cDNA微阵列对不同时期胶原诱导性关节炎大鼠PBMC基因表达谱的初步研究

目的 研究胶原诱导性关节炎（collagen induced arthritis，CIA）大鼠不同时期外周血单个核细胞（peripheral blood mononuclear cells，PBMC）基因表达谱，寻找与疾病炎症相关的特异表达基因，初步探讨类风湿关节炎（rheumatoid arthritis，RA）的发病机制。方法 以含有96个基因的功能基因组芯片研究CIA大鼠发病早期、高峰期和后期及正常大鼠的PBMC基因表达谱。结果 cDNA微阵列检测结果显示，CIA早期差异表达基因（〉2或〈0．5）有19个，高峰期25个，后期17个以及三个时期持续表达的上调基因有10个。差异表达基因主要涉及白细胞介素及其受体、趋化因子及其受体、转化生长因子配体及受体等。结论 CIA不同时期基因的差异表达可能与RA病情的持续进展有关，为进一步探讨细胞因子在RA的作用提供理论依据。     

蛋白质微阵列对胶原诱导性关节炎大鼠血清细胞因子表达谱的初步研究

目的研究胶原诱导性关节炎(CIA)大鼠不同时期血清蛋白表达谱,寻找与疾病发生和炎症相关的特异表达蛋白,初步探讨类风湿关节炎(RA)的发病机制。方法以含有19个细胞因子的抗体芯片分别检测CIA大鼠发病高峰期和后期及正常大鼠的血清蛋白表达谱,并以酶联免疫吸附试验法(ELISA)测定血清肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α表达,验证微阵列检测结果。结果CIA高峰期和后期持续显著上调的细胞因子有10个,高峰期特异高表达细胞因子有1个。微阵列结果没有显示显著下调的细胞因子。结论CIA疾病不同时期细胞因子表达谱不同,筛选出的特异表达蛋白不仅为进一步研究RA的病理机制提供线索,也为疾病的早期诊断提供分子标志。     

血管内皮生长因子在大鼠实验性关节炎模型中表达的动态观察

目的：观察血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）在大鼠实验性关节炎模型中的表达，探讨VEGF在类风湿关节炎（RA）发病机制中的作用。方法：30只雄性Wistar大鼠采用皮下注射Ⅱ型胶原的方法诱导实验性关节炎模型，并随机分为6组，每组5只。致敏1、2、3、4、5、6周后分别将各组动物处死，采用免疫组织化学方法对组织中表达的VEGF进行观察，并采用计算机图像分析的方法对各时期VEGF的表达量进行定量分析。结果：大鼠在接受胶原致敏后2周左右发病，滑膜组织中的VEGF蛋白的分泌与炎症发展密切相关。结论：VEGF参与了实验性关节炎滑膜血管翳的形成过程，在RA的发病机制中具有重要意义。     

胶原诱导性关节炎大鼠滑膜病变的蛋白质组学研究

目的探讨胶原诱导性关节炎(CIA)大鼠滑膜病变的蛋白质组学研究,为类风湿关节炎(RA)的发病及治疗提供新的线索。方法30只采用皮下注射牛Ⅱ型胶原与完全弗氏佐剂诱导的SD大鼠CIA诱导性关节炎(CIA)模型,应用双向凝胶电泳(2DE)技术分离正常组、CIA模型组大鼠关节滑膜的总蛋白后,经胶体考染显色、图像分析、识别差异表达的蛋白质点,应用基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF-MS)得到相应的肽质量指纹图谱(PMF),然后搜索数据库鉴定部分差异蛋白质点,运用western blotting方法验证差异表达蛋白质。结果建立了正常组、CIA模型组大鼠滑膜的双向凝胶电泳图谱,平均点数为(1020±40)个蛋白质点,平均匹配率为(93．2±2．1)%；发现并鉴定了两组滑膜差异表达大于2倍的蛋白质点35个,这些与滑膜病变相关的差异表达蛋白质的功能涉及物质代谢、能量产生、物质转运、抗氧化、信号转导及细胞骨架蛋白,随即用western blotting方法验证差异蛋白质annexinⅠ、aldolase A在正常组和CIA模型组中的表达,其结果也显示了类似的表达差异。结论建立了正常组、CIA模型组大鼠关节滑膜的双向凝胶电泳图谱,鉴定了35个与CIA滑膜病变相关的差异表达的蛋白质,这些差异蛋白质可能以不同的方式参与了病变过程,为揭示CIA滑膜病变的机制及RA的发病机制提供了新的线索,而且annexinⅠ、aldolase A的验证结果与蛋白质组结果的一致性表明,AnnexinⅠ、aldolase A可能与CIA的关节滑膜病变有关。     

