Reducing unnecessary morbidity from percutaneous thermocoagulation in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia--part C: a starting point for a somatotopic map of the human Gasserian ganglion

OBJECTIVES: An original method and technique has been designed to reduce the significant morbidity associated with techniques currently used for percutaneous thermocoagulation in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. The current report deals with the mathematical and biostatistical analysis of verbal responses gathered using such a method in an attempt, as a starting point, to establish the somatotopic organization of the human gasserian ganglion. METHOD: A correspondence analysis was used to validate verbal responses. These were ordered in three 34 x 34 matrices, according the initial sequence of 34 subsegments of the face, which was based on the operative experience of one of the authors. After using a filter for the consistency of responses, and a maximum threshold below 0.5 V, 967 responses from 99 patients were selected for analysis. The frequencies obtained from each subsegment were compared, using all the possible pairwise combinations of the subsegments of the face, and the sequences were ordered using the least contradictory criterion. RESULTS: The incidence of each verbal response within each trigeminal division was analysed, resulting in a proposal of a sequence of 20 subsegments of the gasserian ganglion, listed from the depth to the surface. DISCUSSION: From the strict clinical point of view, the somatotopic map of each individual is invariant and easily analysed over long time periods. Its precise knowledge is critical for inducing smaller, properly placed lesions, in order to avoid unnecessary morbidity from percutaneous thermocoagulation in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. The proposed sequence of the gasserian somatotopic organization will be hopefully a useful guide for those interested in trigeminal physiological organization as well as for the therapeutic exploration of gasserian trigeminal fibers.     

温控射频热凝加甘油注射治疗原发性三叉神经痛

目的 探讨温控射频热凝加甘油注射治疗原发性三叉神经痛的穿刺方法、疗效、复发率、并发症。方法 采用Hartel前入路穿刺法。温控射频热凝加甘油注射治疗三叉神经痛52例。结果 总有效率为94．2％、复发率为7．7％。结论 温控射频热凝加甘油注射治疗三叉神经痛是安全、简便、有效、适应证广的方法。     

The micrometric multiarray technique for percutaneous thermocoagulation of trigeminal neuralgia. Preliminary report.

This report describes the technical features and preliminary results of a multiple electrode array system designed to provide access to four different sites within one or more selected trigeminal divisions. At each segment, multiple clinical sensory and motor data are correlated with radiological landmarks in the individual patient with trigeminal neuralgia. The system consists of an outer needle, through which a multielectrode array is introduced. Four successive 2.9 mm caps at the distal end of the multielectrode protrude from the tip of the outer needle into the cerebrospinal fluid of the post-gasserian fibers. The outer needle is always introduced fluoroscopically or tomographically into the inner third of the oval foramen. No blind punctures or suboptimal positions are accepted. After correlating clinical verbal and motor responses at each cap and inter se, the safest location is selected, with a precise knowledge of the segment of the division lying in front and behind the target. Lesions in the first division, the motor division, and segments not involved with pain are avoided. A thermocouple fitted with a micromanipulator allows the placement of the active tip at the center of the chosen target. The maximal size of the lesion cannot exceed the size of the target. Data from 117 consecutive procedures were systematically recorded in a computerized protocol for future analysis. Corneal anesthesia and deafferentation pain were not observed in this series. Preliminary data suggests that the micrometric technique may significantly minimize the residual morbidity from percutaneous thermocoagulation of trigeminal neuralgia.     

选择性射频热凝治疗原发性三叉神经痛的临床观察

目的研究选择性射频热凝术治疗三叉神经痛的穿刺方法、疗效、复发率、并发症。方法分别采用眶上孔、眶下孔、侧入路卵圆孔或Hartel前入路卵圆孔穿刺法,射频温控热凝术治疗三叉神经痛64例。结果总有效率98.4%,复发率21.9%。结论选择性射频热凝术治疗三叉神经痛是安全、简便、有效、适应证广的方法。     

神经导航引导经皮穿刺三叉神经半月节射频热凝治疗三叉神经痛的研究

目的 探讨神经导航引导下经皮穿刺三叉神经半月节射频热凝术在治疗三叉神经痛中的应用.方法 选取我科神经导航引导下经皮穿刺三叉神经半月节射频热凝治疗的156例患者资料.所有患者术前均经头部3D-CT薄层连续平扫,并将影像资料导入SteahhStation Tria Plus手术导航系统,图像经三维重建后,确认患侧卵圆孔作为靶点,在导航实时引导下进行卵圆孔穿刺,并行电生理测试,再次确认靶点的位置无误后,进行射频热凝治疗.结果 所有患者顺利穿刺成功,射频热凝术后,患者原有的面部疼痛均明显缓解或消失,术前患者VAS评分为9.67±0.47,术后VAS评分为0.22±0.57,差异有明显的统计学意义,且所有患者术后均无严重并发症.结论 神经导航引导下经皮穿刺三叉神经半月节射频热凝术是一种微创,安全和疗效显著的三叉神经痛外科治疗手段.     

