Evaluation of bacterial contamination rate of the anterior chamber during phacoemulsification surgery using an automated microbial detection system

AIM:To assess the incidence of anterior chamber bacterial contamination during phacoemulsification surgery using an automated microbial detection system (BacT/Alert).METHODS:Sixty-nine eyes of 60 patients who had uneventful phacoemulsification surgery, enrolled in this prospective study. No prophylactic topical or systemic antibiotics were used before surgery. After antisepsis with povidone-iodine, two intraoperative anterior chamber aqueous samples were obtained, the first whilst entering anterior chamber, and the second at the end of surgery. BacT/Alert culture system was used to detect bacterial contamination in the aqueous samples.RESULTS: Neither aqueous samples obtained at the beginning nor conclusion of the surgery was positive for microorganisms on BacT/Alert culture system. The rate of bacterial contamination during surgery was 0%. None of the eyes developed acute-onset endophthalmitis after surgery.CONCLUSION:In this study, no bacterial contamination of anterior chamber was observed during cataract surgery. This result shows that meticulous surgical preparation and technique can prevent anterior chamber contamination during phacoemulsification cataract surgery.     

Bacterial contamination of the anterior chamber during phacoemulsification cataract surgery

PURPOSE: To determine the incidence of bacterial contamination of the anterior chamber after phacoemulsification cataract surgery with intraocular lens (IOL) implantation. SETTING: Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia. METHODS: Ninety-eight consecutive eyes of 96 patients having phacoemulsification cataract surgery with IOL implantation were included in this prospective study. Two intraoperative anterior chamber aspirates were obtained from each patient, 1 taken at the start and the other at the conclusion of surgery. In addition, preoperative and postoperative conjunctival swabs were acquired. The 4 specimens were cultured using direct culturing techniques under aerobic and anaerobic conditions for 14 days. No preoperative antibiotics were used. RESULTS: The incidence of intraoperative anterior chamber contamination was 0% (95% confidence interval, 0%-3.7%) as all intraoperative anterior chamber samples proved culture negative. Sixty-five percent of the preoperative conjunctival swabs were positive for growth, with corynebacteria, coagulase-negative staphylococci, and Propionibacterium acnes being the most frequently cultured organisms. Sixteen percent of the postoperative conjunctival swabs were positive for growth, with corynebacteria and coagulase-negative staphylococci being the most common bacteria. One patient developed culture-positive postoperative endophthalmitis; using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis for further typing, the implicated Staphylococcus epidermidis was indistinguishable from that isolated from the patient's preoperative conjunctival swab. CONCLUSIONS: The bacterial contamination rate of the anterior chamber after phacoemulsification and IOL implantation was extremely low. Additional findings support the conjunctiva as being a primary source of bacteria causing postoperative endophthalmitis as well as the ability of povidone-iodine to reduce the conjunctival bacterial load.     

Microbiologic analysis of aqueous humor in phacoemulsification.

PURPOSE: This study was designed as a microbiologic survey of the fluids aspirated from the anterior chamber at the end of cataract extraction performed by phacoemulsification, and to correlate the contamination rate of the anterior chamber to the surgical technique used. METHODS: One hundred and one consecutive patients (126 eyes) who underwent cataract extraction by phacoemulsification and posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation were included in the study. Microscopical examination, culture, and determination of the number of colonies were carried out on the bacteria and fungi in the anterior chamber fluids aspirated at the end of surgery, before final suture placement. RESULTS: Anterior chamber fluids yielded positive cultures in nine specimens (8.14%), six of which were identified as coagulase-negative staphylococci. Quantification disclosed colony counts ranging between 2-10 and 10-40 per mL. CONCLUSIONS: Preliminary results in a small population show that the contamination of the aqueous humor is significantly less frequent if the cataract extraction is performed by phacoemulsification.     

