈联合二甲双胍缓释片对青少年2型糖尿病患者血糖及胰岛B细胞功能的影响。方法将80例青少年2型糖尿病患者按随机数字表法分为瑞格列奈组及格列吡嗪组,每组40例。在饮食及运动疗法的基础上,瑞格列奈组服用瑞格列奈,初始剂量为0．5mg·次^-1,3次·d^-1,餐前10min口服;格列吡嗪组服用格列吡嗪,初始剂量为5mg·次^-1,3次·d^-1,餐前30vain口服。据血糖水平调整药物剂量。2组均同时服用二甲双胍缓释片0．5g,早、晚餐时口服。用药4周内根据空腹血糖（FPG）、餐后2h血糖（P2hBG）的水平调整药物用量,治疗维持12周。治疗4、12周后复查FPG、P2hBG、糖化血红蛋白（HbAlc）、空腹胰岛素（FINS）、餐后2h胰岛素（P2hlNS）及体质指数（BMI）,记录低血糖事件的发生情况。结果2组患者治疗4周后FPG、P2hBG较治疗前明显下降,随着时间的延长,降糖作用更明显（P〈0．05）。治疗12周后瑞格列奈组的FPG较格列吡嗪组明显降低（P〈0．05）;2组P2hBG及HbAlc均有明显的降低,但降低的幅度比较差异均无统计学意义（均P〉0．05）。瑞格列奈组治疗12周后FINS及P2hlNS均较治疗前明显上升（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）：格列吡嗪组治疗12周后的FINS及P2hlNS较治疗前上升不明显（均P〉0。05）。治疗12周后2组BMI均较治疗前上升,但差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。格列吡嗪组出现低血糖反应6例,药物减量后症状消失。结论瑞格列奈和格列吡嗪均有明显降低FPG、P2hBG及HbAlc的作用,但瑞格列奈能明显改善2型糖尿病患者的血糖和胰岛B细胞功能,低血糖发生率低。     

吡格列酮治疗2型糖尿病患者的临床研究

目的 探讨吡格列酮和吡格列酮联合二甲双胍对2型糖尿病的治疗效果。方法 58例服用格列吡嗪或格列齐特的2型糖尿病患者随机分为2组：A组30例，加用吡格列酮；B组28例，加用吡格列酮和二甲双胍。治疗12周，观察两组临床特征的变化。结果 两组治疗后比较，B组体重指数（BMI）、空腹血糖（FPG）、糖负荷2h血糖（2hPG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1C）较A组明显降低，差异有显著性（P〈0．05）；两组治疗后，FPG、2hPG、HbA1C、TC、TG、LDL-C较治疗前降低，而HDL-C升高，差异均有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论 吡格列酮能降低FPG、2hPG、HbA1C和调节血脂水平，联合二甲双胍降糖作用更明显，并能减轻体重。     

长期家庭氧疗结合肺脏康复训练对慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者临床疗效的影响

目的评价长期家庭氧疗结合肺脏康复训练对慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者临床疗效的影响。方法72例需接受长期家庭氧疗的COPD患者按随机数字表法随机分为治疗组和对照组各36例。对照组予常规长期家庭氧疗治疗,治疗组同时进行肺脏康复训练。2年后比较肺功能、动脉血气参数和血液流变学指标;记录病情变化情况。结果两组随访1～2年,治疗组平均急性加重次数为（3．0±1．3）次,低于对照组的（4．0±1．6）次,差异有统计学意义（t=1．893,P〈0．05）。治疗组治疗2年与对照组相比,1秒钟用力呼气量（FEV,）[（1．59±0．08）L与（1．41±0．13）L,t=-3．966,P〈0．01]、用力肺活量（FVC）[（2．47±0．20）L与（2．27±0．17）L,t=-2．788,P〈0．05]、FEV,占预计值百分比（FEV1％）[（62．1±6．2）％与（53．1±5．0）％,t=-4．402,P〈0．01]和动脉血氧分压（Pa02）[（79．1±8．9）kPa与（60．0±6．6）kPa,t=-4．622,P〈0．01]显著升高;血浆黏度[（2．14±0．31）mPa·s与（2．44±0．45）mPa·s,t=1．985,P〈0．05]、全血低切黏度[（13．48±1．97）mPa·S与（14．33±1．87）mPa·s,t=2．126,P〈0．05]、全血中切黏度[（6．33±0．66）mPa·s与（7．92±0．98）mPa·s,t=4．238,P〈0．01]、全血高切黏度[（4．58±0．59）mPa·s与（5．33±0．68）mPa·s,t=3．890,P〈0．01]和红细胞沉降率[（30．63±5．76）ram／1h与（35．63±6．93）mm／1h,t=2．230,P〈0．05]显著降低。结论长期家庭氧疗结合肺脏康复训练可明显改善COPD患者肺功能、动脉血气参数和血液流变学状况。     

