腹腔镜下经胆囊管胆总管探查术与胆总管探查并一期缝合术治疗胆总管结石的对比研究

目的:比较腹腔镜下经胆囊管胆总管探查术(LTCBDE)与经胆总管探查(LCBDE)+胆道一期缝合术治疗胆总管结石的效果。方法:回顾性分析2013年1月—2015年12月期间应用微创手术治疗的104例胆总管结石的患者临床资料,其中50例行LTCBDE(LTCBDE组)与54例行LCBDE+胆道一期缝合术(LCBDE+一期缝合组),比较两组的相关临床指标。结果:与LCBDE+一期缝合组比较,LTCBDE组手术时间(91.7 min vs.110.9 min)、术中出血量(15.5 mL vs.17.4 mL)、术后引流量(28.4 mL vs.44.6 mL)、带管时间(7.8 d vs.9.7 d)、住院时间(8.8d vs.10.6d)均明显减少(均P0.05);LTCBDE组术后胆汁漏的发生率明显低于LCBDE+一期缝合组(2.0%vs.13.0%,P=0.036),其他并发症的发生率两组无统计学差异(均P0.05)。结论:LTCBDE治疗胆总管结石安全可靠的,且较LCBDE+胆道一期缝合术更符合微创的目的,在两种术式的适应证均满足的情况下,可优先考虑。     

腹腔镜胆总管探查术与内镜下乳头括约肌切开取石术治疗胆总管结石中远期并发症的Meta分析

目的:评价腹腔镜胆总管探查术(LCBDE)与内镜十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术(EST)治疗胆总管结石的中、远期结石残留率与复发率。方法:检索PubMed、Embase、Cochrane Library、CBM、CNKI及Google Scholar数据库中关于LCBDE与EST治疗胆总管结石疗效比较的随机对照试验(RCT)。根据纳入标准与排除标准,由两名研究员独立进行数据提取并对文献质量进行评价;采用RevMan 5.3软件对两种术式的胆总管结石残留率与复发率进行Meta分析。结果:纳入12篇RCT文献,总样本量为1 414例,其中LCBDE组708例,EST组706例。Meta分析结果显示,两组术后胆总管结石残留率差异无统计学意义(OR=0.48,95%CI:0.23～1.03,P=0.06),术后胆总管结石复发率LCBDE组低于EST组,两组差异有统计学意义(OR=0.32,95%CI:0.19～0.53,P<0.0001)。结论:两种术式的术后结石残留率相近,但LCBDE术后胆总管结石复发率低于EST。     

腹腔镜下经胆囊管胆总管探查术与胆总管切开探查术的疗效比较

目的比较腹腔镜下经胆囊管胆总管探查术与经胆总管切开胆总管探查术的疗效。方法回顾性分析2014年5月至2016年4月我院收治的70例胆囊结石并胆总管结石患者行腹腔镜手术治疗的临床资料。根据手术方式分为腹腔镜下经胆囊管胆总管探查术(LTCBDE)(n=32)和腹腔镜下经胆总管切开胆总管探查术(LTDBDE)(n=38)。结果 LTCBDE组手术成功28例,成功率达87.5%,4例因胆总管结石较大,无法通过胆囊管取出,转行LTDBDE术。LTDBDE组行胆总管切开取石后一期缝合并腹腔引流32例,T管引流并腹腔引流6例。与LTDBDE组比,LTCBDE组的术中出血、住院时间、住院费用较少(P0.05),但两组手术时间、术后胆漏、结石残留差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论腹腔镜下经胆囊管胆总管探查术治疗胆囊结石并胆总管结石能够降低术后住院时间和费用,但对腹腔镜操作技术要求较高,且要严格把握手术适应证。     

腹腔镜经胆囊管胆总管探查的临床研究

目的评价腹腔镜下经胆囊管胆总管探查术(LTCBDE)处理胆总管结石的临床效果。方法回顾性分析我院收治的60例胆总管结石患者,按照手术方法不同分为两组:对照组30例:腹腔镜下胆道探查T管引流术,观察组30例:腹腔镜下经胆囊管胆总管探查术,对比不同手术方法应用效果。结果观察组手术时间、术后引流时间、排气时间以及住院费用、近期并发症以及远期并发症少于对照组,对比有统计学意义(P0.05),两组患者治疗后的肝功能水平对比无差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论腹腔镜下经胆囊管胆总管探查术处理胆总管结石,应用微创、安全且效果显著,值得应用推广。     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜与开腹行胆总管探查术治疗胆总管结石的疗效比较

目的探讨腹腔镜下联合胆道镜行胆总管探查术对比传统开腹胆总管探查术在治疗胆总管结石中的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2013年6月至2015年6月120例胆总管结石并行胆总管探查取石术患者的临床资料,根据术式将患者分为腹腔镜胆总管探查术组(LCBDE)与开腹胆总管探查术组(OCBDE),每组各60例。手术均由同一组术者完成。采用SPSS 18.0软件进行统计学分析,术中术后各项指标等计量资料采用t检验,术后并发症计数资料采用χ2检验,P0.05被认为差异有统计学意义。结果 LCBDE组平均手术时间多于OCBDE组,但术中出血量[(44.8±11.7)ml比(69.1±17.5)ml]、术后止痛剂使用[(2.2±0.6)支比(3.5±0.7)支]、肛门排气时间[(23.6±5.3)h比(33.1±4.2)h]、平均住院时间[(6.9±1.0)d比(9.2±1.2)d]等均少于OCBDE组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);术后并发症两组差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论与传统开腹胆总管探查术相比,腹腔镜下联合胆道镜胆总管探查术治疗急性轻中度胆管炎、胆总管结石,具有手术创伤小、术后康复快、住院时间短、术后并发症少等优点,治疗效果确切,安全、可靠。有临床推广应用价值。     

