踝关节X线片分析与临床应用

目的测量正常成人踝关节X线片的有关数据,提高踝关节损伤诊断的准确率,以利于早期治疗、提高疗效。方法40例正常踝关节X线片,测量踝关节间隙内侧宽度、上方胫距关节间隙宽度、距骨外侧与外踝胫侧骨重叠影宽度、侧位片距骨与胫骨之间的宽度、下胫腓联合的宽度、胫骨外侧与腓骨胫侧构成重叠的宽度共六组数据。结果踝穴内侧宽度平均(3.8±0.5)mm,正位距胫关节宽度为(3.0±0.5)mm,距骨外侧与外踝的重叠影为(4.1±2.2)mm,侧位片中距骨与胫骨的间隙为(2.8±0.5)mm,下胫腓联合宽为(3.2±0.7)mm,胫骨外侧与腓骨胫侧重叠影宽平均为(7.7±1.9)mm。结论综合分析各组正常值,结合其它骨折改变,超过正常值范围是距骨脱位移位下胫腓联合分离的依据。多组数据改变可提高早期诊断准确率。     

钢板螺钉结合锚钉缝合修补三角韧带治疗Bosworth骨折1例

正患者,男,41岁,跌倒伤致右踝关节疼痛1 h来诊。查体:踝关节外旋外翻位畸形,重度肿胀,踝关节外侧压痛有骨擦感,活动受限。右踝关节正侧位X线片示右外踝骨折向外侧移位,踝关节内侧间隙明显增宽,距骨向外侧半脱位(图1a)。螺旋CT三维重建示外踝骨折向外侧移位,腓骨移至胫骨外后方,右侧距骨向外后方半脱位,下胫腓分离,胫骨下胫腓联合处有撕脱性骨折片(图1b,1c)。入院诊断:Bosworth骨折。     

儿童期游离腓骨移植对骨骼生长发育的影响

报道9例儿童长骨缺损,采用吻合血管的游离腓骨移植术治疗,术后平均随访5.5年,发现腓骨切取以后,有明显的外踝上移,踝穴加宽,距骨倾斜等踝关节不稳定表现,同时还发现受骨区在胫骨的病例,移植腓骨明显增粗,骨膸腔再通,胫骨生长速度超过对侧,而受骨区在上肢的则无此改变。因此认为在儿童期,切取腓骨供移植应谨慎。     

踝部骨折的治疗及距骨生物力学观察

本组通过离体小腿标本，对距骨在踝部骨折中生物力学关系做简要观察，并对９５例踝关节骨折治疗后的临床及Ｘ线加以分析。其中６５例进行了随访，认为踝关节骨折不论手法复位外固定或手术复位内固定，均应注意距骨在踝穴内解剖关系，并注意下胫腓关节间隙距离。恢复踝穴和距骨的解剖关系是极为重要的治疗标准     

下胫腓联合韧带损伤的观察

对214、例踝部骨折损伤病人及100例正常踝关节进行X线观察.结果是正常胫骨的远端粗隆与腓骨内侧面间隙宽度为2～6mm平均为3.5mm;内踝与距骨之间的间隙为2～5mm,平均为2.9mm;前胫骨粗隆与腓骨皮质的间隙为0～5mm,平均为2.9mm.认为踝关节前后位片下胫腓骨间隙和内踝与距骨之间的间隙大于5mm,即可诊断下胫腓联合韧带损伤.     

踝关节骨折

1踝关节局部解剖 1．1骨性结构 踝关节的骨性结构由胫骨远端关节面穹窿部、内外踩与距骨组成。主要包括距骨体马鞍形顶与胫骨远端关节面所构成的关节和下胫腓间的关节,另外距骨体两侧的关节面还与相应的内、外踝构成关节。胫骨远端关节面外侧宽,内侧略窄,后侧比前侧略低。外侧面为凹面,与腓骨相关节,有前后结节,前结节为下胫腓前韧带止点,后结节为下胫腓后韧带止点。胫骨远端内侧面向内下方延伸至内踝,内踝由前后丘组成,前丘较大,后丘较小,且该处有向内下走行的斜沟,内有胫后肌腱。距骨体几乎均被软骨覆盖,前宽后窄,外侧前后径比内侧长,容纳于内外踝所形成的踝穴中。踝关节背伸活动时,距骨体外旋,其前部进入踝穴,同时,腓骨外旋、后外侧移动以适应距骨的运动。而在踝关节跖屈活动时,距骨体内旋后部进入踝穴。     

