35例腔镜甲状腺手术喉返神经显露的技巧与体会

目的 探讨腔镜下甲状腺切除术中喉返神经显露的技巧及预防其损伤的方法.方法 2012年4～12月我院行胸乳晕入路腔镜下甲状腺切除术35例,术中充分利用气管食管沟、甲状腺下动脉及甲状软骨下角等解剖标志常规显露喉返神经.结果 35例腔镜甲状腺手术均顺利完成,无中转开放手术,术中共显露喉返神经40条.行单侧腺叶大部切除10例,单侧腺叶切除20例,双侧腺叶大部切除5例.手术时间（45.4±10.1）min,出血量（25.1±5.1）ml;术后无声音嘶哑、呼吸困难等并发症发生.30例术后随访1～9个月,（4.5±0.9）月,1例出现甲状腺功能减退,无肿瘤复发.结论 术中要充分利用气管食管沟、甲状腺下动脉及甲状软骨下角等解剖标志寻找喉返神经.扎实的开放甲状腺手术解剖喉返神经的基础和娴熟的腔镜甲状腺手术技能是显露喉返神经的关键.     

腔镜甲状腺手术中喉返神经显露与保护策略和经验

【摘要】 目的 探讨腔镜甲状腺手术中喉返神经暴露技巧与保护策略。方法 回顾性分析广州市白云区中医医院于2011年6月至2015年5月间施行的93例腔镜甲状腺手术病例资料,根据不同诊断分别进行甲状腺大部分切除术、甲状腺次全切除术、甲状腺腺叶切除术加峡部切除术或颈部淋巴结清扫术,术中采用气管食管沟、甲状腺下动脉及甲状软骨下角三个径路暴露喉返神经,总结显露成功率及观察手术并发症。结果〓本组全部病例均成功显露喉返神经,共计117例次,其中左侧喉返神经32例次,右侧喉返神经37例次,双侧喉返神经合计48例次,其中经气管食管沟径路显露喉返神经57例,占48.71%;经甲状腺下动脉径路显露48例,占41.03%;其余12例经甲状软骨下角径路显露,占10.26%。术后并发喉返神经暂时性麻痹3例,无喉返神经永久性损伤病例。结论〓腔镜甲状腺手术中显露喉返神经需掌握正确的解剖入路和技巧,遵循主动显露、严格保护的原则。     

经胸乳晕入路腔镜下甲状腺手术58例

目的:探讨经乳晕入路腔镜甲状腺切除术的临床应用价值和显露保护喉返神经的方法。方法:回顾性分析58例经胸乳晕入路腔镜下甲状腺切除术的临床资料。结果:58例均顺利完成手术,其中喉返神经解剖显露38例,解剖双侧喉返神经1例,左侧16例,右侧21例。手术时间60～265min,喉返神经解剖显露的时间5～10min。术中出血量5～30mL,术后引流量为40～150mL。术后颈部活动良好,无皮下淤斑、皮下积液,无出血、窒息,未见有声音嘶哑、咳嗽、手足抽搐、皮下气肿等并发症。结论:经乳晕入路腔镜甲状腺手术安全可行,是一种具有良好的微创、美观效果的手术方法;熟练掌握甲状腺游离切除的顺序和血管神经脉络化游离技巧是清楚显露并有效预防术中喉返神经损伤的关键。     

免注气经胸前壁入路腔镜甲状腺切除术82例报告

目的 探讨免注气经胸前腔镜甲状腺切除术的可行性、安全性和优越性.方法 免用CO2气体经胸前途径,在腔镜下行单侧或双侧甲状腺局部或次全切除术.结果 全部82例均完整切除包括肿块的部分甲状腺或单侧全甲状腺,无中转开放手术,平均手术时间为(1.80±0.41)h,平均术后住院时间为2 d.所有病例均未发生喉上、喉返神经损伤及大出血等手术并发症.结论 免注气经胸前腔镜甲状腺切除术安全可行,避免了因进入CO2气体造成的相关并发症.     

经乳晕入路行腔镜甲状腺切除术的应用价值

目的:探讨行腔镜乳晕入路手术治疗甲状腺疾病的价值。方法:2008年11月至2009年12月为15例患者行经双侧乳晕三孔法腔镜甲状腺手术,通过分离胸前皮下和颈阔肌深面,注入CO2(压力6～8mmHg),建立操作空间。用超声刀切割、分离甲状腺组织和血管;术中保护喉返神经、喉上神经及甲状旁腺。结果:15例手术均获成功,其中甲状腺囊肿切除术1例,甲状腺腺瘤切除术5例,单侧甲状腺部分切除术3例,双侧甲状腺部分切除术3例,甲状腺次全切除术3例。手术时间(110.0±31.3)min,术中出血(70±20.5)ml,术后1例颈部皮肤灼伤,1例胸部少量皮下积液,无中转开放手术。结论:经乳晕径路行腔镜甲状腺手术具有极佳的美容效果,值得临床推广应用。     