含LacZ报告基因的腺病毒载体在体外培养类风湿关节炎滑膜细胞中表达的实验观察

目的：观察含报告基因的腺病毒对体外培养的类风湿关节炎滑膜细胞的感染及其表达情况，方法：将含LacZ报告基因腺病毒感染类风湿关节滑膜细胞，通过X－gal显色的方法观察腺病毒感染滑细胞后基因的表达情况，绘制感染效率曲线。结果：腺病毒可以有效感染类风湿关节炎滑膜细胞，并表达携带的基因；报告基因，在一定范围内，腺病毒滴度越高，基因表达信号越强。结论：腺病毒载体可以携带外源性基因在类风湿关节炎滑膜细胞中表达。     

缺氧诱导因子-1α血管内皮生长因子在胶原诱导性关节炎滑膜中的表达及其与血管生成的关系

目的 探讨缺氧诱导因子(HIF)-1α和血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)在类风湿关节炎(RA)血管生成中的作用.方法 建立大鼠胶原诱导性关节炎(CIA)模型,采用苏木素-伊红(HE)染色评估滑膜病理血管生成、SP法免疫组织化学染色检测HIF-1α和VEGF的表达,动态观察HIF-1α表达与VEGF表达及血管生成之间的关系.结果 CIA大鼠滑膜HIF-1α及VEGF表达增加,且随发病时间的延长而逐渐增加,两者均与滑膜病理血管生成评分呈显著正相关,同时滑膜衬里层和衬里下层HIF-1α表达又与相应部位的VEGF表达呈显著正相关.结论 HIF-1α可能参与上调VEGF表达促进血管生成,从而在RA关节破坏中起一定作用.     

低氧诱导因子-1α在大鼠胶原诱导性关节炎中的表达及与血管生成的关系

目的制备牛Ⅱ型胶原诱导性大鼠关节炎(CIA)模型,探讨低氧诱导因子-1α(HIF-1α)、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)在类风湿关节炎(RA)组织中的动态表达及其相关性作用。方法 50只SD大鼠,随机分为对照组与模型组。建立CIA模型,动态观察各项关节炎活动指标,于造模21、28、35、42d取踝关节行HE染色及HIF-1α、VEGF免疫组化染色,分析两者在CIA中的相关性及与关节炎活动指标、滑膜病理学评分之间的关系。结果 CIA大鼠关节滑膜层和滑膜下层均表达HIF-1α、VEGF,第21天阳性表达量最高,随病程进展,表达逐渐下降,与滑膜病理学评分、滑膜增生评分及血管生成评分呈显著正相关,与炎症浸润评分无明显相关。结论Ⅱ型胶原可成功诱导大鼠关节炎模型。HIF-1α、VEGF在RA组织中的表达,与炎症严重程度呈明显正相关。HIF-1α可能通过调控一系列下游靶基因,如VEGF等,促进滑膜增生及血管生成,影响RA的发生、发展。     

抗环瓜氨酸肽抗体阳性和阴性类风湿关节炎患者外周血单个核细胞基因表达谱差异的研究

目的 运用基因芯片技术研究抗环瓜氨酸肽(CCP)抗体阳性和阴性类风湿关节炎(RA)患者外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)基因表达谱差异,探索差异存在的基因表达基础.方法 提取各5例抗CCP抗体阳性、阴性RA患者、健康人PBMC中总RNA,运用Ⅲumina基因表达谱芯片分析每个样本47231个基因变化.结果 与健康对照组相比,抗CCP抗体阳性和阴性RA患者有88个差异表达基因,其中上调表达基因51个,下调表达基因37个,这些差异表达基因主要涉及细胞因子、细胞凋亡、细胞周期、细胞因子、信号转导、趋化因子等.抗CCP抗体阳性和阴性RA患者之间有20个基因表达差异有统计学意义,其中上调表达基因9个,下调表达基因11个,这些差异表达基因主要涉及传递蛋白、转录调控、信号转导、代谢、细胞周期等.结论 抗CCP抗体阳性和阴性RA患者之间存在差异表达基因,筛选到的差异基因如杀伤细胞免疫球蛋白受体基因、干扰素诱导基因、几丁质酶家族成员CHI3L1等为进一步研究RA发病机制及发现新治疗靶标提供重要线索.     