格列吡嗪辅助二甲双胍治疗2型糖尿病疗效观察

目的探讨格列吡嗪辅助二甲双胍治疗2型糖尿病疗效。方法对我院2007年12月至2008年12月收治的50例2型糖尿病患者随机分为两组,两组病例停止使用其他降糖药,在合理饮食、适当运动的基础上,对照组给予二甲双胍0．5g,每日3次口服;治疗组给予格列吡嗪5mg,二甲双胍0．5g,每日3次口服。治疗3个月后测定两组糖化血红蛋白（GHbA1c）、空腹血糖（FPG）以及标准餐后2h血糖（2hPG）。结果经治疗3月后治疗组患者GHbA1c、FPG及2hPG均较对照组明显下降（P〈0．05）;治疗组总有效率为88．0％,对照组总有效率为68．0％,两组总有效率比较差异具有显著性（P〈0．05）;且两组患者均未见严重不良反应。结论格列吡嗪辅助二甲双胍是治疗2型糖尿病患者的理想方案。     

糖尿病患者应用格列吡嗪缓释片的临床观察

我们对 60例 2型糖尿病 (ＤＭ )患者给予格列吡嗪或格列吡嗪缓释片比较 ,了解其药对ＤＭ患者血糖控制的情况。1　临床资料所有患者均为按ＷＨＯ标准确诊的初诊的 2型ＤＭ ,男 33例 ,女 2 7例 ,平均年龄 5 7 5± 6 5岁 ,平均病程 5 8± 2 7年 ,均无心肺异常 ,肝、肾功能正常。将患者随机分为格列吡嗪治疗组 (Ａ组 ) 30例 ,格列吡嗪缓释片 (秦苏、扬子江制药集团公司生产 )治疗组 (Ｂ组 ) 30例。Ａ组男 1 8例 ,女 1 2例 ,平均年龄 5 9 0± 4 8岁 ,平均病程 5 6± 2 8年 ,ＢＭＬ2 4 0 3± 5 5 8ｋｇ/ｍ2 ,Ｂ组男 1 5例 ,女 1 5例 ,平均 5…     

二甲双胍对2型糖尿病血管内皮功能的影响

目的：研究二甲双胍对2型糖尿病血管内皮功能的影响。方法93例血糖控制不满意的2型糖尿病患者随机分为二甲双胍组（500nag,3次／d）及吡格列酮组（15mg,1次／d）,疗程12个月。观察血管内皮功能的变化。结果与治疗前相比,治疗12个月后两组患者的血糖、胰岛素抵抗指数均显著下降,空腹及餐后胰岛素水平、胰岛素功能均显著升高,差异具有统计学意义（均P〈0．05）。治疗12个月后两组血糖、胰岛素抵抗指数、胰岛素水平、胰岛素功能比较,差异均无统计学意义（均P〉0．05）;但治疗12个月后二甲双胍组的体质量指数低于吡格列酮组,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。与治疗前相比,治疗12个月后两组患者的血管内皮功能均显著改善,差异具有统计学意义（均P〈0．05）,但治疗12个月后二甲双胍组的血管内皮功能改善优于吡格列酮组,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论二甲双胍与吡格列酮两种药物对2型糖尿病患者均具有明显的降糖、改善胰岛素功能、降低胰岛素抵抗及改善血管内皮功能的作用。在降低体质量指数及改善血管内皮功能方面,二甲双胍优于吡格列酮。     

