Urinary Vasopressin in Male Infertility

In 10 healthy but infertile men, semen analysis and urinary vasopressin levels were evaluated and correlated. A significant correlation was observed between sperm count and urinary vasopressin (r-0.86). Similar correlation was seen between sperm motility and urinary vasopressin (r-0.83). It thus appears that higher levels of vasopressin are associated with aspermia and oligozoospermia.     

Docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid prevent essential fatty acid deficiency and hepatic steatosis

Objectives: Essential fatty acids are important for growth, development, and physiologic function. α‐Linolenic acid and linoleic acid are the precursors of docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acid, respectively, and have traditionally been considered the essential fatty acids. However, the authors hypothesized that docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid can function as the essential fatty acids. Methods: Using a murine model of essential fatty acid deficiency and consequent hepatic steatosis, the authors provided mice with varying amounts of docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acids to determine whether exclusive supplementation of docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acids could prevent essential fatty acid deficiency and inhibit or attenuate hepatic steatosis. Results: Mice supplemented with docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acids at 2.1% or 4.2% of their calories for 19 days had normal liver histology and no biochemical evidence of essential fatty acid deficiency, which persisted when observed after 9 weeks. Conclusion: Supplementation of sufficient amounts of docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acids alone without α‐linolenic and linoleic acids meets essential fatty acid requirements and prevents hepatic steatosis in a murine model.     

Fat content and fatty acid compositions of 34 marine water fish species from the Mediterranean Sea

Fish is the best source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), specifically n-3 fatty acids, especially eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. The objective of the present study was to determine the fat content and fatty acid compositions of 34 marine water fish species from the Mediterranean Sea. The fatty acid compositions of fish consisted of 30.10–46.88% saturated fatty acids, 11.83–38.17% monounsaturated fatty acids and 20.49–49.31% PUFA. In most species, the following fatty acids were identified: mystiric acid (C14:0, 0.72–8.09%), pentadecanoic acid (15:0, 0.05–2.35%), palmitic acid (C16:0, 15.97–31.04%), palmitoleic acid (C16:1, 1.48–19.61%), heptadecanoic acid (C17:0, 0.31–1.84%), cis-10-heptadecenoic acid (C17:1, 0.17–2.01%), stearic acid (C18:0, 2.79–11.20%), oleic acid (C18:1n9, 2.44–28.97%), linoleic acid (C18:2n-6, 0.06–3.48%), arachidonic acid (C20:4n-6, 0.12–10.72%), cis-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n-3, 1.94–10%) and cis-4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-3, 3.31–31.03%). The proportions of n-3 PUFA ranged from 12.66% for annular seabream to 36.54% for European hake, whereas the proportions of PUFA n-6 were between 1.24% for oceanic puffer and 12.76% for flathead mullet. The results of this study show that these fish species were rich in n-3 PUFA, especially, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid.     

Dietary supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) improves seminal antioxidant status and decreases sperm DNA fragmentation

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) dietary supplementation on semen quality, fatty acid composition, antioxidant capacity, and DNA fragmentation. In this randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study, 74 subjects were recruited and randomly assigned to either the placebo group (n=32) or to the DHA group (n=42) to consume three 500-mg capsules of oil per day over 10 weeks. The placebo group received 1,500 mg/day of sunflower oil and the DHA group 1,500 mg/day of DHA-enriched oil. Seminal parameters (semen volume, sperm concentration, motility, morphology, and vitality), total antioxidant capacity, deoxyribonucleic acid fragmentation, and lipid composition were evaluated prior to the treatment and after 10 weeks. Finally, 57 subjects were included in the study with 25 in the placebo group and 32 in the DHA group. No differences were found in traditional sperm parameters or lipid composition of the sperm membrane after treatment. However, an increase in DHA and Omega-3 fatty acid content in seminal plasma, an improvement in antioxidant status, and a reduction in the percentage of spermatozoa with deoxyribonucleic acid damage were observed in the DHA group after 10 weeks of treatment.     

Genetically modified plants are an alternative to oily fish for providing n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the human diet: A summary of the findings of a Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council funded project

The n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) present primarily in oily fish, namely eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are important components of cell membranes and that are needed for normal development and cell function. Humans have very limited capacity for EPA and DHA synthesis from α‐linolenic acid and so they must be obtained pre‐formed from the diet. However, perceived unpalatability of oily fish and fish oil concerns about contamination with environmental pollutants, dietary choices that exclude fish and animal products, and price limit the effectiveness of recommendations for EPA and DHA intakes. Moreover, marine sources of EPA and DHA are diminishing in the face of increasing demands. Therefore, an alternative source of EPA and DHA is needed that is broadly acceptable, can be upscaled and is sustainable. This review discusses these challenges and, using findings from recent nutritional trials, explains how they may be overcome by seed oils from transgenic plants engineered to produce EPA and DHA. Trials in healthy men and women assessed the acute uptake and appearance in blood over 8 hours of EPA and DHA from transgenic Camelina sativa compared to fish oil, and the incorporation of these PUFA into blood lipids after dietary supplementation. The findings showed that postprandial EPA and DHA incorporation into blood lipids and accumulation in plasma lipids after dietary supplementation was as good as that achieved with fish oil. The oil derived from this transgenic plant was well tolerated. This review also discusses the implications for human nutrition, marine ecology and agriculture.     

