Contextual Determinants of Maternal Health Care Service Utilization in Nigeria

Despite the high maternal mortality ratio in Nigeria, the use of maternal health care services is very poor. Attempts to explain this situation has focused on individual level factors and the influence of community contextual factors have not received much attention. This study examined the relation of community factors to the use of antenatal care in Nigeria, and explored whether community factors moderated the association between individual characteristics and antenatal care visits. Data were drawn from the 2008 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey among 16,005 women aged 15–49 years who had had their last delivery in the five years preceding the survey. Results from multi-level models indicated that living in communities with a high proportion of women who delivered in a health facility was associated with four or more antenatal care visits. Residence in high-poverty communities decreased the likelihood of antenatal care attendance. Living in communities with a high proportion of educated women was not significantly related to antenatal care visits. Community factors acted as moderators of the association between educational attainment and antenatal care attendance. Improvement in antenatal care utilization may therefore be enhanced by targeting poverty reduction programs and increasing health facility delivery in disadvantaged communities.     

基层医疗保健机构孕产妇保健服务利用现状与相关因素分析

目的 探究影响孕产妇利用保健服务的相关因素,并结合地区实际,提出了相关建议和措施.方法 对在我院进行保健服务的1558名孕产妇进行调查分析,结合实际情况用SPSS 18.0统计学软件进行系统分析.结果 文化程度、家庭年收入水平、居住地距离、职业和医保等因素对孕产妇保健服务利用影响较大;同时,在1 558名受访者中,接受孕前保健指导的比率相对较低,早孕检查、5次以上产检率和住院分娩率结果相对较高,说明近几年来孕产妇对保健服务利用的意识有所提高,但产后访视比例仅为21.76％,比例较低.结论 针对当前现状,研究认为,个人、基层医疗保健机构及卫生管理部门等各方应当分别在提高认识水平、提高服务水平及加强基层系统建设等方面进行改善,以提高孕产妇保健服务的利用,提高优生优育水平.     

Health and Health Care Disparities Among Homeless Women

While disparities in health and health care between vulnerable (e.g., minorities, low-income) and majority populations are well documented, less is known about disparities within these special populations that are large and diverse. Such knowledge is essential to determine the neediest within these generally needy populations, and to plan interventions to reduce their health and health care disparities. With data from 1,331 women residing in Los Angeles County California, in one of the largest, most comprehensive studies of the health of homeless women to date, this study examined the health and health care disparities among homeless African American, Latina, and white women. This study further explored if race/ethnicity and other factors that predispose homeless women to poor health, or enable them to obtain better health care, were associated with their unmet need for medical care. The study found that white, non-Latina women were more likely to report unmet need than African Americans and Latinas, and women suffering from drug abuse, violence, or depression were most in need of care. These findings should be considered in targeting and addressing the special needs of homeless women of different racial/ethnic groups.     

Health Needs and Health Care Utilization Among Rural,Low-Income Women

ABSTRACT

This study examined the correlates of health service utilization in a sample of low-income, rural women. Self-reported data were from Rural Families Speak (N = 275), a multi-state study of low-income, rural families in the U.S. collected in 2002. Findings indicated that women with health insurance, a regular doctor, and poorer overall physical health had higher incident rates of physician visits. Women who were divorced, separated or widowed and had more chronic health problems had higher incidence rates of emergency department (ED) use, while women living in counties with higher primary care physician rates had lower incidence rates of ED use. Future research and policies should focus on improved access to health insurance, increasing physician availability in rural areas, and providing rural women with a usual source of care, so as to reduce emergency services utilization for non-emergent needs and improve health status for this population.     

Factors Associated With Health Care Access and Outcome

This study aims to (1) assess ethnic differences in health care access and health outcome between Asian Americans and Whites and between Asian American subgroups, (2) examine effects of cultural factors, and (3) investigate moderating effects of health risk behaviors between cultural characteristics and health care access and outcome. Data were derived from the 2007 California Health Interview Survey. Asian Americans (n = 4,462) and Whites (n = 4,470) were included. There were significant ethnic differences in health care access and health perception between Asian Americans and Whites and across Asian American subgroups. Health risk behaviors moderated relationships between cultural factors and health care access and outcome. Findings reveal that ethnicity affects an individual's health care access and health perception, and their health behaviors are an important factor that may improve or worsen outcomes. This study may increase our knowledge base of research and interventions to enhance ethnic minority populations' health care accessibility and perceptions.     