JAK/STAT信号通路在大鼠类风湿关节炎模型发病过程中的表达

目的探讨JAK／STAT信号通路在大鼠类风湿关节炎（RA）发病过程中的表达及意义。方法48只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为6组，对照组8只，其余均建立胶原诱导的关节炎（CIA）模型，分别在致敏后2、3、4、5、6周分批处死，应用苏木素-伊红（HE）染色、免疫组织化学及免疫印迹法检测发病不同时期滑膜组织的病理变化及P—STAT1、P—STAT3的表达。结果致敏后2周大鼠出现关节炎表现，HE染色可见滑膜组织增生及炎性细胞浸润；第4周关节肿胀达到高峰，病理显示典型血管翳形成；第6周部分软骨及骨组织受到破坏。在CIA发病过程中STAT1、STAT3均处于激活状态．与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。但二者表达存在时间上的差异．STAT3处于持续激活状态，而STAT1的激活只局限在疾病的中晚期。结论JAK／STAT信号通路参与了CIA的病理过程，针对性阻断JAK／STAT通路可能达到改善RA病理过程的目的。     

胶原诱导性关节炎大鼠滑膜组织Annexin-1的表达

目的探讨胶原诱导性关节炎(collagen-induced arthritis,CIA)大鼠滑膜组织膜联蛋白-1 (Annexin-1)的表达及意义。方法采用Western blot法检测模型组及正常组大鼠在不同时间点滑膜组织Annexin-1的表达,运用ImageTool 3．0灰度扫描软件对结果进行半定量分析。结果正常组及模型组皆表达Annexin-1。模型组Annexin-l表达在25、35和45d水平递减,45d与25d相比,差异有统计学意义(P＜0．05)。45d Annexin-1表达明显低于正常组(P＜0．05)。结论CIA大鼠滑膜组织Annexin-1表达下调。     

Amelioration of collagen-induced arthritis in rats by adenovirus-mediated PTEN gene transfer

OBJECTIVE: The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase)/Akt pathway is known to be activated in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial tissue, which impacts cell growth, proliferation, survival, and migration. Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted from chromosome 10 (PTEN) functions as a negative regulator of PI 3-kinase signaling, thus blocking Akt activation. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of PTEN gene transfer in rats with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). METHODS: Adenoviral vectors encoding human PTEN (AdPTEN) or beta-galactosidase (AdLacZ) were injected intraarticularly into rats with CIA, and their treatment responses were monitored by measures of clinical, radiographic, and histologic changes. The expression of phosphorylated Akt, total Akt, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), proinflammatory cytokines, and chemokines, as well as the extent of microvessel density in the ankle joints were determined. RESULTS: AdPTEN treatment reduced Akt phosphorylation and decreased VEGF production in human RA synovial fibroblasts. Compared with AdLacZ treatment of the rats with CIA, AdPTEN treatment significantly reduced ankle circumference, articular index scores, radiography scores, and histology scores, and also decreased microvessel density and levels of VEGF and interleukin-1beta. Furthermore, PTEN gene transfer led to down-regulation of Akt activation and increased apoptosis in the ankle joints. CONCLUSION: This study is the first to demonstrate the in vivo effect of intraarticular gene delivery of PTEN on amelioration of arthritis symptoms in rats with CIA, which involved antiangiogenic, antiproliferative, and antiinflammatory effects of PTEN via inhibition of the PI 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway. Our findings also implicate the PI 3-kinase/Akt pathway as a therapeutic target for the treatment of RA or other inflammatory diseases.     

雷公藤多苷对胶原诱导性关节炎大鼠中高迁移率族蛋白B1影响的研究

目的 探讨高迁移率族蛋白B1(HMGB1)在类风湿关节炎(RA)治疗中的作用及雷公藤多苷治疗RA的可能机制.方法 建立胶原诱导性关节炎(CIA)大鼠模型建立后,将造模成功的大鼠随机分为模型组、甲氨蝶呤治疗组、雷公藤多苷治疗组、雷公藤多苷和甲氨蝶呤联合治疗组进行药物干预,4周后取材,采用免疫组织化学法检测HMGB1在正常组、模型组和各治疗组大鼠的滑膜与关节中的表达,采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)法检测HMGB1在正常组、模型组和各治疗组大鼠血清中的含量.统计方法采用方差分析.结果 HMGB1在模型组大鼠滑膜、关节中的蛋白表达以及血清中的含量[(23.8±2.2)ng/ml]明显高于正常组[(7.4±1.6)ng/ml](P＜0.01),3个治疗组大鼠滑膜、关节中HMGB1的表达和血清中HMGB1的含量[分别为(133±3.1),(17.4±4.9),(11.7±1.5)ng/ml]显著低于模型组(P＜0.01),但又高于正常组(P＜0.05).结论 HMGB1参与了CIA滑膜增生、软骨和骨质破坏的病理过程;甲氨蝶呤与雷公藤多苷治疗RA滑膜炎和骨质破坏的分子机制与其降低HMGB1的表达相关.     