Bacterial contamination in the anterior chamber after povidone-iodine application and the effect of the lens implantation device

PURPOSE: To assess the incidence of anterior chamber bacterial contamination during cataract surgery, and compare results of injector implantation and forceps implantation of foldable intraocular lenses (IOLs). SETTING: Department of Ophthalmology and Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary. METHODS: This prospective randomized controlled clinical study comprised 97 eyes of 96 patients. Antibiotic eyedrops were not used; however, povidone-iodine 10% solution was used to prepare the eyebrow and eyelids and povidone-iodine 5% to disinfect the ocular surface. A Steri-Drape (3M) was used to surround the eye. Aqueous fluid samples were aspirated from the anterior chamber at the beginning and the end of surgery. The samples were cultured for 14 days under aerobic and anaerobic conditions simultaneously. Cataract surgery was performed using a sutureless, superotemporal, clear corneal phacoemulsification technique. The IOL was implanted with an injector (n = 47) or a forceps (n = 50), with the instrument randomly selected. The frequency of positive bacterial cultures with each implantation method was compared using the Fisher exact test. RESULTS: Bacteria were found in the conjunctival samples in 21 eyes (21.65%) before povidone-iodine application and in 4 eyes (4.12%) after disinfection. The anterior chamber sample before surgery was culture positive for Staphylococcus epidermidis in 2 eyes and for Micrococcus luteus in 1 eye. After surgery, the culture was positive for S epidermidis in 1 eye (2.15%) in the injector group and 1 eye (2.00%) in the forceps group (P = .74). Neither sample came from an eye that had a positive culture preoperatively. There were no intraoperative complications. CONCLUSIONS: In uneventful clear corneal phacoemulsification, meticulous technique can prevent antibiotic use during surgery. No difference in anterior chamber bacterial contamination was found between IOL implantation using an injector or a forceps.     

Anterior chamber contamination during phacoemulsification and manual small-incision cataract surgery

PURPOSE: To compare the per-operative contamination of anterior chamber among eyes undergoing manual small-incision cataract surgery (MSICS) and phacoemulsification (PE). DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, interventional clinical trial. METHODS: In this study conducted at a tertiary-care center in southern India, 150 eyes undergoing cataract surgery were randomly allocated to undergo MSICS (group A, 75 eyes) and PE (group B, 75 eyes). Aqueous samples were taken before and at the end of surgery. Collected material was subjected to standard microbiological analysis. No preoperative antibiotics were used, but povidone-iodine 5% drops were instilled before surgery. Main outcome measures studied were the incidence of positive cultures in aqueous samples obtained from eyes in both groups. RESULTS: The incidence of anterior chamber contamination in the MSICS group (4%) did not significantly differ from the PE group (2.7%; P = .65). CONCLUSIONS: Incidence of anterior chamber contamination is similar among eyes undergoing MSICS and PE.     

Bacterial contamination: epidemiology in cataract surgery

PURPOSE: To evaluate anterior chamber (AC) bacterial contamination at the end of cataract surgery in a large series of patients, to determine the influence of operative technique on ocular contamination. METHODS: Retrospective study of 2,624 patients undergoing cataract extraction, 354 extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE) and 2,270 phacoemulsification. Anterior chamber aspirates were performed on completion of surgery for microbiological studies. RESULTS: One hundred and thirty two patients (5%) had culture-positive anterior chamber aspirates. Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, Propionibacterium sp. and Corynebacterium sp. were the most commonly isolated organisms. The AC contamination rates during ECCE (5.6%) and phacoemulsification (4.7%) were not statistically different. There was a statistically significantly higher risk of AC contamination in eyes receiving an intraocular lens (IOL) with polypropylene haptics (9.9%) than in eyes receiving the same IOL with polymethylmethacrylate haptics (4.4%). CONCLUSION: Surgical technique had no statistically significant effect on ocular contamination. Polypropylene haptics IOLs were associated with a higher risk of bacterial contamination.     