Maternal Mental Health: Pathways of Care for Women Experiencing Mental Health Issues During Pregnancy

Perinatal mental health has become the focus for policymakers, government, research, the acute health sector, and health practitioners. The aim of this clinical data-mining study (Epstein, 2010 Epstein, I. 2010. Clinical Data-Mining: Integrating Practice and Research, New York, NY: Oxford University Press.  [Google Scholar]) was to undertake a retrospective exploration into the primary mental health and psychosocial issues experienced by women who were pregnant and accessing obstetric care at one of the largest maternity hospitals in Australia. The study also investigated service pathways and gaps. Aboriginal women were overrepresented, demonstrating their ongoing disadvantage, whereas other linguistically and culturally diverse women were underrepresented, suggesting the existence of barriers to service. Although psychosocial factors tend to be underreported (Buist et al., 2002 Buist, A.E., Barnett, B.E., Milgrom, J., Pope, S., Condon, J.T., Ellwood, D. and Hayes, B.A. 2002. To screen or not to screen – That is the question in perinatal depression. Medical Journal of Australia, 177(Suppl S): 101–105.  [Google Scholar]), the findings highlighted the integral rather than peripheral nature of these factors during pregnancy (Vilder, 2006 Vilder, C.H. 2006. Improving treatment outcomes for depressed women: Use of self help inventory in counselling settings. Psychotherapy Australia, 12(2): 74–81.  [Google Scholar]) and suggest the need for change to systems that work to support women's perinatal mental health.     

妇女孕产期保健服务利用状况及影响因素调查

目的探讨妇女孕产期保健服务的利用状况,对其影响因素进行分析和调查。方法选取2014年3月在我市工作的流动人口育龄妇女为研究对象,其中470人有分娩经历。对这些妇女的产前检查、产后访视服务的利用状况及其影响因素进行分析。结果470例流动人口育龄妇女做过产前检查的共有356例．产前检查率为75．74％;得到产后访视的妇女有342例,产后访视率为72．77％。大专及以上文化程度的妇女产前检查次数为8．72±3．19,产后访视次数为1．12±1．25,明显高于初、高中文化程度妇女的5．86±3．23、0．65±1．12和小学以下文化程度妇女的3．70±2．69、0．29±0．68．差异均具有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。家庭月收入4ooo元以上的妇女产前检查次数为7．78±3．64．产后访视次数为0．98±1．26,明显高于家庭月收入2ooo～3999元妇女的6．22±3．14、0．71±1．23和家庭月收入2000元以下妇女的4．98±3．06、0．49±0．97,差异均具有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。结论文化程度、家庭收入、年龄和是否参加生育保险是影响妇女孕产期保健服务利用状况的重要因素．应加强针对流动人口育龄妇女的孕产期保健管理力度,开展孕产期健康教育,充分发挥计生网络的作用,努力改善流动妇女的孕产期保健状况。     

The Effects of Prenatal Care Utilization on Maternal Health and Health Behaviors

While many economic studies have explored the role of prenatal care in infant health production, the literature is sporadic on the effects of prenatal care on the mother. This research contributes to this understudied but important area using a unique large dataset of sibling newborns delivered by 0.17 million mothers. We apply within‐mother estimators to find robust evidence that poor prenatal care utilization due to late onset of care, low frequency of care visits, or combinations of the two significantly increases the risks of maternal insufficient gestational weight gain, prenatal smoking, premature rupture of membranes, precipitous labor, no breastfeeding, postnatal underweight, and postpartum smoking. The magnitude of the estimates relative to the respective sample means of the outcome variables ranges from 3% to 33%. The results highlight the importance of receiving timely and sufficient prenatal care in improving maternal health and health behaviors during pregnancy as well as after childbirth. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