胸壁入路腔镜甲状腺手术中喉返神经的显露与保护

目的探讨胸壁入路腔镜甲状腺手术中喉返神经显露的技巧,预防喉返神经医源性损伤。方法回顾性收集2013年8月至2014年12月期间于兰州军区兰州总医院行胸壁入路腔镜甲状腺手术的45例患者的临床资料。手术时利用甲状腺下动脉、气管食管沟及甲状软骨下角显露喉返神经。结果 45例患者中,行单侧腺叶大部切除18例,行单侧腺叶切除22例,行双侧腺叶大部切除5例;手术时间108~125 min、(120±7)min,术中出血量18~25 m L、(23±4)m L。术后均无不适,无并发症发生。术后所有患者均获访,随访时间6~12个月,平均9个月。随访期间出现甲状腺功能减退2例,其余均正常,且2例甲状腺乳头状癌患者均未复发。结论术中显露喉返神经有利于避免喉返神经损伤。     

喉返神经隧道解剖法结合神经监测在腔镜甲状腺手术中的应用

目的:探讨喉返神经隧道解剖法结合神经监测在腔镜甲状腺手术中的应用价值。方法:回顾分析2014年11月至2018年12月施行的141例腔镜甲状腺手术,术中均采用喉返神经隧道解剖法结合神经监测技术。其中甲状腺良性结节93例,甲状腺恶性肿瘤48例;行单侧腺叶切除术52例,单侧甲状腺癌根治术44例,双侧甲状腺癌根治术4例,41例部分切除术。结果:140例手术顺利完成,1例因喉返神经横断伤转开放手术行神经对端吻合;术后9例(9/141,6.38%)暂时性神经麻痹,无永久性声音嘶哑患者。结论:腔镜甲状腺手术中采用喉返神经隧道解剖法结合神经监测技术可快速定位喉返神经,降低手术难度,提高手术安全性,利于腔镜甲状腺手术更好地在基层医院推广普及。     

腔镜辅助锁骨下途径甲状腺手术中喉返神经的显露及保护

目的：探讨腔镜甲状腺切除术中喉返神经的暴露和保护的可行性。方法2006年10月～2013年11月对46例甲状腺肿瘤采用免注气锁骨下途径腔镜手术,经锁骨下区向上沿颈阔肌深面分离至颈部,部分横断颈前肌群,暴露甲状腺后方喉返神经,完整切除肿瘤。结果46例腔镜下完成手术,手术时间（53．5±8．7）min,出血量（20．5±10．5）ml。46例暴露颈段喉返神经,未见变异的喉不返神经。术后2例出现声音嘶哑,营养神经治疗2周后痊愈。2例术中冰冻病理检查甲状腺乳头状癌合并颈部淋巴结转移,中转行淋巴结清扫;分别随访21、44个月,无肿瘤复发。44例行甲状腺次全切除术,术后病理：32例甲状腺腺瘤,12例结节性甲状腺肿,随访时间1～84个月,平均45．6月,术后每6个月复查彩超及甲状腺功能,均无肿瘤复发及甲状腺功能低下。结论腔镜下甲状腺肿瘤切除术暴露颈段喉返神经可行、安全。     

免充气腋径路腔镜与传统开放甲状腺手术的疗效对比分析

目的：比较免充气腋径路腔镜与传统开放甲状腺手术的临床效果。方法：回顾性分析2015年8月至2020年7月瑞金医院卢湾分院普外科行单侧甲状腺全切除术的病人资料,按照手术方式分为两组,96例免充气腋径路腔镜单侧甲状腺手术(腔镜组)和232例传统开放单侧甲状腺手术(开放组)。比较两组手术相关指标、术后恢复相关指标及术后并发症发生率。结果：腔镜组手术时间显著长于开放组[(168±23) min比(95±18) min,P=0.022],术中喉返神经识别率两组差异无统计学意义(100.0%比99.1%,P=0.138),上、下甲状旁腺识别率腔镜组显著高于开放组(98.0%比97.0%;95.8%比99.1%,P=0.003、0.028)。术后首日引流量腔镜组显著高于开放组[(42±22) mL比(25±10) mL,P=0.006],术后住院天数长于开放组[(2.8±0.6) d比(1.8±1.2) d,P=0.016],住院费用两组差异无统计学意义[(13 186±1 015)元比(12 632±1 456)元,P=0.365],总体并发症发生率两组差异无统计学意义(10.4%比9.1%,P=...     

乳晕入路腔镜甲状腺切除术与开放手术的临床对比分析

目的：探讨腔镜技术用于甲状腺手术获得美容效果的临床应用价值及其安全性和可行性。方法：选择2008年1月-2011年08月行甲状腺良性肿物手术的患者80例,其中腔镜甲状腺手术40例（腔镜组）,单侧23例,双侧17例;传统开放甲状腺手术40例（开放组）,其中单侧22例,双侧侣例,2组行单侧大部分切除术或者双侧甲状腺大部分切除术,麻醉方法均采用气管插管全身麻醉。分别比较2种术式单侧和双侧的手术时间、术中失血量、术后住院时间、术后引流量、引流天数、住院费用、术后美容效果、术后并发症。结果：全部病例手术成功,2组均无术后大出血、喉返和喉上神经损伤、甲状旁腺损伤等严重并发症。腔镜组手术时间较长,2组单侧及双侧分别比较差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;腔镜组术中出血量、住院时间、术后引流量、术后引流时间、术后并发症较开放组少,2组单侧及双侧分别比较差异均有统计学意义（P〉O．05）。虽然住院费用腔镜组高于开放组（P〈O,05）,但腔镜组取得较好美容效果。结论：乳晕入路腔镜甲状腺切除术与开放手术均是安全、有效的手术方法,腔镜手术有更加令人满意的美容效果,有着传统开放甲状腺手术不可比拟的优点,对适应证明确者,应该是值得推崇的手术方式。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.