The role of intraocular lenses in anterior chamber contamination during cataract surgery

Background: Bacterial endophthalmitis is a rare vision-threatening disease, usually caused by microorganisms that are natural inhabitants of the eye lids and conjunctiva. This study was conducted to investigate the role of intraocular lenses (IOLs) in introducing bacterial contamination into the eye during cataract surgery and the efficacy of povidone-iodine solution in prevention this ocular inoculum. · Methods: Fifty patients underwent routine cataract surgery and intraocular lens implantation. One group of the patients was pretreated with external disinfection using povidone-iodine 4% before surgery, while the other group was only pretreated with saline irrigation. Before IOL implantation, a test IOL was placed on the conjunctiva and taken for microbiological studies. Anterior chamber tap was done at the beginning and at the end of each operation. Positive bacterial growth was followed by bacterial identification and sensitivity tests to various antibiotics. · Results: Bacterial growth was obtained in 14 of the 50 eyes (28%); in 5 eyes the organism was cultured from tapped aqueous and in 9 eyes from the test IOLs. Prophylactic use of povidone-iodine 4% solution effectively reduced the contamination rate from 34.7% to 16.7%. Coagulase-negative staphylococci were the most common organisms isolated (72%). Most organisms were sensitive to vancomycin (86%) and to fucidic acid (71%). There were no cases of clinical endophthalmitis. · Conclusions: IOLs are apparently potential vehicles for introduction of intraocular bacterial contamination. Instillation of povidone-iodine 4% into the cul-de-sac reduces the risk of bacterial inoculum. Vancomycin is the most effective single agent against intraocular contamination. In order to reduce potential intraocular contamination it is advisable to avoid contact between the IOL and ocular tissues. Received: 23 June 1997 Revised version received: 9 October 1997 Accepted: 22 October 1997     

白内障术后眼内炎的治疗分析

目的：探讨白内障术后眼内炎的治疗方案及效果。方法：对我院2006-01/2010-12白内障摘除术＋人工晶状体植入术的21973例28722眼患者的资料（超声乳化20937例27521眼,囊外摘除术1036例1201眼）进行回顾性分析。结果：在全部术眼中,感染性眼内炎11眼,感染率为0.04%,9眼发生于超声乳化术后,2眼发生于白内障囊外摘除术后。共有5眼病原菌培养阳性,其中表皮葡萄球菌2眼,金黄色葡萄球菌,浅绿色气球菌,真菌各1眼。感染发生于白内障术后2wk以内者占73%（8/11）,房水混浊或前房积脓者行前房灌洗＋玻璃体腔注射万古霉素;前房积脓合并明显玻璃体混浊或经前房灌洗＋玻璃体腔注射万古霉素治疗观察1～2d感染加重者行前房灌洗＋玻璃体切割术。治疗后11眼均保住眼球。结论：白内障术后眼内炎经常发生于白内障术后2wk以内,经及时有效的治疗可控制感染发展,保留部分有用视力;前房灌洗＋玻璃体腔注射万古霉素必要时联合玻璃体切割术是有效的治疗方法。     

虹膜根部断离修复联合白内障超声乳化人工晶状体植入观察

目的 观察虹膜根部断离修复联合白内障超声乳化摘除人工晶状体植入手术的疗效.方法 对65例(65只眼)外伤后虹膜根部断离伴白内障的患者进行虹膜根部断离修复联合白内障超声乳化摘除人工晶状体植入术.结果 术前双瞳孔,D形瞳孔,不规则瞳孔等瞳孔恢复圆形,术后瞳孔完全恢复圆形36例占55.38%,椭圆形29例占44.62%,术后1周视力≥0.6者38只眼,占58.46%,术后2周视力≥0.6者46只眼,占70.77%.结论 虹膜根部断离修复联合白内障超声乳化摘除人工晶状体植入术能改善和恢复瞳孔功能,提高视力,效果良好.     

超声乳化术中人工晶状体前囊夹持植入的临床观察

目的:观察超声乳化术中人工晶状体前囊夹持植入法的临床效果。方法:对白内障超声乳化术中撕囊口过小21例21眼、后囊破裂6例6眼、囊袋宽松1例2眼采用前囊夹持法植入后房型人工晶状体,术后观察视力、人工晶状体位置及后发性白内障情况,术后随访6～24mo。结果:术后3mo视力0.3以上6眼,0.5以上13眼,0.8以上10眼,人工晶状体位置稳定,后发性白内障发生率与囊袋内植入相近,未发现其它与固定有关的并发症。结论:白内障超声乳化术中采用前囊夹持法植入后房型人工晶状体效果良好,是超声乳化术中出现撕囊口过小、后囊膜破裂等并发症的一种有效补充手段。     

