侵袭海绵窦垂体腺瘤的伽玛刀治疗

目的 评价伽玛刀治疗侵袭海绵窦垂体腺瘤的疗效和内分泌激素变化,并分析了治疗后主要的并发症.方法 选择了自1995年9月至2006年1月收治的并获得完全随访资料的128例侵袭海绵窦垂体腺瘤患者,肿瘤直径1.0～4.8 cm(平均3.04 cm),既往手术63例,具有放疗史22例.PRL腺瘤56例,GH腺瘤19例,ACTH腺瘤2例,FSH腺瘤1例,混合性腺瘤22例,无功能性腺瘤28例.采用Leksell立体定位系统,边缘剂量12～35 Gy(平均19.56 Gy).等剂量线45%～50%.平均随访时间34个月.结果 大部分病人均可耐受伽玛刀治疗,急性并发症很少出现.晚期并发症主要表现为视力下降和垂体功能低下.伽玛刀治疗后,肿瘤消失的为4例,肿瘤缩小的为94例,肿瘤大小无变化的26例,4例患者治疗后肿瘤增大,总的肿瘤控制率为96.87%.同时对于功能性腺瘤,于治疗后11例激素水平恢复正常,58例患者激素水平较治疗前下降.结论 伽玛刀治疗侵袭性垂体腺瘤是一种安全、有效的治疗方法.     

海绵窦内侧壁对判断垂体腺瘤侵袭海绵窦的价值

垂体腺瘤在组织学上属于良性肿瘤,但6%～10%的垂体腺瘤可向海绵窦内侵袭性生长[1]。有研究[2]报道,单独或合并侵犯海绵窦的垂体腺瘤占所有侵袭性垂体腺瘤的88%。垂体腺瘤对海绵窦的侵袭程度直接影响手术治疗效果,而海绵窦内侧壁(medial wall of cavernous sinus,MWCS)是分隔垂体与海绵窦的膜样结构,本文将从解剖学及MRI角度阐述MWCS对垂体腺瘤侵袭海绵窦(cavernous sinus invasion by pituitary adenoma,     

额颞硬膜外-下入路手术治疗海绵窦侵袭性垂体腺瘤

目的 探讨额颞硬膜外-下入路手术切除海绵窦侵袭性垂体腺瘤的效果。方法 回顾性分析2014年7月至2016年12月采用额颞硬膜外-下入路显微手术治疗的58例海绵窦侵袭性垂体腺瘤的临床资料。结果 肿瘤全切除46例，次全切除12例；术后出现动眼神经麻痹46例，其中42例0.5~1年后恢复。无死亡病例。结论 额颞硬膜外-下入路显微手术是治疗海绵窦侵袭性垂体腺瘤有效的方法，动眼神经麻痹是主要并发症。     

海绵窦内侧壁的MRI特征对侵袭性垂体腺瘤的术前评估价值

目的 利用海绵窦内侧壁的MRI特征,评价垂体腺瘤侵袭海绵窦的术前评估价值.方法 运用Siemens 3.0 T磁共振机扫描39例垂体腺瘤,观察海绵窦内侧壁完整性、Knosp - Steiner分级、颈内动脉被包绕程度、海绵窦间隙受侵犯程度等,手术探查双侧海绵窦内侧壁,活检鞍底硬脑膜,计算肿瘤Ki - 67标记指数,并行相关统计分析.结果 利用MRI海绵窦内侧壁完整性判断垂体腺瘤侵袭海绵窦具有良好的诊断价值(PPV 75％,NPV 100％,约登指数0.952,ROC曲线下面积0.976),与Knosp - Steiner分级、颈内动脉被包绕程度、海绵窦间隙受侵犯程度等指标具有一致性(Kappa值0.788、0.611、0.732).MRI海绵窦内侧壁完整性与鞍底硬脑膜受肿瘤侵犯及Ki - 67 LI之间均相关.结论 利用3.0 T MRI显示海绵窦内侧壁,在术前诊断垂体腺瘤侵袭海绵窦具有重要价值,对手术方案的选择、术中操作有指导意义.     

海绵窦间隙在侵袭海绵窦垂体腺瘤神经内镜经鼻蝶入路切除术中的应用

目的 探讨海绵窦间隙在侵袭海绵窦垂体腺瘤神经内镜经鼻蝶入路切除术中的应用价值。方法 回顾性分析2017年1月至2020年10月经鼻蝶入路神经内镜手术治疗的15例侵袭海绵窦垂体腺瘤的临床资料。基于颈内动脉的自然走形,把海绵窦分为上、下、后、外侧间隙,术中对不同间隙内肿瘤采用不同切除方法。结果 肿瘤全切除11例,次全切除4例。术后发生脑脊液鼻漏1例,尿崩6例,垂体功能减退危象1例,眼球外展障碍1例,动眼神经麻痹1例。15例术后随访3~36个月;11例肿瘤全切除中,10例无复发,1例无功能垂体腺瘤复发并动态观察;4例次全切除中,2例无进展;2例术后6个月内行伽玛刀治疗。结论 神经内镜下经鼻入路手术切除侵袭海绵窦垂体腺瘤的效果良好,基于颈内动脉的自然走形的海绵窦间隙划分方法为侵袭海绵窦垂体腺瘤的手术治疗提供了新思路。     