IgA ANTIBODIES TO CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS AND SEMINAL PARAMETERS IN ASYMPTOMATIC INFERTILE MALES

Prevalence of IgA antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis in semen samples from infertile men was estimated and its clinical meaning is discussed. The ejaculate of 102 infertile men without any symptom of genital infection was studied, and seminal alterations were classified according to WHO criteria. Antichlamydial IgA antibodies were detected using a solid-phase, enzyme-linked immunoassay (ImmunoComb II Chlamydia trachomatis monovalent IgA) and related to sperm count, motility and membrane integrity, seminal leucocyte count, and past history of sexually transmitted disease (STD). Prevalence of IgA antibodies to C. trachomatis was 23%. There was no relationship between IgA antibodies and the sperm variables or leucocyte count in semen. However, a strong association between antichlamydial IgA antibodies and the antecedent of STD was found (p <. 005; OR = 6). IgA antibodies to C. trachomatis did not cause alterations in sperm function and they were not associated with inflammatory response. However, these antibodies in semen of asymptomatic infertile men would indicate a risk of C. trachomatis infection for the couples of those patients.     

The quality properties and saturated and unsaturated fatty acid profiles of quail egg: the alterations of fatty acids with process effects

The nutritional composition (moisture, ash, crude protein, available carbohydrates, total lipids), energy value, some quality characteristics (yolk weight, albumen weight and shell weight), cholesterol level and fatty acid profiles of quail egg were determined (p<0.01). The protein content of quail egg was higher than laying hen's egg. The fatty acid composition of quail egg yolk consisted of 24 fatty acids including saturated fatty acids (C14:0, C16:0, C17:0, C18:0, C20:0, C22:0, C24:0), monounsaturated fatty acids (C15:1, C16:1, C17:1, C18:1n9, C18:1n7, C22:1n9, C24:1) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (C18:2n6t, C18:2n6c, C18:3n6, C18:3n3, C20:2, C20:3n6, C20:3n3, C20:4n6, C22:2, C20:5n3, C22:6n3). The total cholesterol level of quail egg was found to be 73.45±1.07 mg/100 g. Linoleic acid (C18:2n6c) (10.28%), arachidonic acid (C20:4n6) (1.92%) and cis-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n3) (0.63%) were the major polyunsaturated fatty acids in the fatty acid content of quail egg yolk, whereas oleic acid (C18:1n9c) was the major monounsaturated fatty acid comprising 26.71% in the yolk. The palmitic acid (C16:0) and stearic acid (C18:0) levels were 16.62% and 6.89%, respectively. Total omega-3 was detected as 1.16% in raw egg whereas it was 0.82% in soft-boiled (rafadan) egg. The polyunsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid proportion was 0.58 and 0.64 for raw and processed yolk, respectively.     

Systematic review of fatty acid composition of plasma phospholipids of venous cord blood in full-term infants

Summary The purpose of this review was to systematically evaluate the variability of the fatty acid composition of venous cord blood phospholipids in different populations. In an attempt to review published evidence systematically, we found 19 data sets describing fatty acid composition of venous cord blood phospholipids in 11 European and 2 American countries. The amount of saturated-, monounsaturated- and parent essential polyunsaturated fatty acids exhibited relatively moderate variability among the data sets reviewed. Values of arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid showed two-fold variability among the data sets. The highest values of docosahexaenoic acid were observed in countries with apparently higher consumption of dietary fat from sea fish. Considering the differences in blood sampling, laboratory methods and data presentation, we conclude that fatty acid composition of venous cord blood phospholipids in healthy, full-term infants shows relatively modest variability; hence, it is suitable for the estimation of in utero fatty acid supply. Received: 16 April 2002, Accepted: 16 April 2002     

How does polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis regulate T‐lymphocyte function?