Microbial contamination of the anterior chamber during phacoemulsification

PURPOSE: To study the nature and frequency of anterior chamber contamination during phacoemulsification. SETTING: Department of Ophthalmology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India. METHODS: Eighty eyes of 80 patients having routine phacoemulsification cataract surgery were recruited into this prospective study. Bacterial cultures from the intraoperative anterior chamber aspirates from the patients were assessed. RESULTS: Anterior chamber fluid aspirates were positive for bacteria in 37 eyes (46.25%). Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus was the most common aerobe and Propionibacterium acnes, the most common anaerobe. CONCLUSION: Results indicate that phacoemulsification has no proven advantage over conventional extracapsular cataract extraction in reducing intraoperative bacterial contamination.     

Ingress of bacterial inoculum into the anterior chamber after bimanual and microcoaxial phacoemulsification in rabbits

PURPOSE: To compare the amount of bacterial ingress from the ocular surface into the anterior chamber at the end of bimanual and microcoaxial phacoemulsification in rabbits. SETTING: Iladevi Cataract & IOL Research Centre, Raghudeep Eye Clinic, Memnagar, Ahmedabad, India. METHODS: This randomized study comprised 40 eyes of 20 rabbits. Rabbits had microcoaxial phacoemulsification through a 2.2 mm single-plane clear corneal incision or bimanual phacoemulsification through a clear corneal 1.2 mm incision for phaco tip access accompanied by an additional 1.4 mm incision for irrigating chopper access. At the end of lens removal, 0.5 mL of culture suspension of Staphylococcus epidermidis (105 colony-forming units [CFU]/mL) was instilled on the ocular surface and kept for 2 minutes. Next, 0.1 mL of aqueous fluid was collected from the anterior chamber and subjected to a microbial viable count. RESULTS: The microcoaxial group had statistically significantly lower ingress of bacteria than the bimanual group (250.0 CFU/mL and 1538.1 CFU/mL, respectively) (P<.002) irrespective of the presence or absence of wound distortion. CONCLUSION: Bacterial ingress occurred in both groups, although it was statistically significantly higher in the bimanual group.     

Surgical experience with microcoaxial phacoemulsification

BACKGROUND: The further reduction of the incision width is a recent development in cataract surgery. The purpose of this prospective clinical study was to evaluate the surgical experience with microcoaxial phacoemulsification (MCP). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 109 eyes with senile cataract were operated. 37 patients (37 eyes) received MCP with a 2.2 mm corneal incision width (Megatron S 3, Geuder) and implantation of a one-piece, hydrophobic intraocular lens (AcrySof, Alcon). The intraoperative parameters of total surgical time, effective phacoemulsification time, anterior chamber stability, and wound closure were compared to a control group of 72 patients with a 3.0 mm incision width and standard phacoemulsification. RESULTS: Total surgical time with MCP could be reduced with increasing experience (p = 0.012). All procedures were without complications. The anterior chamber stability and wound closure at the end of the procedure were excellent in 89 % and 70 % of the cases, respectively. After intraocular lens implantation a stromal hydration of the wound was necessary in 11 % of the patients. The mean effective phacoemulsification time was, in the MCP group (10.17 +/- 5.53 seconds), higher than in the standard phacoemulsification group (4.98 +/- 3.11 seconds, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Microcoaxial phacoemulsification allowed a rapid and easy reduction of the incision width in cataract surgery. Although the safety was ensured, further efficiency improvements with modification of the phacoemulsification parameters are necessary.     