α硫辛酸治疗糖尿病周围神经病变效果观察

目的评价α硫辛酸治疗糖尿病周围神经病变的疗效以及是否能够改善神经传导速度。方法对60例2型糖尿病伴有不同程度神经病变的患者随机分成两组,对照组静脉应用甲钴胺1000μg加入生理盐水10ml,1次／d,连用3周;治疗组：在对照组的基础上,每日静脉滴注仅硫辛酸600mg加入生理盐水250ml,连续3周观察疗效。结果治疗3周后,治疗组总有效率为93．3％（28／30）,对照组总有效率为66．7％（20／30）,治疗组临床疗效较对照组改善明显（Х^2=6．67,P〈0．05）。治疗后运动神经传导速度治疗组[治疗前、后：正中神经分别为（43．1±4．1）m／s与（57．7±4．2）m／s,t=20．67、P〈0．05;腓总神经为（37．2±5．2）m／s与（44．8±6．0）m／s,t=13．62、P〈0．05]与对照组[治疗前、后分别为：正中神经为（41．3±3．7）m／s与（45．4±3．8）m／s,t=4．18、P〈0．05;腓总神经为（37．2±4．1）m／s与（39．2±4．1）m／s,t=3．10、P〈0．05]和感觉神经传导速度治疗组[治疗前、后：正中神经分别为（44．5±5．2）m／s与（52．8±5．8）m／s,t=14．91、P〈0．05;腓总神经为（42．7±4．1）m／s与（50．8±4．4）m／s,t=14．31、P〈0．05]与对照组[治疗前、后：正中神经分别为（44．3±4．6）m／s与（46．8±5．2）m／s,t=3．80、P〈0．05;腓总神经为（41．6±3．7）m／s与（44．3±4．5）m／s,t=3．95、P〈0．05]均较治疗前提高（P均〈0．05）,但治疗组提高更明显（P均〈0．01）。结论α硫辛酸可明显提高糖尿病周围神经病变患者的神经传导速度,明显改善症状,疗效优于单独使用甲钴胺,且无明显不良反应,值得临床推广。     

卡维地洛与美托洛尔治疗扩张型心肌病心力衰竭患者的临床疗效观察

目的观察卡维地洛与关托洛尔对扩张型心肌病（DCM）患者慢性心力衰竭（CHF）的临床疗效。方法选择60例DCM伴中或重度CHF患者随机分为卡维地洛组和美托洛尔组,两组在常规治疗基础上,分别使用卡维地洛和美托洛尔治疗6个月,观察两组治疗前、治疗3个月及6个月后美国纽约心脏病协会（NYHA）心功能分级、N末端原脑利钠肽（NT-pro—BNP）、心率、收缩压及采用超声心动图测定左心室舒张末期内径（LVEDd）、左心室收缩末期内径（LVESd）和左心室射血分数（LVEF）。结果治疗3个月后与治疗前比较,两组心功能均有改善,NT—pro-BNP、心率、收缩压和LVESd降低或减小,NT-pro-BNP（1102．0±176．3）ng／L、（1219．7±213．1）ng／LVS（3107．9±446．1）ng／L、（3077．0±431．6）rig／L（均P〈O．01）,心率（74．5±4．4）次／min、（77．4±3．8）次／min vs（90．5±5．1）次／min、（88．9±5．7）次／min（均P〈0．01）,收缩压（114．5±7．0）mmHg、（120．1±6．6）mmHg vs（122．6±9．3）mmHg、（124．3±9．0）mmHg（P〈0．01或〈0．05）,LVESd（49．2±2．7）mm、（50．6±2．4）mm vs（51．4±2．8）mm、（52．2±2．3）mm（均P〈0．05）,LVEF增加（38．5±4．0）％、（36．5±3．5）％vs（32．8±3．8）％、（34．2±3．5）％（P〈0．01或〈0．05）,LVEDd差异无统计学意义;治疗6个月后,两组上述参数与治疗前及治疗3个月比较差异有统计学意义（均P〈0．01）。两组治疗后上述参数比较差异有统计学意义（均P〈0．01）。两组NT-pro—BNP水平与同期测定的LVEDd、LVESd呈正相关（P〈0．05或〈0．01）,与LVEF呈负相关（P〈0．01）。结论卡维地洛和美托洛尔均能显著改善CHF患者的心功能,但卡维地洛尤为明显;CHF患者NT—pro-BNP与心脏超声指标有很好的相关性,NT-pro—BNP可以作为治疗CHF的一个可靠指标。     