陈旧性复杂踝关节骨折脱位的手术治疗

2001年1月～2009年1月,本院收治陈旧性踝关节骨折脱位患者26例,临床疗效满意. 1一般资料 本组男15例,女11例,年龄19-68岁,平均41岁,伤后时间45-321d,双踝14例,三踝12例,外观畸形巧例.踝关节疼痛、肿胀、不能负重.X线诊断:正位X线片示内踝距骨内侧面间距>3mm,距骨向外侧移位1.5～10mm,外踝向外侧移位,内外侧踝穴问距不等宽,侧位X线片显示外踝额面移位、距骨移位.CT三维重建:内外踝畸形愈合,关节间隙失去正常解剖关系,距骨向外旋转移位或向前脱位.     

儿童部分腓骨切除后对供侧肢体的影响

目的：探讨部分腓骨切除后对儿童供侧肢体功能及形态的影响。方法：对3－12岁患原发性排骨近端骨巨细胞瘤、胫骨骨折骨缺损及股骨头坏死的儿童共63例,经小腿前外侧入路行部分带血管腓骨切取术,术后随访3－10年,用踝关节功能测定仪、运动负荷试验,胫腓骨及踝关节X线片测量及评价双侧肢体功能及形态。结果：无一例肢体发育障碍或发生坏死。腓深神经或腓浅神经损伤占11％,但多数在术后3月内自行恢复,仅2例留有持久腓浅神经损伤表现,做运动负荷试验后检查30例病人中2例轻度踝疼,1例有较明显的踝疼。随患儿身高的增加,供骨侧腓骨远近两残端逐渐增长,但缺损间隙不变。结论：儿童部分腓骨被切除以后,多数供侧肢体无严重并发症,30例中有3例踝部疼痛者与腓骨切除较长有关。远期腓骨缺损间隙相对变短,这有利于儿童晚期供侧踝关节的稳定性。     

带血供腓骨小头骨骺移植的解剖与临床研究

目的 观察腓骨小头骨骺的血供来源及带血供腓骨小头骨骺移植治疗骨骺损伤的效果。方法 5具10侧足月新生儿尸体的下肢标本。对腓骨头的营养血管进行显微解剖观察。本组共6例患者,平均年龄9岁,胫骨近端内侧骨骺骨桥形成1例,胫骨远端骨骺骨桥形成伴踝关节畸形3例。股骨头骨骺陈旧性滑脱1例,股骨头缺血性坏死1例,应用带膝下外血管的腓骨小头骨骺移植进行修复。结果 膝下外动脉、胫前返动脉、旋腓动脉的分支在腓骨小头的表面形成广泛血管吻合,营养腓骨小头骨骺。以膝下外动脉为蒂的腓骨头骨骺移植,血供丰富。经术后平均2年6个月的观察,5例移植骨骺生长良好,1例因术后感染,移植物部分吸收且骺板闭合。结论 以膝下外血管为蒂的腓骨骨骺游离移植,适合于长骨骨骺损伤的修复。     

踝上截骨治疗青少年踝内翻畸形的疗效分析

青少年踝内翻畸形是因外伤导致胫骨下端骺板早闭,腓骨仍正常发育,而逐渐出现踝内翻,踝穴顶线不垂直于胫骨垂线且向内成角。长期内翻成角可导致胫距关节面内侧受力增加,进而导致关节面软骨磨损和骨性关节炎出现,处理不及时将导致踝关节功能障碍,疼痛进行性加重。青少年处于生长和发育的高峰期,如不尽早干预,将会导致踝内翻畸形及骨性关节炎进行性加重。     