腹腔镜下经胆囊管途径与胆总管切开治疗胆总管结石的对比研究

目的:探讨腹腔镜下经胆囊管途径治疗胆总管结石的可行性、安全性。方法:回顾分析2015年1月至2018年1月为135例胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者行腹腔镜手术的临床资料,其中65例行腹腔镜经胆囊管胆总管探查取石术(LTCBDE);70例行腹腔镜胆总管探查取石术(LCBDE)。对比两组患者一般情况、手术时间、术中出血量、腹腔引流时间、住院时间、住院费用、并发症发生率。结果:两组患者一般情况、术后并发症发生率差异无统计学意义(P0.05),LTCBDE组术后住院时间、术后腹腔引流时间、住院费用、手术时间优于LCBDE组(P0.05)。结论:LTCBDE可避免术后T管引流,提高生活质量,缩短住院时间,具有经济优势。     

腹腔镜胆道镜治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石两种术式的疗效比较

目的对比腹腔镜胆囊切除+经胆囊管胆道探查术(LC+LTCBDE)与腹腔镜胆囊切除术+胆总管切开探查+T管引流术(LC+LCHTD)两组微创手术方式治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的临床疗效。方法 130例胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者,其中70例行LC+LTCBDE,60例行LC+LCHTD。比较两组患者手术时间、术后住院时间、住院费用、术后恢复正常生活时间和并发症情况(胆漏、出血、胆管狭窄,胆管残余结石等)。结果 LC+LTCBDE组的手术时间、术后住院时间、住院费用、术后恢复正常生活时间均低于LC+LCHTD组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组术后并发症比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 LC+LTCBDE可作为胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的首选治疗,难以经胆囊管胆道探查时,LC+LCHTD仍为明智选择。     

腹腔镜胆总管探查后胆道支架引流与T管引流疗效比较的Meta分析

背景与目的：腹腔镜胆总管探查术（LCBDE）是治疗胆总管结石的最常用手术方式,但LCBDE术后胆总管缝合方式仍存在较大争议。胆道内支架引流（BDS）是近年来应用较多的胆总管缝合术式,与传统T管引流术式相比,具有可一期缝合和避免术后长期体外留置T管的优点。因此,本研究通过Meta分析比较LCBDE后BDS和T管引流两种术式的临床疗效,探讨BDS术式的临床应用价值。方法：检索多个国内外文献数据库收集比较LCBDE术后行BDS与T管引流疗效的临床研究。检索时间为2010年1月1日至2022年1月1日。结局指标包括手术时间、手术失血量、术后排气时间、术后去除引流管时间、住院时间、胆汁漏及总体并发症发生率。用Revman 5.4软件进行Meta分析。结果：共纳入符合标准的文献11篇,5篇为随机对照研究,6篇为回顾性队列研究,文献累计样本量为1 140例,BDS组561例和T管引流组579例。Meta分析结果显示,两组的手术时间（WMD=-4.60,95%CI=-10.01～0.81,P=0.10）、失血量（WMD=-0.66,95%CI=-2.12～0.79,P=0.37）差异无统计学意义;BD...     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜胆总管探查取石术治疗胆总管结石效果观察

目的探讨腹腔镜联合胆道镜(双镜联合)胆总管探查取石术治疗胆总管结石效果观察。方法选取2015-07—2017-11间在西华县人民医院治疗的78例胆总管结石患者。对照组38例采用开腹联合胆总管切开取石术,观察组40例采用双镜胆总管探查取石术。比较2组的疗效。结果观察组术中出血量、手术时间及术后肛门排气时间与住院时间均少于或短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。2组术后并发症总发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论采用双镜胆总管探查取石术治疗胆总管结石,可有效缩短手术时间及住院时间,安全性高,患者术后恢复快。     

腹腔镜胆道取石钳在腹腔镜胆总管探查术中的应用

目的探讨自行设计的腹腔镜胆道取石钳在腹腔镜胆总管探查(laparoscopic common bile duct exploration,LCBDE)术中的取石效果及应用价值。方法腹腔镜胆道取石钳的基本结构与腹腔镜分离钳相同。其远端弯曲接近"L"形,末端为两片扁平内凹带齿的钳状咬合口,各长约2cm,最大张开角度约70°。本组45例LCBDE术中均使用腹腔镜胆道取石钳联合取石网篮进行胆总管结石清除。结果17例LCBDE术中胆道取石钳胆总管内直接取石;19例LCBDE术中用胆道取石钳进行胆总管切口下碎石及取石;13例难取性结石,胆道取石钳顺利进行胆总管内碎石并取出结石。4例同时采用2种方法取石。3例LCBDE术后胆总管残余小结石,再次经过胆道镜取石,取净残余结石后治愈出院。结论腹腔镜胆道取石钳在LCBDE术中具有可靠的实用性及应用价值,为胆总管结石腹腔镜手术提供新的取石技术。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.