马凡综合征晶状体半脱位超声乳化吸出人工晶状体植入

目的探讨马凡综合征半脱位晶状体超声乳化吸出悬吊型人工晶状体植入术的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析23例（38眼）马凡综合征半脱位晶状体临床资料,晶状体脱离范围均在一个象限以上。所有病例均进行经睫状体平坦部针刺晶状体托入前房行3.0mm小切口晶状体超声乳化吸出及闭合式前部玻璃体切除,并角膜缘隧道切口进行后房悬吊型人工晶状体植入睫状体沟缝线固定术。手术前最佳视力≤0.2者32眼,≥0.3者6眼,最佳矫正视力≤0.2者28眼。结果术后视力较术前明显提高,裸眼视力≤0.2者10眼,0.3～0.5者20眼,≥0.6者8眼。矫正视力≤0.2者5眼,0.3～0.5者19眼,≥0.6者14眼。人工晶状体位正且稳定。结论对于马凡综合征明显晶状体半脱位者,行晶状体针刺托入前房,透明角膜小切口行晶状体超声乳化吸出,前部玻璃体切除,悬吊型人工晶状体植入术,手术操作相对简单、损伤小、安全稳定、效果良好。     

The effect of intraoperative antibiotics in irrigating solutions on aqueous humor contamination and endophthalmitis after phacoemulsification surgery

PURPOSE: To determine the efficacy of intraoperative antibiotic use in irrigating solutions on aqueous humor contamination during phacoemulsification surgery and to evaluate the corresponding risk of postoperative endophthalmitis. METHODS: 644 eyes of 640 patients who underwent phacoemulsification surgery with foldable intraocular lens (IOL) implantation were included in this study. Preoperative conjunctival smears were taken and eyes were allocated to receive irrigating infusion fluid containing either balanced salt solution (BSS)-only (group 1; 322 eyes) or BSS with antibiotics (vancomycin and gentamycin) during surgery (group 2; 322 eyes). Bacterial contamination rates of aqueous humor samples taken in the beginning and at the end of operation were compared. Predictive factors for the development of postoperative endophthalmitis were determined by clinical and microbiologic analyses. RESULTS: The rates of culture-positivity were similar between group 1 and group 2 for both preoperative conjunctival smears and aqueous samples (p > 0.05). Aqueous samples taken at the end of operation were found to be contaminated in 68 (21.1%) eyes in group 1 and 22 (6.8%) eyes in group 2, and the difference was significant (p = 0.0001; OR = 3.65 (2.1-6.0)). Capsular rupture was associated with higher rate of contamination in both groups (p = 0.0001; OR = 7.7 and p = 0.0001; OR = 8.1). Two eyes in the BSS-only group developed postoperative endophthalmitis and these cases had posterior capsular rupture during the surgery and culture-positivity for staphylococcus epidermidis throughout the study. CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative antibiotic irrigation decreases aqueous humor contamination during phacoemulsification. Further studies are warranted to determine the interrelationship between aqueous humor contamination and endophthalmitis in eyes with posterior capsular rupture.     

16 例白内障术后非感染性眼内炎的临床 分析

目的：探讨白内障术后非感染性眼内炎发生时间、临床表现、危险因素、治疗过程及预后情况。方法： 回顾性研究。收集2020年10月13日至2020年11月19日期间在陆军特色医学中心眼科纳入白内障超 声乳化联合人工晶体植入术患者1004例（1420眼），将发生非感染性炎症与未发生炎症者分为炎症组 与非炎症组，分析术后发生非感染性眼内炎的患者的围手术期所用药物、器械使用及手术操作等环 节，并查找其发病时间、症状、体征、治疗方式以及治疗前后的最佳矫正视力（BCVA）评分等。采 用t检验和重复测量方差分析进行数据处理。结果：发生非感染性眼内炎16例（21眼），其中男5例（7眼）， 女11例（14眼），年龄54~83（68.6±9.5）岁。围手术期所有药品、器械无违规，所有消毒用品消毒指 标均合格，手术操作过程规范，无并发症发生。术中均使用同一品牌型号的疏水性丙烯酸酯人工晶 状体。发病时间为术后（23.3±9.7）d。结膜呈现混合性充血，角膜透明，前房闪辉（+~+++），前房细 胞（++~+++）。部分患者前房内有纤维素性渗出，B超显示玻璃体不同程度的混浊。所有患者前房水 及玻璃体病原微生物检测均为阴性。炎症组与非炎症组术前内皮细胞计数、眼压均为正常，角膜曲 率、眼轴长度差异均无统计学意义。炎症组前房深度明显小于非炎症组，差异有统计学意义（t=-2.55， P=0.010）。结论：本研究中白内障术后非感染性眼内炎高度怀疑与人工晶状体有关，经过积极治疗后， 炎症均得到控制并消退。     