Analysis of pigmented villonodular synovitis with genome-wide complementary DNA microarray and tissue array technology reveals insight into potential novel therapeutic approaches

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the gene expression profile and determine potential diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets in pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS). METHODS: Gene expression patterns in 11 patients with PVNS, 18 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and 19 patients with osteoarthritis (OA) were investigated using genome-wide complementary DNA microarrays. Validation of differentially expressed genes was performed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical analysis on tissue arrays (80 patients with PVNS, 51 patients with RA, and 20 patients with OA). RESULTS: The gene expression profile in PVNS was clearly distinct from those in RA and OA. One hundred forty-one up-regulated genes and 47 down-regulated genes were found in PVNS compared with RA, and 153 up-regulated genes and 89 down-regulated genes were found in PVNS compared with OA (fold change > or = 1.5; Q < or = 0.001). Genes differentially expressed in PVNS were involved in apoptosis regulation, matrix degradation, and inflammation (ALOX5AP, ATP6V1B2, CD53, CHI3L1, CTSL, CXCR4, HSPA8, HSPCA, LAPTM5, MMP9, MOAP1, and SPP1). CONCLUSION: The gene expression signature in PVNS is similar to that of activated macrophages and is consistent with the local destructive course of the disease. The gene and protein expression patterns suggest that the ongoing proliferation in PVNS is sustained by apoptosis resistance. This result suggests the possibility of a potential novel therapeutic intervention against PVNS.     

Comparison of the expression profile of apoptosis-associated genes in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis

The purpose of this study was to employ microarray analysis to evaluate differential gene expression in synovial tissue samples obtained from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or osteoarthritis (OA) to study the expression profile of apoptosis-associated genes in these tissues. Four samples were obtained from RA-affected patients and three from osteoarthritis patients. After total RNA was extracted from synovial tissue, the RNA was processed using two-cycle target labeling, followed by hybridization and scanning procedure. The GeneChip Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 containing 900471 gene loci was used and eight genes associated with apoptosis were identified with a selected p value <0.05 and a twofold change in expression in rheumatoid samples compared to osteoarthritis tissues. Anti-apoptotic genes were generally upregulated whereas apoptotic genes were downregulated suggesting that these genes may play a role in the pathogenesis of RA. Furthermore, these genes may serve as novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of RA.     

关节腔内人护骨素基因转导对胶原诱导性关节炎大鼠关节滑膜mRNA表达的影响

目的 探讨携带人护骨素(OPG)基因的重组腺相关病毒(rAAV-hOPG)关节腔内转导对胶原诱导性关节炎(CIA)大鼠关节滑膜OPG、抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(TRAP)、血管生长因子(VEGF)基因表达的影响.方法 经牛Ⅱ型胶原诱导建立大鼠关节炎模型,随机分成3组:CIA空白对照组,增强绿色荧光蛋白(EGFP)阴性对照组,OPG治疗组,加上健康对照组,共4组.每组10只,于首次免疫后第25天开始,分别予磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)、rAAV-EGFP、rAAV-hOPG、PBS,双膝关节腔内注射50μl/侧.第40天取双膝关节滑膜,提取RNA,反转录成cDNA后,使用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应测定OPG、TRAP、VEGF的相对基因表达量.结果 CIA大鼠较健康鼠,滑膜OPG表达下降32.47%(P<0.05),TRAP升高454.79%(P<0.01),VEGF升高152.74%(P<0.05),rAAV-hOPG感染后,OPG基因转录水平增高128.21%(P<0.01),TRAP表达下降58.79%(P<0.01),VEGF表达下降17.85%(P>0.05).结论 rAAV-hOPG能有效转导关节滑膜组织,对关节破坏有一定的保护作用.     

Function of interleukin-20 as a proinflammatory molecule in rheumatoid and experimental arthritis