罗格列酮对2型糖尿病游离脂肪酸的影响

目的观察罗格列酮对2型糖尿病游离脂肪酸（FFA）的影响。方法60例2型糖尿病患者,随机分为罗格列酮组与二甲双胍组。治疗前和治疗3个月后,测量身高和体质量,计算体质量指数（BMI）,观察空腹血糖（FBS）、甘油三酯（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、FFA、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）的变化。结果治疗后两组FBS、HbA1c均下降。罗格列酮组FBS治疗前后（10．34±3．08）mmol／L vs（7．75±1．46）mmol／L（P〈0．01）,HbA1c（8．85±2．28）％vs（7．28±1．33）％（P〈0．01）;二甲双胍组FBS（9．51±2．89）mmol／Lvs（7．36±1．40）mmol／L（P〈0．01）,HbA1c（9．26±2．45）％vs（7．61±1．23）％（P〈0．01）。但两组之间比较无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。罗格列酮组治疗前后FFA（0．65±0．24）mmol／Lvs（0．54±0．19）mmol／L（P〈0．05）。而二甲双胍组治疗前后FFA无明显下降。结论罗格列酮治疗降低FFA的水平,有助于减少2型糖尿病大血管并发症的发生。     

不同超声手段在2型糖尿病患者足背动脉病变检测中的应用

【目的】探讨超声检测糖尿病患者足背动脉的临床价值。【方法】用彩色超声分别检测50例2型糖尿病患者及50例对照组的足背动脉。根据病程分为两组：病程〈10年为Ⅰ组;病程≥10年为Ⅱ组。根据入院时RPG分为两组：RPG〈15mmol／L为A组;RPG≥15mmol／L为B组。二雏超声观察足背动脉血管走行、管壁回声强度、内膜光滑程度、管腔内径、管壁厚度。CDFI观察腔内彩色血流信号状态,PW测量Vs、Vd、RI、PI。【结果】正常对照组足背动脉内膜呈平行的细线状强回声,内壁光滑不厚、连续性好。CDFI显示血流充盈良好,PW显示三相血流频谱,频带较窄。2型糖尿痛组足背动脉管壁增厚,呈点状不均匀强回声,内膜毛糙,部分可见斑块附着,管腔变窄,连续性差,走行迂曲。CDFI显示管腔内彩色血流变细,充盈缺损以及无彩色血流显示,PW呈双相波,频带宽,少数为三相波。糖尿病患者足背动脉血流速度减慢,Vs及Vd均较正常人降低（P〈0．05）,RI、PI增高（P〈0．01）。不同病程组（Vs：27．9±9．71vs2b．9±8．71;Vd：10．2±3．21vs7．56±3．46;RI：1．11±0．19vs1．29±0．26;PI：2．50±0．40vs2．90±0．45）与血糖组（Vs：27．0±10．5vs21．3±8．15;Vd：10．4±2．97vs7．64±2．84;RI：1．09±0．27vs1．30±0．26;PI：2．51±0．38vs2．89±0．45）比较,其差异也具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。【结论】超声能够客观准确地反映2型糖尿病患者足背动脉随着病程的延长及血糖的升高在病理方面的改变,CDFI能准确地反映足背动脉的损伤程度及在血流动力学方面的改变,尤其为早期无症状的病人提供了较可靠的诊断数据。     

GUIDE study: double-blind comparison of once-daily gliclazide MR and glimepiride in type 2 diabetic patients