手术治疗糖尿病性白内障60眼临床分析

目的:分析小切口白内障囊外摘出人工晶状体植入术和超声乳化白内障吸除人工晶状体植入术治疗糖尿病性白内障的疗效及并发症。方法:选择2006-01/2010-01确诊为糖尿病性白内障患者52例60眼,Ⅱ～Ⅲ级核47眼,采用超声乳化白内障吸除后房型人工晶状体植入术;Ⅳ～Ⅴ级核13眼,采用小切口白内障囊外摘出后房型人工晶状体植入术。结果:糖尿病患者52例60眼白内障术后视力均有不同程度的提高,其中50眼(83%)术后1wk裸眼视力≥0.4。术中术后主要并发症经处理对术后视力无影响。结论:对糖尿病性白内障患者采取恰当的术式,施行小切口白内障囊外摘出人工晶状体植入术或超声乳化白内障吸除人工晶状体植入术疗效肯定。     

两种不同术式治疗儿童先天性白内障的疗效观察

目的:评价两种不同术式治疗儿童先天性白内障的疗效。方法:将1 ～3岁儿童先天性白内障22例44眼,随机分为A,B两组。A组10例20眼应用23G玻璃体切割机(简称玻切)完成晶体皮质吸除及前节玻切,B组12例24眼应用常规超声乳化I/A头吸除晶体皮质后,应用前节玻切机切除前部玻璃体。所有手术均由同一医生进行。比较不同术式的术中切口闭合情况,虹膜脱出率,术后角膜新生血管及其他相关并发症的差异。结果:A组角膜缘透明切口宽0.6mm,手术及关闭切口时均能维持前房眼压稳定,B组角膜缘透明切口宽3mm,术中切口欠密闭,前房维持不佳,术后需缝合切口;A组术中未发生虹膜脱出现象,B组术中发生虹膜脱出14眼(58%);A组术中3眼(15%)出现低眼压,B组术中20眼(83%)出现低眼压。术后随访6 ～24(平均11)mo,A组术后角膜透明,未发生新生血管,B组术后4眼出现缝线处角膜新生血管,占17%;A组后发障发生率为10%(2眼),B组后发障发生率为8%(2眼);随访中其他并发症如:视网膜脱离、青光眼、低眼压、眼内炎等两组均未发生。结论:应用23G玻璃体切割机直接行儿童白内障晶体皮质吸除及前节玻切手术,术中能够维持前房稳定,降低术中虹膜脱出及术后缝线处角膜新生血管发生率,更安全,更有效,是一种值得推广的I期治疗儿童白内障手术方式。     

Inflow of ocular surface fluid into the anterior chamber after phacoemulsification through sutureless corneal cataract wounds

PURPOSE: To report inflow of extraocular fluid after phacoemulsification with use of sutureless corneal incisions. DESIGN: Interventional case series. METHODS: setting: Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland. patients: Eight patients (three women), aged 58 to 91 years, showing minimal bleeding from the limbal capillary bed during phacoemulsification. intervention: Surgery was performed through a 2.8-mm limbal incision. External pressure simulating patient manipulation was applied before and after wound hydrosealing with an irrigation cannula. main outcome measures: Inflow of blood-tinged tear fluid into the anterior chamber through the wound was monitored by using digital video. RESULTS: Inflow of extraocular fluid was observed in all eyes when the cannula was released, even after wound hydrosealing. Two patients showed spontaneous fluid inflow. CONCLUSIONS: Tested sutureless corneal incisions allow inflow of extraocular fluid into the anterior chamber after phacoemulsification. This may permit intraocular contamination leading to endophthalmitis.     

Retained ophthalmic viscosurgical device material in the capsular bag 6 months after phacoemulsification

We present a 63-year-old man who developed low-grade endophthalmitis 6 months after phacoemulsification and implantation of a foldable posterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL). The capsular bag was distended, but shallowing of the anterior chamber was not observed. Chemical analysis of the clear fluid aspirated from the capsular bag behind the IOL revealed the presence of an ophthalmic viscosurgical device.