肝外伤伴肝后静脉损伤的处理

目的 探讨肝外伤伴肝后静脉损伤的处理方法，以提高肝外伤伴肝后静脉损伤的外科治疗水平。方法 采用分步全肝血流阻断下显露修补、直接压迫下显露修补、缝扎肝静脉、缝合修补肝组织、纱布填塞等5种方法处理肝外伤伴肝后静脉损伤23例。结果 治愈18例(78．3％)，死亡5例(21．7％)。结论 术前合理的急救复苏、术中正确的综合手术治疗，是提高肝外伤伴肝后静脉损伤疗效的关键。     

185例肝脏损伤综合手术治疗体会

目的探讨肝脏损伤的治疗方法,改善肝脏损伤手术的疗效。方法对2006年1月~2015年12月重庆市急救医疗中心创伤科收治的185例肝脏损伤手术患者的处理原则、手术方式及治疗结果进行总结,其中男性149例,女性36例;年龄15~79岁,平均37岁。按美国创伤外科学会(AAST)制订的肝损伤分级标准:Ⅰ级19例,Ⅱ级31例,Ⅲ级59例,Ⅳ级48例,Ⅴ级28例(其中合并肝后静脉损伤17例)。肝损伤AIS评分平均为(3.19±1.19)分。多发伤患者ISS评分平均为(18.76±6.64)分。以肝修补、大网膜填塞修补、Pringle法阻断肝蒂后肝内止血或清创切除、肝周填塞或加选择性肝动脉结扎作为处理肝脏损伤的主要手段。结果本组存活163例,死亡22例,死亡率11.89%。其中17例合并肝后静脉损伤者存活9例。死亡患者中除死于严重合并伤外,大失血或合并凝血障碍为主要死因。结论依据肝脏损伤的分级选择手术方案,肝后静脉损伤进行确切的肝后填塞和适当的辅助措施可提高救治成功率。     

闭合性肝损伤术后出血的原因分析及防治

目的分析闭合性肝损伤术后出血的原因并探讨其防治策略。方法回顾性分析2003年9月~2016年9月南京军区福州总医院收治的63例闭合性肝损伤术后患者的临床资料,尤其是腹腔引流管的引流情况。按肝损伤的严重程度及术后引流管是否引流出脓液,分为轻度和严重肝损伤组,引流出脓液和未引流出组,均比较两组出血率的差异。根据肝损伤术后是否出血,分为出血与未出血组,比较两组术前凝血酶原时间(prothrombin time,PT)的差异。结果 63例闭合性肝损伤患者,23例(36.50%)发生不同程度的出血,其中20例为肝切除术后。依据肝脏手术国际研究小组(ISGLS)肝切除术后出血(PHH)标准:A级4例,B级7例,C级9例。术后发生出血的中位时间为24h,发生出血至二次手术或介入止血的中位时间为3h。非手术治疗成功12例,二次手术治疗11例,其中9例为肝切除术后出现的大出血,术后48h内腹腔引流管引流出大量鲜红色或暗红色血液。术后出血患者死亡3例,病死率13.04%(3/23);其中2例为二次手术死亡,二次手术病死率18.2%(2/11)。严重肝损伤组的出血率明显高于轻度肝损伤组(P=0.047);肝损伤术后出血组的术前PT延长时间明显长于肝损伤术后未出血组(P=0.000);肝损伤术后引流出脓液组的出血率明显高于肝损伤术后未引流出组(P=0.01);提示肝损伤术后出血主要与血管隐匿性出血、肝损伤的严重程度、凝血功能障碍、创面感染有关。结论出血是肝损伤术后的严重并发症,病死率高,主要为PHH。肝损伤术后出血主要与血管隐匿性出血、肝损伤的严重程度、凝血功能障碍、创面感染有关。肝损伤术后早期出血,首选非手术治疗;生命体征不稳或血红蛋白持续下降者需二次手术。术后根据不同的出血原因采取相应的治疗措施,可以最大程度地降低术后出血的病死率。     

中央肝段肝外伤16例

严重肝外伤的治疗效果并没有随近年来肝外科的进展而有明显的提高。中央肝段的肝外伤常因涉及第 1,2 ,3肝门的大血管及胆管的损伤 ,给手术治疗带来很大困难 ,往往难以用某一固定的术式加以处理。本科自 1990年 10月～1999年 10月共收治累及中央肝段的严重肝外伤 16例。现报告如下。临　床　资　料在收治的 43例肝外伤中 ,术中证实累及中央肝段 (Ｃｏｕｉｎａｕｄ分段 )者 16例。男 14例 ,女 2例。术前均有失血性休克 ,经颈内静脉置管或肘静脉套管针行液体复苏 ,并在全麻下行急症剖腹术。肝损伤按Ｍｏｏｒｅ[1] 分级 :Ⅲ级 6例 ,Ⅳ级 6例 ,Ⅴ…     

复杂肝脏损伤急救与围手术期监护处理

目的：探讨复杂肝脏损伤（CHI）临床救治的措施。方法：回顾性分析我院1988年1月－2002年3月救治的99例CHI[美国创伤外科医师学会器官损伤定级（AAST－OIS）IV，V级]病例资料，治疗手段主要包括术前、术中积极液体复苏和补充足量血液，迅速手术控制出血，Pringle手法肝门阻断下清创性肝切除术，肝切开直视下缝扎损伤的血管与胆管，明胶海绵大网膜填塞，选择性肝动脉造影与栓塞术，术后严密监测生命体征，及时纠正血流动力学不稳定，酸中毒，凝血功能异常，及时处理合并伤及胸腹部并发症。结果：CHI99例（IV级61例，V级38例），总生存率65．7％（65／99），IV级生存率83．6％（51／61），V级36．8（14／38），结论：术中迅速探明肝脏损伤程度，正确选择相应术式是成功的关键，加强围手术期监护复苏与术后并发症处理，对提高CHI生存率具有重要意义。     