经颌下-卵圆孔入路穿刺射频热凝治疗三叉神经痛

目的 探讨经颌下-卵圆孔入路穿刺射频热凝治疗三叉神经第Ⅲ支病变导致的原发性三叉神经痛的可行性和有效性。方法 2016年1月至2017年4月收治三叉神经第Ⅲ支病变导致的原发性三叉神经痛40例,采用经颌下-卵圆孔入路20例,采用Hartel前入路20例。两组均在三维CT定位下穿刺卵圆孔,定位成功后,行温控射频热凝治疗。结果 两组术后各有1例治疗无效,有效率均为95%,未见严重的并发症和其他神经损伤。两组手术时间大致相同（P>0.05）。术后6个月随访,疼痛缓解效果相同（P>0.05）。结论 三维CT定位下,经颌下-卵圆孔入路方法治疗三叉神经第Ⅲ支病变导致的原发性三叉神经痛具有可行性和有效性,并且可弥补Hartel前入路方法的局限。     

CT引导下温控射频热凝治疗三叉神经痛

目的探讨CT定位经皮穿刺卵圆孔的精确性与射频热凝治疗三叉神经痛的疗效评价。方法采用CT平行于中颅窝底的轴位及平行于穿刺针的冠状位薄层扫描，显示卵圆孔和穿刺针，确定二者的位置关系。结果共治疗三叉神经痛115例。随访3～36个月，平均6个月。恢复优良者95例（82．6％），良好20例（17.4％）。除面部有短时不同程度的感觉减退外，无其他严重、永久并发症。结论CT定位穿刺卵圆孔成功率高，解剖定位准确，操作安全，是一种微创治疗方法，具有较高临床实用价值。     

无框架立体定向引导射频热凝治疗原发性三叉神经痛

目的观察无框架立体定向引导射频热凝治疗原发性三叉神经痛的临床疗效。方法在无框架立体定向手术系统引导下,对30例原发性三叉神经痛病人行经前入路卵圆孔穿刺半月神经节,术中电刺激验证靶点,而后进行靶点射频热凝治疗。结果一次性穿刺成功率100％。随访6～36个月,疼痛完全消失29例,疼痛减轻1例;术后出现面部麻木8例,咀嚼力减弱1例,无其他严重并发症。结论无框架立体定向引导射频热凝治疗原发性三叉神经痛,可明显减少盲穿过程因深度或方向掌握不当产生的并发症,一次性穿刺成功率高,效果显著。     

经皮穿刺射频温控热凝治疗神经病理性疼痛131例

目的探讨经皮穿刺射频温控热凝治疗神经病理性疼痛的疗效。方法对门诊及住院的顽固性神经病理性疼痛病人采用经皮穿刺半月神经节或外周神经,应用射频温控热凝毁损治疗神经病理性疼痛。结果共治疗各类神经病理性疼痛患者131例。其中三叉神经痛115例,偏头痛12例,带状疱疹后神经痛3例,开胸术后肋间神经痛1例。随访8~46个月,平均12个月。获得优良者106例(80.9%),良好21例(16.0%)。除原疼痛部位有不同程度的感觉减退外,无其他严重、永久并发症。结论采用经皮穿刺射频温控热凝治疗神经病理性疼痛操作安全,治疗效果良好,是一种微创治疗方法,具有较高临床实用价值。     

Percutaneous radiofrequency thermocoagulation under fluoroscopic image-guidance for idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia

Objective

We retrospectively investigated the long-term results of percutaneous radiofrequency thermocoagulation (RFT) using fluoroscopic image-guidance for treatment of trigeminal neuralgia.