BACKGROUND: Progressive beta-cell failure is a characteristic feature of type 2 diabetes; consequently, beta-cell secretagogues are useful for achieving sufficient glycaemic control. The European GUIDE study is the first large-scale head-to-head comparison of two sulphonylureas designed for once-daily administration used under conditions of everyday clinical practice. DESIGN: Eight hundred and forty-five type 2 diabetic patients were randomized to either gliclazide modified release (MR) 30-120 mg daily or glimepiride 1-6 mg daily as monotherapy or in combination with their current treatment (metformin or an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor) according to a double-blind, 27-week, parallel-group design. Efficacy was evaluated by HbA1c and safety by hypoglycaemic episodes using the European Agency definition. RESULTS: HbA1c decreased similarly in both groups from 8.4% to 7.2% on gliclazide MR and from 8.2% to 7.2% on glimepiride. Approximately 50% of the patients achieved HbA1c levels less than 7%, and 25% less than 6.5%. The mean difference between groups of the final HbA1c was -0.06% (noninferiority test P < 0.0001). No hypoglycaemia requiring external assistance occurred. Hypoglycaemia with blood glucose level < 3 mmol L(-1) occurred significantly less frequently (P = 0.003) with gliclazide MR (3.7% of patients) compared with glimepiride (8.9% of patients). The distribution of the sulphonylurea doses was similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides new insights into therapeutic strategies using sulphonylureas. It shows that gliclazide MR is at least as effective as glimepiride, either as monotherapy or in combination. The safety of gliclazide MR was significantly better, demonstrating approximately 50% fewer confirmed hypoglycaemic episodes in comparison with glimepiride.     

Forearm vascular reactivity is differentially influenced by gliclazide and glibenclamide in chronically treated type 2 diabetic patients

Sulphonylureas (SUs) act by inhibition of beta-cell K(ATP) channels after binding to the sulphonylurea receptor SUR1. K(ATP) channels are also expressed in cardiac and vascular myocytes coupled to SUR2A and SUR2B involved into adaptations of vascular tone and myocardial contractility. Different influence of SUs on vascular function is based on different binding to the SUR family. Few data on the effect of different SUs, used in patients in therapeutic doses, on vascular function are currently available. We investigated possible effects of acute and chronic treatment with glibenclamide and gliclazide on forearm postischaemic reactive hyperaemia (RH) in type 2 diabetic patients. To that purpose a double-blind, randomized, cross-over study with gliclazide (80 mg, b.i.d.) and glibenclamide (5 mg, b.i.d.) was performed in 15 type 2 diabetic patients. Forearm vascular reactivity was measured after 5 min of ischaemia by plethysmography before and after 4 weeks treatment. After acute administration of gliclazide (80 mg) or glibenclamide (5 mg) RH was not influenced. After 4 weeks of treatment, no influence of either drug was seen in the steady state before dosing. After dosing glibenclamide induced a significant (P = 0.004) reduction of RH from 26.4 +/- 6.9 to 21.9 +/- 7.6 ml min(-1)/100 ml after 4 h. Gliclazide, conversely, did not induce a reduction of RH (23.9 +/- 6.0 to 23.3 +/- 6.6 ml min(-1)/100 ml). No influence of HbA1c or actual glycaemia on RH was observed. Our results indicate that in chronically treated patients with type 2 diabetes ingestion of glibenclamide but not gliclazide results in sustained reduction of postischaemic RH. This difference is most probably based on different SUR binding.     

Maintenance of glycaemic control with the evening administration of a long acting sulphonylurea in male type 2 diabetic patients undertaking the Ramadan fast

Background: In Ramadan, misuse of hypoglycaemic agents, alterations in diet and hypoglycaemia are frequent. This study assessed whether switching to an evening administration of a long acting sulphonylurea during the 29‐day, dawn to dusk fast, can maintain glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Patients and methods: Male type 2 diabetic patients from Bangladesh, Pakistan and India, under glycaemic control with gliclazide modified release (MR) 60 mg monotherapy, switched to evening administration of the same dose during Ramadan, and reverted to the morning schedule thereafter. The primary outcome was the difference in fasting plasma glucose (FPG) before and after Ramadan. Results: In 136 patients, mean (95% CI) FPG decreased by 0.01 mmol/l (0–0.2, p = 0.3) with evening medication by the end of the fast, and increased by 0.2 mmol/l (0.1–0.3, p = 0.01) after reverting to morning medication 20 days later. There were 5 (3.7%) hypoglycaemic episodes before, 3 (2.2%) during and 2 (1.5%) after Ramadan. Conclusion: Male type 2 diabetic patients undertaking the Ramadan fast can safely maintain glycaemic control with evening administration of gliclazide MR 60 mg during the fast, and reverting to a morning schedule thereafter.     