Die Arthrodese des oberen Sprunggelenks über den sog. transfibularen Zugang

OBJECTIVE: Bony fusion between tibia and talus in neutral position of foot. Return to a pain-free function of the lower limb. INDICATIONS: Extensive loss of articular cartilage accompanied by a painful and considerably limited motion with or without malalignment. Partial avascular necrosis of talar dome or distal tibial epiphysis. Neuroarthropathy (Charcot joint) with progressive malalignment of ankle. Revision surgery after failed total ankle arthroplasty. CONTRAINDICATIONS: Acute purulent joint infection. Total avascular necrosis of talus. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: Posterolateral approach to the distal fibula taking care to preserve the periosteal vessels. Fibular osteotomy from proximal lateral to distal medial. Division of the anterior tibiofibular, anterior fibulotibial, and fibulocalcaneal ligaments. Division of posterior tibiofibular ligament. Transverse planar resection of tibial and talar articular surfaces. Freshening of the medial malleolus. Resection of the tip of medial malleolus through a medial incision. Positioning of talus perpendicular to the tibia, paying attention to the valgus of the hindfoot and external rotation. Temporary fixation with Kirschner wires. Radiographic control in two planes followed by fixation with two or three lag screws. Removal of the medial fibular cortex, freshening of the lateral gutter, and fixation of the distal fibular fragments to tibia and talus with cortical screws. RESULTS: 20 arthrodeses in 19 patients were followed up for an average of 39 months (12-69 months). All arthrodeses were fused. In one patient a fibular pseudarthrosis was encountered. All arthrodeses healed in a correct position but one that consolidated with a pes equinus of 3 degrees . The average AOFAS (American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society) hindfoot score reached 78.5 points (40-86 points). A marked reduction of symptoms and satisfactory function were reported postoperatively by all patients. All would be willing to undergo surgery again.     

腓骨头复合组织瓣修复儿童内踝骨皮肤缺损四例

目的 探讨腓骨头复合组织瓣修复儿童内踝骨皮肤缺损的临床效果.方法 2005年8月至2009年4月,根据腓骨头区域的解剖学特点.设计了以膝下外侧血管束为供血的腓骨头复合组织瓣,修复儿童内踝骨皮肤缺损4例,内踝缺损均累及骨骺,皮肤缺损面积为3～6 cm × 8～10cm.结果 4例腓骨头复合组织瓣血供丰富,全部存活,朱出现血管危象.术后随访4个月至4年,4例骨端全部愈合,重建内踝形态良好,踝关节外形及功能恢复满意.结论 腓骨头复合组织瓣是修复儿童内踝骨皮肤缺损的一种较好方法.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the therapeutic effect of fibular head composite flap for bone and skin defect at medial malleolus in children. Methods From Aug. 2005 to Apr. 2009, 4 children cases(2 male, 2 famale, from 3 to 11 year) with bone and skin defect at medial malleolus were reconstructed with fibular head composite flaps pedicled with lateral inferior genicular vascular bundle. The skin defect was 3- 6 cm × 8-10 cm in size. Results All the 4 compostie flaps survived completely. The patients were followed up for 4 months to 4 years with good bony healing. Both esthetic and functional results were satisfactory in ankle joint. Conclusions The fibular head composite tissue flap has a good therapeutic effect for bone and skin defect at medial malleolus in children.     

Premature closure of distal fibular growth plate: a case of longitudinal syndesmosis instability

Post-traumatic premature closure of distal fibular growth plate is a rare entity and results in shortened lateral malleolus. This can lead to lateral wedging of distal tibial epiphysis, valgus ankle and medial ankle instability. Ramsey and Hamilton noted experimentally that loss of fibular length caused a dramatic lateral shift in tibiotalar surfaces. Even a displacement of as little as 1 mm will distort the areas of tibiotalar contact and lead to early joint degeneration. Colton believed it is due to the oblique articular surface of the malleolus is no longer closely applied to the talus. We present a case of premature closure of distal fibular physis with lateral malleolar shortening. Ankle arthroscopy demonstrated syndesmosis instability resulted from shortened lateral malleolus and stability restored after fibular lengthening.     