Methods

A total of 38 patients diagnosed and treated with RFT as an idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia were investigated. To minimize the risks related to conventional technique based on cutaneous landmarks, and to eliminate the need to frequent reposition of cannula, we adopted a technique of image-guided fluoroscopic cannulation of the foramen ovale. To minimize sensory complication following thermal lesion, our target response was a generation of a lesion with mild to moderate hypalgesia rather than dense hypalgesia.

Results

The immediate pain-relief was achieved in all patients underwent RFT. With mean duration of follow-up of 38.2 months (range,12-72), 11 (28.9%) experienced recurrence of pain. The mean timing of recurrence was 26.1 months (range,12-46). A 42.7% recurrence rate was estimated by Kaplan-Meier analysis for the 38 patients at 46 months; 20.2% within 2 years, 29.1% within 3 years. In the long-term, 27 patients (71%) and 6 patients (15.8%) showed Barrow Neurological Institute (BNI) score I and BNI score II responses. 3 (7.9%) patients was assessed as BNI score III, 2 patients (5.3%) showed BNI score IV response. As a complication, troublesome dysesthesia occurred in 3 of 38 patients (7.9%), however, there was no permanent cranial nerve palsy or morbidity.

Conclusion

These results indicates that RFT under fluoroscopic image-guided cannulation of foramen ovale is a safe, effective, and reliable means of treating trigeminal neuralgia.     

The treatment of first division idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia with radiofrequency thermocoagulation of the peripheral branches compared to conventional radiofrequency

The aim of this study was to prospectively evaluate and compare the effects of radiofrequency thermocoagulation of the first division branches of the trigeminal nerve (trigeminal peripheral division radiofrequency thermocoagulation, PRT) versus conventional radiofrequency (CRF) in the treatment of first division idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia (ITN). Fifty patients with first division ITN were randomly divided into two groups. The 20 patients in group 1 were treated with CRF, while the remaining 30 patients in group 2 were treated using PRT. The immediate therapeutic effects, side effects and recurrence rate of idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia were evaluated. The immediate efficacy rates were 95% and 93% in groups 1 and 2, respectively. The recurrence rates of ITN at the 3-year follow-up were 25% and 27% for group 1 and group 2, respectively, and 35% and 40%, respectively, 5 years after treatment. There were no significant differences between groups 1 and 2 at any time. Our study demonstrates that PRT is an effective way to treat first division ITN.     

CT引导下三叉神经周围支射频热凝术联合阿霉素介入治疗原发性三叉神经痛

目的 探讨CT引导下三叉神经周围支射频热凝联合阿霉素介入治疗原发性三叉神经痛的疗效及安全性。方法 对2015年1月至2017年12月应用CT引导下三叉神经周围支射频术联合阿霉素介入治疗的103例原发性三叉神经痛的临床资料进行回顾性分析。采用视觉模拟量表（VAS）评分评估疼痛强度:０分,无痛;1~3分,轻度疼痛;4~6分,中度疼痛;7~10分,重度疼痛。以VAS评分降低作为疗效评价标准:优,降低≥75%;良,降低50%~74%;差,降低<50%。结果 103例中,疗效优97 例,良3例,差3例;优良率为97%。术后无严重并发症发生。结论 CT引导下三叉神经周围支射频术联合阿霉素介入治疗原发性三叉神经痛止痛效果好,安全性高。     

Percutaneous Radiofrequency Thermocoagulation in Trigeminal Neuralgia : Analysis of Early and Late Outcomes of 156 Cases and 209 Interventions

ObjectiveTrigeminal neuralgia is one of the most common causes of facial pain. Our aim is to investigate the efficacy and borders of percutaneous radiofrequency thermocoagulation in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. MethodsBetween May 2007 and April 2017, 156 patients with trigeminal neuralgia were treated with radiofrequency thermocoagulation. These 156 patients underwent 209 procedures. In our study, we investigated the early and late results of percutaneous radiofrequency thermocoagulation under guiding fluoroscopic imaging in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. Barrow Neurological Institute (BNI) pain scale was used for grading the early results. In addition, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to assess long-term outcomes. Of the 156 patients who underwent radiofrequency thermocoagulation for trigeminal neuralgia, 45 had additional disease. Patients with this condition were evaluated with their comorbidities. Early and late results were compared with those without comorbidity. ResultsIn 193 of 209 interventions BNI pain scale I to III results were obtained. Out of the 193 successful operation 136 patients (65.07%) were discharged as BNI I, 14 (6.70%) as BNI II, 43 (20.58%) as BNI III. Sixteen patients (7.65%) remained uncontrolled (BNI IV and V). While the treatment results of trigeminal neuralgia patients with comorbidity seem more successful in the early period, this difference was not observed in follow-up examinations. ConclusionFinally, we concluded that percutaneous radiofrequency thermocoagulation of the Gasserian ganglion is a safe and effective method in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. However, over time, the effectiveness of the treatment decreases. Neverthless, the reapprability of this intervention gives it a distinct advantage.     