Antiischemic and metabolic effects of nebivolol and metaprolol CR/XL (betalok ZOK) in patients with postinfarction heart dysfunction

The purpose of the study was to evaluate anti-ischemic and metabolic effects of the cardioselective beta-adrenoblockers nebivolol and retarded metoprolol-metaprolol CR/XL (betalok ZOK) in patients with postinfarction heart dysfunction, associated with type II diabetes mellitus (DM). 40 patients with coronary heart disease (CHD), functional class (FC) II-III exertional angina, postinfarction left ventricular (LV) dysfunction, and NYHA FC II heart failure, associated with type II DM, were randomized into 2 groups. The 20 patients of the 1st group were administered nebivolol in a dose of 1.25 to 5 mg per day, the 20 patients of the 2nd group - betalok ZOK in a dose of 12.5 to 100 mg per day. The course therapy lasted 8 weeks. The effects of the treatment were evaluated using paired veloergometry, echoCG, and lipid spectrum analysis. The study found that nebivolol in a mean dose of 4.2 +/- 0.3 mg per day and betalok ZOK in a dose of 46.5 +/- 6.2 mg per day reduced the frequency and severety of angina attacks (by 73.8% and 67.8%, respectively) and daily nitroglycerine uptake (by 78.6% and 69.1%, respectively), and increased activity tolerance (by 7.9% and 25.3%, respectively). None of the preparations displayed any adverse effects on carbohydrate exchange and blood lipid spectrum. Nebivolol, unlike betalok ZOK, significantly (p = 0.02) reduced triglyceride blood level by 29%. Thus, the new generation cardioselective beta1-adrenoblockers nebivolol and metoprolol CR/XL (betalok ZOK) provide anti-ischemic and metabolic effects in patients with CHD and postinfarction LV dysfunction, associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nebivolol is preferable as far as blood lipid spectrum is concerned.     

Prevalence of diabetes and incidence of angiopathy in patients with chronic viral liver disease

Patients with chronic liver disease (CLD) often develops glucose intolerance. We explored the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in viral CLD, and analyzed factors profoundly affecting the diabetic angiopathies. 229 CLD patients (124 chronic hepatitis and 105 liver cirrhosis) entered the study. The diagnosis of diabetes was made with the criteria by World Health Organization. Laboratory investigation included serum asparate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, albumin, fasting blood sugar, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), fasting immunoreactive insulin, and HOMA-R (FBS*IRI/405). The incidence of macro- and microangiopathy were also examined. Forty (17.5%) CLD patients were diagnosed diabetes, giving a significantly higher incidence than that of general cohort (5.3%) (p<0.001). Among them, 12 (30%) had the triopathy, significantly lower than that in a matched group of diabetic patients without CLD (65%) (p<0.001). Significantly increased levels of HbA1c and HOMA-R were observed in diabetic CLD with angiopathy compared with diabetic CLD without. Incidence of diabetes was increased in viral CLD patients. The rate of diabetic angiopathies in CLD, however, was relatively low, this could be explained by low coagulability in these patients. Poor control of hyperglycemia, partly due to insulin resistance, might explain the onset of angiopathy in diabetic CLD.     