OBJECTIVE: The pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) reflects an ongoing imbalance between proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines. Interleukin-20 (IL-20) has proinflammatory properties for keratinocytes. In this study, we sought to determine whether IL-20 is involved in RA. METHODS: We analyzed IL-20 levels in synovial fluid from RA patients. IL-20 and its receptors were detected in RA synovial fibroblasts (RASFs), using immunohistochemical staining. The effect of IL-20 on endothelial cells, neutrophils, and RASFs was investigated using MTT and migration assays. The expression of IL-20 and its receptors in healthy rats and in rats with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) was also analyzed. Soluble IL-20 receptor type I (sIL-20RI) or sIL-20RII was administered to rats with CIA by intramuscular electroporation, and the severity of arthritis was monitored. RESULTS: RA patients expressed significantly higher levels of synovial fluid IL-20 than did the rheumatic disease controls. IL-20 and its receptors were expressed in the synovial membranes and RASFs. IL-20 induced RASFs to secrete monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, IL-6, and IL-8, and it promoted neutrophil chemotaxis, RASF migration, and endothelial cell proliferation. Both IL-20 and IL-20RI were up-regulated in the rat CIA model. In vivo, electroporated sIL-20RI plasmid DNA decreased the severity of arthritis in the rats with CIA. CONCLUSION: IL-20 was up-regulated in the synovial fluid of RA patients and acted as a chemokine that attracted the migration of neutrophils and RASFs in vitro. The rat CIA model demonstrated that IL-20 was involved in the pathogenesis of arthritis, because sIL-20RI significantly reduced arthritis in rats with CIA. Thus, IL-20 may modulate the incidence and severity of arthritis and play important roles at local sites of inflammation.     

Modulation of multiple experimental arthritis models by collagen-induced arthritis quantitative trait loci isolated in congenic rat lines: different effects of non-major histocompatibility complex quantitative trait loci in males and females

OBJECTIVE: Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) is a model of inflammatory arthritis with many similarities to rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We previously mapped in F(2) offspring of CIA-susceptible DA and CIA-resistant F344 rats, 5 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for which F344 alleles were associated with reduced CIA severity. In the present study, we sought to characterize the independent arthritis-modulating effects of these 5 QTLs. METHODS: CIA-regulatory regions were transferred from the F344 genome to the DA background or vice versa by repeated backcrossing. The arthritis-modulating effects of the transferred alleles were determined by comparing the severity of experimentally induced arthritis in congenic rats with that in DA rats. RESULTS: Congenic lines with either the F344 major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on the DA background or the DA MHC on the F344 background were resistant to CIA, confirming both MHC and non-MHC contributions to the genetic regulation of CIA. F344 alleles at the Cia3 and Cia5 regions of chromosomes 4 and 10 reduced CIA severity relative to that observed in DA rats. F344 Cia4 and Cia6 regions of chromosomes 7 and 8 failed to significantly alter CIA severity. Arthritis-modifying effects of Cia4 and Cia6 were, however, detected in pristane-induced and/or Freund's incomplete adjuvant oil-induced arthritis. The arthritis-modifying effects of the non-MHC CIA-regulatory loci differed in males and females. CONCLUSION: These congenic lines confirmed the existence and location of genes that regulate the severity of experimental arthritis in rats. Mechanisms responsible for the sex-specificity of individual arthritis-regulatory loci may explain some of the sex differences observed in RA and other autoimmune diseases in humans.     

High mobility group box chromosomal protein 1: a novel proinflammatory mediator in synovitis

OBJECTIVE: High mobility group box chromosomal protein 1 (HMGB-1) is a ubiquitous chromatin component expressed in nucleated mammalian cells. It has recently and unexpectedly been demonstrated that stimulated live mononuclear phagocytes secrete HMGB-1, which then acts as a potent factor that causes inflammation and protease activation. Macrophages play pivotal roles in the pathogenesis of arthritis. The aim of this study was to determine whether synovial macrophage expression of HMGB-1 is altered in human and experimental synovitis. METHODS: Intraarticular tissue specimens were obtained from healthy Lewis rats, Lewis rats with Mycobacterium tuberculosis-induced adjuvant arthritis, and from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Specimens were immunohistochemically stained for cellular HMGB-1. Extracellular HMGB-1 levels were assessed in synovial fluid samples from RA patients by Western blotting. RESULTS: Immunostaining of specimens from normal rats showed that HMGB-1 was primarily confined to the nucleus of synoviocytes and chondrocytes, with occasional cytoplasmic staining and no extracellular matrix deposition. In contrast, inflammatory synovial tissue from rats with experimental arthritis as well as from humans with RA showed a distinctly different HMGB-1 staining pattern. Nuclear HMGB-1 expression was accompanied by a cytoplasmic staining in many mononuclear cells, with a macrophage-like appearance and an extracellular matrix deposition. Analysis of synovial fluid samples from RA patients further confirmed the extracellular presence of HMGB-1; 14 of 15 samples had HMGB-1 concentrations of 1.8-10.4 microg/ml. CONCLUSION: The proinflammatory mediator HMGB-1 was abundantly expressed as a nuclear, cytoplasmic, and extracellular component in synovial tissues from RA patients and from rats with experimental arthritis. These findings suggest a pathogenetic role for HMGB-1 in synovitis and indicate a new potential therapeutic target molecule.