带血管蒂腓骨头骨骺截骨整形重建内踝的应用解剖与临床应用

目的 为带血管蒂腓骨头骨骺截骨整形重建内踝提供解剖学依据,并探讨其临床应用效果.方法 20侧2～12岁新鲜儿童下肢标本,对腓骨头及内踝进行形态学测量,根据测量数据推导截骨公式.临床急诊或延期手术,移植截骨改良的腓骨头骨骺复合组织瓣一期修复内踝缺损,随访观察临床效果.结果 腓骨头倾斜角(M)为(170±8)°,关节面内倾角(N)为(145±6)°,纵长为(1.5±0.2)cm,横宽为(1.4±0.2)cm;内踝内翻角(L)为(152±8)°,关节面纵长为(1.25±0.2)cm,横宽为(1.25±0.2)cm.设内踝缺损面与胫骨纵轴的夹角为(Q),截骨角度X=L-N-Q,顶点位于腓骨头倒置后的关节面上1/6处.临床应用6例,全部一期愈合,随访1～3年,内踝发育良好,未发生骺早闭,无内翻畸形,踝关节负重、行走功能正常.结论 儿童腓骨头骨骺与内踝形态有一定的差异,通过截骨可获得满意的供体,同时携带皮瓣可一期修复内踝骨骺及周围软组织缺损并同步发育,是重建儿童内踝创伤性缺损的理想方法.     

The Teramoto distal tibial oblique osteotomy (DTOO): surgical technique and applicability for ankle osteoarthritis with varus deformity

We have devised a medial peri-articular osteotomy, the distal tibial oblique osteotomy (DTOO), and have used this technique since 1994 for ankle osteoarthritis of advanced and late stages associated with varus inclination. This report describes the surgical technique and its applicability. DTOO can be used for cases of varus ankle osteoarthritis with a range of the ankle joint movement of at least 10° or more. The osteotomy is obliquely directed cut across the distal tibia from proximal-medial to distal lateral and is of an opening-wedge type with the centre of rotation coincident with the centre of the tibiofibular joint. A laminar spreader instrument is inserted in the osteotomy to open the wedge until the lateral surface of the talar body is seen on X-ray to be in contact and congruent with medial articular surface of the lateral malleolus. Common obstacles which may prevent this contact and congruency are bony spurs present on the anterior side of fibula or on the lateral side of the tibia; these require removal. The opening-wedge osteotomy is held in position by an Ilizarov external fixator or internally fixed with a plate. Bone graft is taken from the iliac crest and inserted into the open wedge. If, after completion of the osteotomy, the dorsiflexion angle of the ankle joint does not exceed 0°, a Z-lengthening is performed of the Achilles tendon. In the DTOO for ankle osteoarthritis, the contact area of the ankle joint increases and decreases the load pressure per unit area. Furthermore, as the width of the ankle mortice is restored through the realignment of the body of the talus, instability at the ankle joint decreases. There is additional improvement with restoration of the inclination of the distal tibial articular surface as this directs the hindfoot valgus and corrects the alignment of the foot, with consequent improvement of ankle pain.     

Fibular lengthening by Ilizarov method secondary to shortening by osteochondroma of distal tibia

Osteochondroma is the most common benign bone tumour. They most commonly affect the long tubular bones and almost half of osteochondromata are found around the knee. Osteochondroma arising from the distal metaphysis of the tibia typically result in a valgus deformity of the ankle joint secondary to relative shortening of the fibula. This case describes the use of Ilizarov technique for fibular lengthening following excision of a distal tibial osteochondroma. A 12-year-old girl presented with a 3-year history of a large swelling affecting the lateral aspect of the right distal tibia. Plain radiographs confirmed a large sessile osteochondroma arising from the postero-lateral aspect of the distal tibia with deformity of the fibula and 15 mm of fibular shortening. The patient underwent excision through a postero-lateral approach and subsequent fibular lengthening by Ilizarov technique. The patient made excellent recovery with removal of frame after 21 weeks and had made a full recovery with normal ankle function by 6 months. The Ilizarov method is a commonly accepted method of performing distraction osteogenesis for limb inequalities; however, this is mainly for the tibia, femur and humerus. We are unaware of any previous cases using the Ilizarov method for fibular lengthening. This case demonstrates the success of the Ilizarov method in restoring both fibular length and normal ankle anatomy.     