累及海绵窦及鞍旁侵袭性垂体腺瘤的诊断及治疗

本文报告24例海绵窦内与鞍旁侵袭性垂体腺瘤。诊断中经CT与MRI等检查可显示肿瘤对海绵窦压迫或侵蚀的情况。本组将其分为四型,并依之分别采用经蝶窦、经额及经海绵窦入路显微手术。全部取得良好效果,无死亡。文内讨论了各种手术入路的指征。     

侵袭性垂体腺瘤及其研究进展

垂体腺瘤的侵袭性是影响临床治疗效果的重要因素。近年来,侵袭性垂体腺瘤研究有新进展,本文从临床、病理、细胞及分子生物学等方面对其作一综述。     

海绵窦内侧壁的显微解剖与扩大经蝶窦入路治疗侵袭海绵窦的垂体腺瘤（附103例分析）

目的研究海绵窦内侧壁结构的解剖特点，并探讨采用扩大经蝶窦入路治疗侵袭海绵窦垂体腺瘤的方法。方法在10具成人新鲜尸头上模拟扩大经蝶窦手术入路，观察海绵窦内侧壁结构的解剖特点。根据解剖学研究结果，指导临床采用扩大经蝶窦手术入路治疗侵袭海绵窦的垂体腺瘤103例。结果垂体侧方的海绵窦内侧壁薄弱，仅有一层疏松的纤维组织结构。颈内动脉是扩大经蝶窦入路海绵窦内所见的主要结构，可分为5段，有3个主要分支。颈内动脉海绵窦段主要的分支有脑膜垂体干、海绵窦下动脉和被囊动脉。向内侧走行的脑膜垂体干和被囊动脉是经蝶窦入路中较易损伤的血管。手术显微镜下全切除肿瘤62例（60．2％），次全切除38例（36．9％），大部切除3例（2．9％）；无手术死亡；手术并发症包括短暂性脑脊液鼻漏5例，暂时性脑神经功能损伤4例，垂体功能低下3例，颈内动脉损伤2例，永久性尿崩症1例。术后行放射治疗17例，γ刀治疗15例，药物治疗13例。随访3个月～8年，2例出现肿瘤复发而予以γ刀治疗。无再手术病例。结论扩大经蝶窦入路是切除侵袭海绵窦垂体腺瘤理想的入路；了解颈内动脉海绵窦段及其分支在解剖形态上的变化，对于减少术中出血，确保术中安全，具有重要意义。     

海绵窦内侧壁的解剖特点及其对于垂体腺瘤侵袭性诊断的意义

海绵窦内侧壁即为垂体囊的外侧部,通常外凸,但有部分患者存在颈内动脉内凸和垂体组织向侧方扩展。垂体囊和颈内动脉海绵窦段之间的部分称为海绵窦内侧间隙,解剖学研究发现约有1／3的人群不存在此间隙。上述特点对于预测垂体腺瘤是否具有侵袭性具有重要的临床意义。在此作一综述。[第一段]     

垂体腺瘤侵袭性的分子生物学研究进展

侵袭性垂体腺瘤组织学大多属良性肿瘤,而生物学行为上则具有恶性肿瘤的特点,手术全切困难,术后复发率高。目前其侵袭性主要通过影像学和术中所见来判定。本文就垂体腺瘤侵袭性相关的分子生物学指标进行综述。1转录因子或生长因子调节异常1.1碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（basic fibroblastgrowth factor,b FGF）b FGF能促进血管内皮细胞分裂而诱导血管生成。     

脑静脉和静脉窦血栓形成的磁共振影像诊断

随着脑动脉闭塞性疾病在诊断及治疗方面的发展,脑静脉系统闭塞性疾病的危害日益为临床工作所重视。例如脑静脉窦闭塞死亡率较高(20%～78%)[1],而早期诊断早期治疗可以大     

Vertebral Artery Dissection in Turner's Syndrome: Diagnosis by Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Aortic artery dissection is a rare but well-recognized complication of Turner's syndrome. Isolated carotid or vertebral artery dissection has not previously been reported. The authors report the clinical and magnetic resonance imaging findings in a 30-year-old woman with Turner's syndrome who developed a high cervical spinal cord infarction with a Brown-Sequard syndrome owing to bilateral vertebral artery dissection. The diagnosis and management of the case is reviewed.     

Value of Perfusion Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Diagnosis of Supratentorial Anaplastic Astrocytoma

We report perfusion weighted imaging (PWI) findings of nonenhanced anaplastic astrocytoma in a 30-year-old woman. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed a nonenhanced brain tumor with mild peritumoral edema on the right medial frontal lobe and right genu of corpus callosum, suggesting a low-grade glioma. However, PWI showed increased relative cerebral blood volume, relative cerebral blood flow, and permeability of nonenhanced brain tumor compared with contralateral normal brain parenchyma, suggesting a high-grade glioma. After surgery, final histopathological analysis revealed World Health Organization grade III anaplastic astrocytoma. This case demonstrates the importance of PWI for preoperative evaluation of nonenhanced brain tumors.     