Percutaneous radiofrequency thermocoagulation of the semilunar ganglion for treating trigeminal neuralgia. Report of 325 cases

325 cases of trigeminal neuralgia were treated by percutaneous semilunar ganglion radiofrequency thermocoagulation from March 1982 to March 1985. All patients were followed-up for more than one year. The effective rate was 98% and the recurrence rate was 20%. 46 recurred cases were successfully treated by reoperation. There were no severe complications and mortality. In this article, the operative method, advantages and prevention of complication are discussed.     

神经导航下三叉神经半月节射频热凝术中的电生理研究

目的探讨三叉神经半月节射频热凝术中电生理监测的内容和意义。方法神经导航下三叉神经半月节射频热凝术患者30例,记录术中电生理监测的数据:刺激诱发面部感觉异常的范围和阈值、刺激诱发面部运动的部位和阈值、毁损前的电阻值。毁损术前、术后分别评估视觉模拟评分(VAS)。结果 30例患者电刺激诱发面部感觉异常的阈值0.05~0.5V,平均0.21V。刺激诱发面部运动反应的阈值0.08~0.5V,平均0.27V。毁损前电阻值283~580Ω,平均396Ω。29例患者疼痛的术后明显缓解或者消失。1例患者术后出现咬肌肌力减弱。结论完整细致的电生理监测有助于提高三叉神经半月节射频热凝术的有效率及减少手术不良反应。     

半月节立体定向毁损治疗三叉神经痛(附124例报告)

目的 探讨CRW立体定向导航系统以及三维CT在三叉神经半月节射频热凝术中的应用价值.方法 广东省第二人民医院自2007年7月至2009年12月共收治124例原发性三叉神经痛患者,均采用CRW立体定向系统辅助下经皮穿刺卵圆孔,再在三维CT辅助下进针到达半月节切迹,方波刺激及预毁损确认穿刺到位后,采取逐渐加温的方式进行毁损.结果 124例患者均穿刺成功,无穿刺副损伤所致并发症.一次穿刺成功89例(71.8%),二次穿刺成功33例(26.6%),2例(1.6%)因颅底骨质结构有变异,经多次穿刺成功.术后即刻总体有效率为98.4%.术后出现患侧面部麻木感即浅感觉减退87例(70.2%),1例患者出现角膜炎(0.8%),未出现复视、咀嚼无力、张口困难等并发症.所有患者随访3月～2年,复发7例(5.6%).结论 采用立体定向导航系统及三维CT重建可以大大提高穿刺卵圆孔的准确性,减少并发症:个体化穿刺策略的制定可以进一步确保疗效,提高治愈率.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the value of CRW stereotactic navigation system and three-dimensional-CT in the radiofrequency thermocoagulation for primary trigeminal neuralgia.Methods One hundred and twenty-four patients with primary trigeminal neuralgia were treated with percutaneous radio-frequency thermocoagulation with the aid of CRW stereotactic system and three-dimensional CT. Results All of 124 patients were punctured successfully without any complications. Eighty-nine patients (71.8%) were punctured successfully at nce,33 patients(26.6%)were punctured successfully at twice. Because of the variation of the skull bottom, 2 patients (1.6%) were punctured successfully at many times. The effective rate of thermocoagulation is 98.4%. Eighty-seven patients (70.2%) appeared facial sensory decline and 1 (0.8%) appeared keratitis after operation; no such complications as diplopia, masticatory atonia and difficulty in opening mouth appeared. Seven patients (5.6%) relapsed after follow-up for 3 months to 2 years. Conclusion A stereotactic and CT reconstruction can greatly improve the accuracy of puncturing on the foramen ovale, reduce the complications and help to adopt an individualized puncture strategy, which can ensure the effectiveness and increase the cure rate.     