Die supramalleoläre, subtraktive, valgisierende Tibiaosteotomie bei Varusarthrose des Sprunggelenks

OBJECTIVE: The aim of supramalleolar osteotomy of the tibia in the management of varus deformity of the upper ankle joint is to shift load bearing away from the severely degenerated medial part of the joint to the lateral part and thus restore physiological alignment of the hindfoot and a plantigrade foot. The intention is to reduce pain and to postpone the need for total endoprosthesis or arthrodesis. INDICATIONS: Painful degeneration of the ankle joint with varus deformity that has proven resistant to conservative treatment, i.e., > 15 degrees axial malalignment of the tibiotalar joint axis. CONTRAINDICATIONS: Severe ankle joint degeneration that restricts movement. Florid infections. Extensive bone and soft-tissue defects. Osteonecrosis of the talus with necrotic regions > 50%. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: Anterior approach to the upper ankle joint and supramalleolar wedge-shaped resection of a predetermined bone wedge with lateral base. The desired correction is precisely calculated during preoperative planning. Subsequently, lateral approach over the distal fibula. Resection of a more proximal segment from the fibula. Closure of the tibial osteotomy (closed wedge) and osteosynthesis of the fibula. RESULTS: A supramalleolar valgus osteotomy (closed wedge) was performed in 27 patients from 2002 to 2006. Preoperatively, there was an average varus deformity of 27 degrees , which was corrected to 6 degrees on average postoperatively. 21 patients were very satisfied at follow-up, three patients required joint replacement during the later course, and another three patients needed arthrodesis.     

Changes in tibiofibular relationships due to growth disturbances after ankle fractures in children

We analyzed the longitudinal growth of the distal tibial and fibular physes and the longitudinal displacement of the distal metaphysis and epiphysis of the fibula relative to the distal metaphysis and epiphysis of the tibia during growth using a roentgenstereophotogrammetric technique in eight children: six with a traumatic growth disturbance in one or both of the distal tibial and distal fibular physes and two with a normal ankle. In the normal ankles the distal fibular metaphysis moved distally in relation to the distal tibial metaphysis and the growth in the distal fibular physis was slower than that in the distal tibial physis. Growth arrest in the distal fibular physis and continued growth in the distal tibial physis resulted in distal displacement of the fibular metaphysis relative to the tibial metaphysis, probably due to traction on the distal ligaments of the fibula or more rapid growth in the proximal fibular physis than in the proximal tibial physis, or both. Valgus deformity of the ankle developed when the growth of the distal tibial physis exceeded the distal sliding of the fibula, as shown by the stereophotogrammetric analyses and orthoroentgenograms. Growth arrest in the distal tibial physis and continued growth in the distal fibular physis resulted in proximal sliding of the fibula, as shown by the roentgenstereophotogrammetric analyses and serial orthoroentgenograms. This mechanism compensated to some extent for the overgrowth of the fibula. Simultaneous growth arrest in both the distal tibial and the distal fibular physis was associated with movement of the distal end of the fibula in a distal direction relative to the tibia, probably due to the more rapid growth in the proximal fibular physis than in the proximal tibial growth plate. Therefore, growth arrest of the distal tibial or fibular physis may result in either proximal or distal sliding of the fibular metaphysis in relation to the tibial metaphysis. Probably growth arrest in the distal fibular physis has a less favorable prognosis than arrest in the distal tibial physis, because after tibial arrest proximal sliding of the fibula may compensate for overgrowth of the fibula better than distal sliding of the fibula can compensate for fibular arrest and overgrowth of the tibia.