Moyamoya Phenomenon Secondary to Intracranial Atherosclerotic Disease: Diagnosis by 3T Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Moyamoya phenomenon occurs in response to an occlusive vasculopathy affecting the distal internal carotid artery and its proximal branches. The nature of the occlusive vasculopathy is unknown in most patients. We present a patient in whom 3T magnetic resonance imaging was used to examine the arterial wall at the site of occlusion in a patient with unilateral moyamoya phenomenon. Signal characteristics were consistent with atherosclerotic disease. 3T magnetic resonance imaging may be useful for distinguishing the underlying etiology of moyamoya phenomenon in some patients.     

Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Superior Sagittal Sinus Thrombosis

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) has shown high sensitivity in the diagnosis of acute arterial strokes. The pathophysiology of cerebral venous thrombosis with associated venous stroke appears to differ from that of arterial strokes. The purpose of this study was to describe DWI findings in venous strokes. METHODS: The authors reviewed 3 adults with superior sagittal sinus thrombosis who underwent DWI and magnetic resonance imaging within 24 hours of symptom onset. DWI was obtained at 1.5 T using the multishot echo planar technique (TR = 8000, TE = 97, field of view = 30 x 19 cm, slice thickness = 6.0 mm, interslice gap = 0.5 mm, matrix 128 x 128, NEX = 1). The diffusion gradients were applied in 3 orthogonal directions with 3 increasing b values (0-1000 s/mm2) to create average (trace) DWI images. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values were calculated on a pixel-by-pixel basis and displayed as ADC maps. RESULTS: DWI showed hyperintensities in patients 1 and 2 and hypointensity in patient 3 in corresponding to parenchymal lesions on conventional images. As compared to the homologous uninvolved location in the contralateral hemisphere, ADC values were decreased (0.53 x 10(-3) mm2/s [patient 1] and 0.68 x 10(-3) mm2/s [patient 2]) and increased (1.1 x 10(-3) mm2/s [patient 3]). The ADC ratio of the lesion in the involved to uninvolved side was 88% (patient 1), 81% (patient 2), and 120% (patient 3). CONCLUSION: Acute cerebral venous strokes may contain cytotoxic edema and/or vasogenic edema on DWI scans. DWI may be helpful in diagnosing cerebral venous thrombosis in cases with cryptic presentations.     

Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Post-Mortem Autistic Brain

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a valuable, noninvasive tool for understanding structural abnormalities in the brain. The M.I.N.D. Institute at UC Davis has developed a protocol utilizing MRI to investigate anatomical differences in the post-mortem brain by applying a proton density weighted imaging sequence for optimal differences in image intensity (contrast) between gray and white matter. Images of the brain obtained prior to distribution of tissue and further neuropathological examination provide a record of how the brain appeared prior to tissue processing. The virtual representation of the whole brain can also be subjected to additional analyses, such as measuring the volume of brain regions or area of the cortical surface. We describe our procedures for carrying out post-mortem MRI of the human brain.     

Hemodynamic and Metabolic Aspects of Photosensitive Epilepsy Revealed by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

PURPOSE: To study in humans the hemodynamic and metabolic consequences of both photic stimulation-triggered and spontaneous generalized epileptiform discharges. METHODS: Simultaneous EEG, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and MR spectroscopy were performed in a 1.5-T scanner in 16 patients with generalized epilepsy, including nine with photosensitive epilepsy, and 12 normal subjects. RESULTS: With a flash stimulation duration of 2 s, prominent visual cortex activation was seen in all normals and patients. There were no fMRI-registered hemodynamic abnormalities found in relation to the brief photoparoxysmal spike-wave activity evoked in the photosensitive patients. However, irrespective of the presence of a spike-wave response to the photic stimulation, the photosensitive patients showed four unique findings compared with normals: (a) slightly, but significantly, increased lactate levels in the occipital cortex in the resting state, (b) an increased area of visual cortical activation with photic stimulation, (c) simultaneous with the occipital cortex stimulus-induced increased fMRI signal there were noncontiguous areas of signal attenuation most prominent in perirolandic regions, and (d) a marked decrement (undershoot) of fMRI signal intensity immediately after the photic stimulation in the occipital cortex and in the region of the posterior cingulate gyrus. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest abnormal interictal metabolism and increased vascular reactivity in the photosensitive patients.     

Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Diffusion-Weighted Imaging Changes After Hypoglycemic Coma

The authors report a case of severe hypoglycemic encephalopathy in an elderly patient. The magnetic resonance images showed bilateral cortical signal changes and basal ganglia lesions, which spared the thalami. The lesions were bright on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery and diffusion-weighted images and dark on the apparent diffusion coefficient map, being more conspicuous on the diffusion-weighted images than on the fluid-attenuated inversion recovery images. A literature review of the imaging features and pathophysiological mechanism in comparison with those of hypoxic ischemic injury is discussed.