Lispro Mix25 insulin as premeal therapy in type 2 diabetic patients

OBJECTIVE: Insulin Mix25 is a new premixed insulin analog containing 25% insulin lispro and 75% neutral protamine lispro (NPL) suspension (NPL insulin). The aim of the study was to compare serum glucose and insulin responses after breakfast in type 2 diabetic patients who received Mix25, premixed regular/NPH (30%/70%), or NPH insulin before the meal. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We studied 22 type 2 diabetic patients of age 62 +/- 1 years, BMI 30 +/- 1 kg/m2, duration of diabetes 15 +/- 2 years, duration of insulin therapy 6 +/- 1 years, insulin dose 65 +/- 6 U/day, and HbA1c 7.9 +/- 0.2%. Ten healthy individuals (age 56 +/- 1 years, BMI 28 +/- 1 kg/m2) served as control subjects. Each patient (except healthy subjects, who were studied once each) was studied three times in a double-blind, randomized fashion. After an overnight fast, the patients received 36 +/- 4 U of test insulin. Ten minutes after insulin injection, the patients ingested a breakfast meal (512 kcal, 60% carbohydrate, 20% fat, and 20% protein), identical in all studies. Blood samples were taken before and at 10- to 30-min intervals for 240 min after the breakfast meal. RESULTS: The peak rise in serum glucose was lower after Mix25 (76 +/- 7 mg/dl) than after 30/70 (94 +/- 5 mg/dl, P < 0.05) or NPH (113 +/- 4 mg/dl, P < 0.005) insulin. The incremental area under the serum glucose curve was 36% smaller after Mix25 than after 30/70 (P < 0.01) and 56% smaller than after NPH (P < 0.005) insulin. The peak rise in serum insulin concentration was higher after Mix25 (103 +/- 18 mU/l) than after 30/70 (87 +/- 13 mU/l, P < 0.05) or NPH (62 +/- 12 mU/l, P < 0.01) insulin. The incremental area under the serum insulin curve was higher after Mix25 than after 30/70 during the first 2-3 h (P < 0.02), but the difference disappeared by the end of the 4-h follow-up period. After Mix25 injection, there was an inverse correlation between the glucose response to a meal and insulin dose (r = -0.56, P < 0.01) or the incremental area under the serum insulin curve (r = -0.39, P < 0.05). No such correlations were observed with the other insulins. CONCLUSIONS: Because of its faster initial absorption rate, the new premixed insulin analog Mix25 reduces blood glucose response to a breakfast meal in type 2 diabetic patients compared with premixed 30/70 (regular/NPH) or NPH insulin.     

甘精胰岛素联用格列齐特缓释片治疗2型糖尿病28例

目的:探讨甘精胰岛素联用格列齐特缓释片治疗磺脲类药物继发性失效的2型糖尿病患者的疗效及安全性。方法:56例口服降糖药血糖控制不理想的2型糖尿病患者随机分为甘精胰岛素治疗组(IG组)和中性鱼精蛋白锌胰岛素(NPH)组,予睡前皮下注射胰岛素联合口服格列齐特缓释片治疗12周,比较两组疗效及安全性。结果:治疗后两组空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2h血浆血糖(2hPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbAlc)均明显下降,但IG组低血糖事件明显少于NPH组(P<0.01)。结论:甘精胰岛素联用格列齐特缓释片治疗2型糖尿病的方案安全有效,简便易行,能减少低血糖事件的发生。     

替格瑞洛和氯吡格雷对早期行PCI术的NSTE-ACS合并T2DM患者围术期炎症因子的影响

[目的]比较替格瑞洛与氯吡格雷对早期行经皮冠状动脉支架植入术(PCI)的非ST段抬高型急性冠脉综合征(NSTE-ACS)合并2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者围术期炎症因子的影响.[方法]选择2015年9月至2017年2月本院收治的117例早期行PCI术的NSTE-ACS合并T2DM患者,根据患者服用的抗血小板聚集药物不同将其分为氯吡格雷组(n=72)和替格瑞洛组(n=45).两组均给予常规治疗,均在PCI术前给予阿司匹林片300 mg负荷量,之后为100 mg/d,氯吡格雷组在PCI术前予氯吡格雷300 mg负荷量,之后按每次75 mg,1次/日;替格瑞洛组在PCI术前予替格瑞洛180 mg负荷量,之后按每次90 mg,2次/日.分别于术前、术后6 h、术后24 h、术后3 d、术后1周检测高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、白介素-6(IL-6)、白介素 1β (IL-1β) 、可溶性 CD40 配体 (sCD40L)水平.[结果]PCI术前,两组hs-CRP、IL-6、 IL-1β 、sCD40L水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);PCI后6 h,两组hs-CRP、IL-6、 IL-1β、sCD40L水平较术前升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),两组hs-CRP、IL-6、 IL-1β 、sCD40L升高水平比较,替格瑞洛组低于氯吡格雷组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);PCI后24 h、3 d、1周两组hs-CRP、IL-6、 IL-1β 、sCD40L水平均下降,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),PCI后24 h、3 d、1周两组hs-CRP、IL-6、 IL-1β 、sCD40L下降水平比较,替格瑞洛组低于氯吡格雷组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).[结论]氯吡格雷和替格瑞洛对合并T2DM的NSTE-ACS患者PCI术后早期炎症反应均有明显抑制作用,且替格瑞洛的抑制作用明显优于氯吡格雷.     