上海市普陀区孕产期卫生服务利用研究

目的了解普陀区本市产妇和外来产妇孕产期卫生服务利用情况,分析孕产期卫生服务利用的影响因素。方法通过对产妇的问卷调查,了解产妇及家庭一般情况、孕产期卫生服务利用情况。数据由Epidata2.1软件建立数据库,使用SPSS11.0软件对录入资料进行统计分析。结果 1、本市、外来产妇在孕产期卫生服务利用方面差异有统计学意义。2、本市、外来产妇在产时、产后卫生服务利用方面差异有统计学意义。3、产妇年龄、丈夫户籍、丈夫文化程度、家庭经济状况是孕产期卫生服务利用的影响因素。结论 1、本市产妇孕产期卫生服务利用情况优于全国其他地区,且近几年有所提高。2、外来产妇孕产期卫生服务利用情况有所改善,但与本市产妇比较仍有明显差距。3、外来、本市产妇在产时卫生服务利用方面存在差异。4、调整卫生服务策略,提高孕产期卫生服务利用。     

山东省儿童保健服务利用及影响因素分析

目的 调查儿童保健服务利用情况,并对其影响因素进行分析.方法 采取分层随机抽样的方法进行调查,运用x2检验、多元Logistic回归等统计方法进行影响因素分析.结果 儿童健康体检和“五苗”接种率利用率较高,新生儿疾病筛查、新生儿访视和儿童保健指导利用率较低;居住地、家庭收入、母亲文化程度和儿童出生方式等是影响儿童保健服务利用的重要因素.结论 提高对儿童保健服务的关注程度,通过健康教育等措施不断提升儿童保健服务利用率.     

流动人口孕产妇保健服务利用现状调查

目的了解流动人口孕产妇女保健服务利用现状,提出促进流动人口孕产妇女保健服务利用的建议。方法在北京和杭州两市流动人口聚集区,对1 446例流动孕产妇女进行问卷调查。结果43.3%的流动孕产妇女建立了孕产妇保健档案,5次及以上产前检查率为59.5%,住院分娩率为86.9%,产后访视率为11.6%。结论流动人口对孕产期保健服务利用率低,需要通过加强流动人口孕产妇管理、健康教育、打击非法接生,来促进流动人口接受孕产期保健服务。     

Factors Associated With Provision of Long-Acting Reversible Contraception Among Adolescent Health Care Providers

PurposeTo identify provider and practice characteristics associated with long-acting reversible contraception (LARC, either progesterone contraceptive implants or intrauterine devices [IUDs]) provision among adolescent health care providers.MethodsWe used data from a previously conducted survey of US providers on reproductive health to predict provision of any form of LARC as well as progesterone contraceptive implants or IUDs specifically using Chi-square and multivariate logistic regressions.ResultsOne third of providers reported any LARC provision. In logistic regressions, residency training in obstetrics/gynecology or family medicine (rather than internal medicine/pediatrics) was the strongest predictor of LARC provision, particularly for IUDs.ConclusionsA minority of providers reported offering IUDs or contraceptive implants, most of whom had received procedural women’s health training. Increasing the number of providers offering this type of contraception may help to prevent adolescent pregnancies and may be most easily accomplished via training in contraceptive implant provision.     

Maternal Near Miss: An Indicator for Maternal Health and Maternal Care

Maternal mortality is one of the important indicators used for the measurement of maternal health. Although maternal mortality ratio remains high, maternal deaths in absolute numbers are rare in a community. To overcome this challenge, maternal near miss has been suggested as a compliment to maternal death. It is defined as pregnant or recently delivered woman who survived a complication during pregnancy, childbirth or 42 days after termination of pregnancy. So far various nomenclature and criteria have been used to identify maternal near-miss cases and there is lack of uniform criteria for identification of near miss. The World Health Organization recently published criteria based on markers of management and organ dysfunction, which would enable systematic data collection on near miss and development of summary estimates. The prevalence of near miss is higher in developing countries and causes are similar to those of maternal mortality namely hemorrhage, hypertensive disorders, sepsis and obstructed labor. Reviewing near miss cases provide significant information about the three delays in health seeking so that appropriate action is taken. It is useful in identifying health system failures and assessment of quality of maternal health-care. Certain maternal near miss indicators have been suggested to evaluate the quality of care. The near miss approach will be an important tool in evaluation and assessment of the newer strategies for improving maternal health.     