半月节立体定向毁损治疗三叉神经痛(附124例报告)

目的 探讨CRW立体定向导航系统以及三维CT在三叉神经半月节射频热凝术中的应用价值.方法 广东省第二人民医院自2007年7月至2009年12月共收治124例原发性三叉神经痛患者,均采用CRW立体定向系统辅助下经皮穿刺卵圆孔,再在三维CT辅助下进针到达半月节切迹,方波刺激及预毁损确认穿刺到位后,采取逐渐加温的方式进行毁损.结果 124例患者均穿刺成功,无穿刺副损伤所致并发症.一次穿刺成功89例(71.8%),二次穿刺成功33例(26.6%),2例(1.6%)因颅底骨质结构有变异,经多次穿刺成功.术后即刻总体有效率为98.4%.术后出现患侧面部麻木感即浅感觉减退87例(70.2%),1例患者出现角膜炎(0.8%),未出现复视、咀嚼无力、张口困难等并发症.所有患者随访3月～2年,复发7例(5.6%).结论 采用立体定向导航系统及三维CT重建可以大大提高穿刺卵圆孔的准确性,减少并发症:个体化穿刺策略的制定可以进一步确保疗效,提高治愈率.     

半月节立体定向毁损治疗三叉神经痛(附124例报告)

目的 探讨CRW立体定向导航系统以及三维CT在三叉神经半月节射频热凝术中的应用价值.方法 广东省第二人民医院自2007年7月至2009年12月共收治124例原发性三叉神经痛患者,均采用CRW立体定向系统辅助下经皮穿刺卵圆孔,再在三维CT辅助下进针到达半月节切迹,方波刺激及预毁损确认穿刺到位后,采取逐渐加温的方式进行毁损.结果 124例患者均穿刺成功,无穿刺副损伤所致并发症.一次穿刺成功89例(71.8%),二次穿刺成功33例(26.6%),2例(1.6%)因颅底骨质结构有变异,经多次穿刺成功.术后即刻总体有效率为98.4%.术后出现患侧面部麻木感即浅感觉减退87例(70.2%),1例患者出现角膜炎(0.8%),未出现复视、咀嚼无力、张口困难等并发症.所有患者随访3月～2年,复发7例(5.6%).结论 采用立体定向导航系统及三维CT重建可以大大提高穿刺卵圆孔的准确性,减少并发症:个体化穿刺策略的制定可以进一步确保疗效,提高治愈率.     

三叉神经痛不同术式疗效分析：附178例报告

目的 :观察比较三叉神经痛三种不同手术方式的疗效。方法 :采用经颞硬膜外三叉神经感觉根切断术 ,经皮三叉神经半月节射频热凝术和三叉神经显微血管减压术治疗 178例患者 ,对其疗效、不良反应和复发率进行评估。结果 :感觉根切断术组 :疗效尚好 ,不良反应中面部感觉障碍发生率较高 ,易误伤运动根 ,也较易复发 ;射频热凝术组 :简单、安全、有效 ,面部感觉障碍发生率较低 ,唯复发率较高 ;血管减压术组 ;疗效肯定 ,不良反应少 ,复发率低 ,但手术风险相对较大。结论 :三叉神经感觉根切断术逐渐少用。射频热凝术适用于年老体弱 ,不能耐受手术及首次外科治疗者。对于射频热凝术后复发者 ,可酌情行显微血管减压术。     

射频热凝术与颅后窝探查手术治疗原发性三叉神经痛的疗效比较

目的 比较经皮半月节射频热凝术和颅后窝探查手术治疗原发性三叉神经痛的疗效.方法 回顾性分析126例三叉神经痛病人的治疗情况,其中经皮半月节射频热凝术(射频治疗组)治疗60例,颅后窝探查手术(颅后窝手术组)治疗66例.结果 射频治疗组术后有效率91.7%,颅后窝手术组为86.4%o颅后窝手术组三叉神经第1支病变病人术后7d并发症发生率显著低于射频治疗组(P = 0.033),但两组疼痛缓解度无明显差别;对于三叉神经第2、3支病变的病人,术后7d两组疼痛缓解度和并发症发生率无统计学差异.随访18个月,射频治疗组远期并发症发生率为15%,复发4例;颅后窝手术组远期并发症发生率为3%,未见复发.结论 颅后窝探查手术是治疗由三叉神经第1支病变引起的三叉神经痛的良好方法;对于由三叉神经第2、3支病变引起的三叉神经痛,经皮半月节射频热凝术和颅后窝探查手术疗效相当.