Plasma glucose levels throughout the day and HbA(1c) interrelationships in type 2 diabetes: implications for treatment and monitoring of metabolic control.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the extent of plasma glucose excursions with meals, the relations between plasma glucose levels at different times of the day, and the relations between the latter and HbA(1c) in non-insulin-treated type 2 diabetic subjects. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Daily glucose profiles were assessed in non-insulin-treated type 2 diabetic patients. Outpatients at the diabetes clinic (n = 371; one daily plasma glucose profile) and at home (n = 30; five daily blood glucose profiles over 1 month) as well as inpatients (n = 455; profile of plasma glucose on the day of admission) were examined. Subjects had plasma/blood glucose assessment before and 2-3 h after breakfast, lunch, and dinner. HbA(1c) was also measured. RESULTS: After the meals many subjects had glucose levels >8.9 mmol/l (160 mg/dl) and/or glucose excursions >2.2 mmol/l (40 mg/dl). This was also often found when HbA(1c) was satisfactory (<7%). The coefficients of simple correlation among plasma/blood glucose at different times of the day ranged from 0.52 to 0.88. Correlations between HbA(1c) and plasma/blood glucose at different times of the day ranged from 0.44 to 0.67. The strongest correlation was between HbA(1c) and mean daily glucose (r = 0.57-0.69). Multiple regression analyses showed that premeal but not postmeal plasma/blood glucose levels were independent predictors of HbA(1c). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that 1) the majority of non-insulin-treated type 2 diabetic patients have exaggerated plasma/blood glucose excursions with meals, and many of them have higher-than-recommended glucose concentrations 2 h after the meals; 2) plasma/blood glucose levels throughout the day are not as strongly interrelated as one might believe; and 3) HbA(1c) is more related to preprandial than postprandial plasma/blood glucose levels. These findings have potential implications for treatment and monitoring of metabolic control in type 2 diabetes.     

Optimal administration of lispro insulin in hyperglycemic type 1 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: Lispro is a new rapidly absorbed insulin analog. At present, there are no recommendations for the optimal injection time of lispro insulin in hyperglycemic patients. In contrast to normoglycemic patients with diabetes, we hypothesized that injection of lispro insulin 15-30 min before meal ingestion would improve postprandial glucose excursion in hyperglycemic diabetic subjects. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: In 48 randomized overnight studies, 12 healthy adult type 1 diabetic patients received lispro insulin 0.15 U/kg admixed with human ultralente 0.2 U/kg (as background insulin) subcutaneously at minutes (-30, -15, 0, and +15) relative to the ingestion of an American Diabetes Association breakfast of 8.6 kcal/kg. Pre-breakfast hyperglycemia of 10.2 +/- 0.2 mmol/l was established before the study by continuous overnight infusion of intravenous insulin, which was stopped 30 min before lispro insulin injection. Glucose and insulin levels were measured every 30 min for 5 h after breakfast. RESULTS: Results demonstrated that postprandial glucose excursion was reduced when lispro insulin was administered 15 or 30 min before the meal compared with lispro insulin injected at the meal (P < 0.002). The postprandial glucose excursion (millimoles per liter per hour) was -6.4 +/- 3 for the -30-min group, -5.1 +/- 2.9 for the -15-min group, 3.4 +/- 4.1 for the 0-min group, and 5.7 +/- 4.4 for the +15-min group. Although injecting lispro insulin at 30 min before the meal resulted in a significant reduction in postprandial glycemia, it was accompanied by loss of glucose control at 4 h postmeal in two subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Optimization of lispro insulin in hyperglycemic patients requires timing of the insulin injection at least 15 min before the meal.