Availability, Utilisation and Quality of Basic and Comprehensive Emergency Obstetric Care Services in Malawi

Objective To establish a baseline for the availability, utilisation and quality of maternal and neonatal health care services for monitoring and evaluation of a maternal and neonatal morbidity/mortality reduction programme in three districts in the Central Region of Malawi. Methods Survey of all the 73 health facilities (13 hospitals and 60 health centres) that provide maternity services in the three districts (population, 2,812,183). Results There were 1.6 comprehensive emergency obstetric care (CEmOC) facilities per 500,000 population and 0.8 basic emergency obstetric care (BEmOC) facilities per 125,000 population. About 23% of deliveries were conducted in emergency obstetric care (EmOC) facilities and the met need for emergency obstetric complications was 20.7%. The case fatality rate for emergency obstetric complications treated in health facilities was 2.0%. Up to 86.7% of pregnant women attended antenatal clinic at least once and only 12.0% of them attend postnatal clinic at least once. There is a shortage of qualified staff and unequal distribution with more staff in hospitals leaving health centres severely understaffed. Conclusions The total number of CEmOC facilities is adequate but the distribution is unequal, leaving some rural areas with poor access to CEmOC services. There are no functional BEmOC facilities in the three districts. In order to reduce maternal mortality in Malawi and countries with similar socio-economic profile, there is a need to upgrade some health facilities to at least BEmOC level by training staff and providing equipment and supplies.     

国际孕产妇系统保健管理的经验与启示

“母亲安全、儿童优先“以及维护妇女儿童应有的合法权益,已经成为国际社会不断关注的重要议题,并已形成全球发展趋势。本文描述了国际孕产妇系统保健管理的发展趋势,总结了国际社会孕产妇系统保健管理的经验与教训,同时结合湖南省孕产妇系统保健管理的实际情况,就提高与改善湖南孕产妇系统保健管理的质量提出了相关的具体措施。     

Violence Against Women and Reproductive Health: Toward Defining a Role for Reproductive Health Care Services

Since a large proportion of U.S. women receive reproductive health care services each year, reproductive health care settings offer an important opportunity to reach women who may be at risk of or experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV). Although screening women for IPV in clinical health care settings has been endorsed by national professional associations and organizations, scientific evidence suggests that opportunities for screening in reproductive health care settings are often missed. This commentary outlines what is known about screening and intervention for IPV in clinical health care settings, and points out areas that need greater attention. The ultimate goal of these recommendations is to increase the involvement of reproductive health care services in sensitive, appropriate, and effective care for women who may be at risk of or affected by IPV.     

Promotion of Maternal and Child Health: A Path Model of Care for Substance Using Pregnant Women

Maternal use of licit and illicit substances during pregnancy has been shown to have serious effects on the fetus, the pregnancy outcome, and the physical, emotional, and social growth of children after birth. Such children require specialized and intensive care during their growing years. Substance using women themselves face a series of related consequences in physical and mental health, and in social functioning, which in turn limit their parenting abilities, often resulting in neglect and abuse of children. Many substance using pregnant women coming to public attention are economically disadvantaged and Medicaid recipients, requiring costly intensive care during pregnancy and subsequently in the development of children. Four fields of human services, namely, Public Health, Substance Abuse Treatment, Child Welfare, and Criminal Justice, have responded to these problems in recent years. This paper examines the existing treatment models in these fields, and proposes a comprehensive, coordinated, and managed care model for improving the current service delivery.     

世界银行—云南省妇幼卫生扶贫资金服务的利用

分析,比较了世界银行－云南省妇幼夫贫资金项目实施前后1年间,3个经济水平组常规孕产妇保健服务的利用情况,结果显示：妇幼卫生扶贫资金促进了特困,次贫困家庭（南润）的孕产妇对常规孕产妇保健服务的利用,提高了其对服务的利用率。     

1993-2003年中国妇女孕产期保健服务利用状况研究

目的描述1993--2003年我国妇女产前、产时和产后保健利用状况及探索可能的原因。方法利用1993、1998和2003年3次国家卫生服务调查资料进行分析。结果在1993--2003年间，城乡孕早期检查率和住院分娩率分别从9．9％和37．6％上升到58．1％和73.3％；城乡产前检查次数符合率分别从47.3％和11．4％上升到57．6％和36．6％：产后访视率农村从36．7％上升到42．2％，而城市的则从44．0％下降到39．7％；未住院分娩的前三位原因分别是认为没必要、经济困难和急产；农村在家分娩妇女由专业人员接生的比例从67．5％下降到51．4％。结论 过去的10年我国孕产期保健服务利用有较大提高．但产前、产时和产后3个阶段保健利用发展不平衡，尤其是产后保健利用水平提高缓慢以及农村在家分娩妇女由专业人员接生比例下降的现象应引起关注。