腹内脏器细针穿刺行CO2静脉造影的实验研究

目的探讨细针穿刺腹部脏器组织行CO2静脉造影的可行性和安全性。方法选择健康雌猪2头和雌犬2条，麻醉后，用25G细穿刺针直视下多点穿刺脾、肝、肾、胰腺、小肠和子宫组织。手推法注射CO2行数字减影静脉造影。结果细针穿刺CO2造影可显示脾-门静脉系统、肝静脉、门静脉、肾一下腔静脉、子宫-卵巢静脉，不能显示胰腺和小肠引流静脉。其中，以脾-门静脉系统显示最佳，其影像质量评定结果为A级、B级和C级分别为87．5％(7／8)、12．5％(1／8)和0％；其他依次为肝静脉[A级、B级和C级分别为81．8％(9／11)、18．2％(2／11)和0％]、门静脉[A级、B级和C级分别为77．8％(7／9)、22．2％(2／9)和0％]、肾-下腔静脉[A级、B级和C级分别为38．5％(5／13)、61．5％(8／13)和0％]、子宫．卵巢静脉[A级、B级和C级分别为0％、33．3％(2／6)和66．7％(4／6)]。术中未发现实验动物的重要生命体征发生改变。结论细针直接穿刺部分腹部脏器组织行CO2数字减影静脉造影是安全可行的。     

209例肝脏损伤的院内救治

目的：探讨创伤性肝破裂的院内救治效果。方法：总结1989－1999年第三军医大学三所附属医院收治的肝破裂209例，其中Ⅲ级以上严重肝损伤108例（51．7％）。手术治疗186例，伤后至手术时间165min-16h，保守治疗23例。结果：手术治愈169例（90．9％），死亡17例（9．1％），有18例发生并发症，保守治愈22例（95．7％），死亡1例（4．3％）。结论：伤情严重和治疗延迟是导致肝外死亡的两大因素，外科手术仍是治疗肝破裂的主要措施，保守治疗应严格掌握适应征。     

常温下全肝血流阻断处理严重肝外伤

目的 探讨常温下全肝血流阻断切肝术治疗严重肝外伤合并肝静脉和（或）下腔静脉损伤,以期提高严重肝损伤病人的抢救成功率,减少术后并发症。方法 采用常温下全肝血流 术切除肝叶,修复肝静脉和（或）下腔静脉处理８例严重肝外伤患者。结果 ８例合并肝静脉和（或）下腔静脉损伤的严重肝外伤病人,均采用全肝血流阻断处理,除１例合并其他损伤死亡外,其余均治愈。结论 常温下全肝血流阻断在处理合并肝静脉和（或）下腔静脉损伤     

严重肝脏损伤的损害控制性手术治疗

目的探讨损害控制性手术(DCO)治疗严重肝脏损伤的经验。方法回顾分析2008年5月~2015年5月期间治疗的83例严重肝脏损伤患者的临床资料。其中男性47例,女性36例;年龄20~74岁,平均32岁。按照美国创伤外科协会(AAST)肝损伤分级标准,其中Ⅲ级31例,Ⅳ级30例,Ⅴ级22例,无Ⅵ级病例。结果 83例严重肝脏损伤患者中58例按DCO原则治疗,经复苏病情稳定后再接受相应术式的再次确定性手术,治愈56例(96.6%),再次手术后出现肝脓肿3例(5.1%)、膈下脓肿1例(1.7%)、胆漏2例(3.4%),经非手术治疗痊愈;死亡2例(3.4%),均死于肺部感染。25例患者按常规方式进行治疗,治愈20例(80.0%),术后再次手术3例(12.0%),肝脓肿3例(12.0%)、膈下脓肿2例(8.0%)、胆漏3例(12.0%),经非手术治疗痊愈;死亡5例,4例死于肺部感染,1例死于严重出血。结论严重肝脏损伤治疗选择损害控制性手术,能达到提高存活率和减少并发症的目的。     

肝损伤累及肝静脉主干或下腔静脉的救治体会

目的探讨肝损伤累及肝静脉主干或肝后段下腔静脉的救治。方法回顾分析我院2010年4月～2011年11月收治的10例手术治疗外伤性肝破裂(Ⅴ级)临床资料,其中,男性8例,女性2例;年龄19～46岁,平均32岁。致伤原因:道路交通伤6例,重物砸伤1例,马踏伤1例,刀刺伤2例。均属Ⅴ级的严重肝破裂。血管损伤:下腔静脉破裂9例,肝右静脉主干破裂4例,肝左静脉破裂1例,门静脉主干破裂1例;10例均合并有右侧或(和)双侧肋骨骨折;9例有肺挫伤;入院时均呈休克表现。10例均在积极抗休克的同时急诊行手术治疗。结果治愈8例,死亡2例。全肝血流阻断下行下腔静脉破裂+肝破裂修补术2例,肝上下腔静脉局部血流阻断(用血管阻断钳)下腔静脉修补术1例,肝右静脉破裂修补术3例,肝后下腔静脉破裂修补术5例,不规则右肝切除术6例(其中Ⅵ、Ⅶ、Ⅷ段肝切除1例)。结论在严重的外伤性肝破裂(Ⅴ级)救治过程中,需要多科积极配合,缩短术前准备时间,充分游离肝脏,合理阻断肝脏血流,正确的处理肝断面和大血管的损伤,可提高严重肝破裂的救治成功率。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.