Impaired regulation of immune function characterised by chronic inflammation together with a declining protective immune response is a major challenge to healthy ageing. It is therefore important to understand the mechanisms that regulate immune function and the impact of ageing upon such processes. Appropriate induction and resolution of the immune response require adequate availability of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) for incorporation into cell membranes. However, humans are unable to synthesise PUFAs de novo and are dependent upon dietary intake for pre‐formed PUFAs or synthesis by the liver from the essential fatty acids, linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n‐6) and alpha‐linolenic acid (aLNA, 18:3n‐3). We have shown that activation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells increases PUFA biosynthesis from essential fatty acids via a mechanism that involves altered epigenetic regulation of a key gene in the pathway. Moreover, induction of PUFA synthesis is directly involved in the regulation of lymphocyte activation and proliferation. The aim of the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council responsive mode award described in this paper, ‘How does polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis regulate T‐lymphocyte function?’, is to determine how PUFA biosynthesis regulates T‐cell function and the effect of ageing on this process. The project will identify points of regulation in the biosynthetic pathway and how these might influence the capacity for up‐regulation of PUFA synthesis in older individuals. We will use stable isotope tracers of LA and aLNA to determine whether newly synthesised PUFAs are preferential substrates for synthesis of lipid mediators and whether they are involved in formation of membrane microdomains that mediate cell signalling.     

Association of fatty acids in serum phospholipids with lung function and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in adults

Background The dietary intake of certain fatty acids might have an impact on inflammatory processes in the lung and therefore contribute to the development of lung diseases like asthma or COPD. Methods In this study data from a population based cross-sectional study on respirator y health including measurement of fatty acids in serum phospholipids of 593 adults between 20 and 64 years of age were analyzed. Results Statistically significant positive associations were found between percentage predicted FEV₁ (P = 0.0085) and FVC (P = 0.0267) and docosahexaenoic acid concentration in serum phospholipids in men. Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid content in serum phospholipids was significantly negatively associated with percentage predicted FEV₁ (P = 0.0003) and FVC (P = 0.0045) and transformed dose-response slopes (P = 0.0488) in men. Palmitoleic acid was negatively associated with percentage predicted FEV₁ (P = 0.0037) and FVC (P = 0.0029) in men. Other fatty acids in serum phospholipids did not consistently affect lung function parameters or bronchial hyperreactivity. Conclusion A high concentration of docosahexaenoic acid in serum phospholipids may have a protective effect on lung function. Because this long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid is almost exclusively derived from marine oils, fish might have a beneficial effect on lung diseases. Authors contribution: Iris Kompauer did the data analysis and wrote the paper. Hans Demmelmair did laboratory work. Berthold Koletzko did interpretation and discussion. Gabriele Bolte did acquisition of funding, interpretation and discussion. Jakob Linseisen did interpretation and discussion. Joachim Heinrich did design, interpretation and discussion.     

Horse meat consumption affects iron status,lipid profile and fatty acid composition of red blood cells in healthy volunteers

This study investigated the effect of moderate consumption of horse meat on iron status, lipid profile and fatty acid composition of red blood cells in healthy male volunteers. Fifty-two subjects were randomly assigned to two groups of 26 subjects each: a test group consuming two portions of 175 g/week of horse meat, and a control group that abstained from eating horse meat during the 90 days trial. Before and after 90 days, blood samples were collected for analysis. Horse meat consumption significantly (p ≤ 0.05) reduced serum levels of total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( ? 6.2% and ? 9.1%, respectively) and transferrin ( ? 4.6%). Total n ? 3, long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids n ? 3 and docosahexeanoic acid content in erythrocytes increased (p ≤ 0.05) by about 7.8%, 8% and 11%, respectively. In conclusion, the regular consumption of horse meat may contribute to the dietary intake of n ? 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and may improve lipid profile and iron status in healthy subjects.     

Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid intake during late pregnancy affects fatty acid composition of mature breast milk

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate how maternal polyunsaturated fatty acid intake at different periods during pregnancy affects the composition of polyunsaturated fatty acids in mature human milk.MethodsA prospective study was conducted involving 45 pregnant women, aged between 18 and 35 y, who had full-term pregnancies and practiced exclusive or predominant breast-feeding. Mature breast milk samples were collected after the 5th postpartum week by manual expression; fatty acid composition was determined by gas chromatography. Fatty acid intake during pregnancy and puerperium was estimated through multiple 24-h dietary recalls. Linear regression models, adjusted by postpartum body mass index and deattenuated, were used to determine associations between estimated fatty acids in maternal diet during each trimester of pregnancy and fatty acid content in mature human milk.ResultsA positive association was identified between maternal intake of eicosapentaenoic acid (β, 1.873; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.545, 3.203) and docosahexaenoic acid (β, 0.464; 95% CI, 0.212–0.714) during the third trimester of pregnancy, as well as the maternal dietary ω-3 to ω-6 ratio (β, 0.093; 95% CI, 0.016–0.170) during the second and third trimesters and postpartum period, with these fatty acids content in mature breast milk.ConclusionsThe maternal dietary docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid content during late pregnancy may affect the fatty acid composition of mature breast milk. Additionally, the maternal dietary intake of ω-3 to ω-6 fatty acid ratio, during late pregnancy and the postpartum period, can affect the polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of breast milk.     

Associations of n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and tocopherols with proxies of membrane stability and subcutaneous fat sites in male elite swimmers

We hypothesize that membrane stability of elite swimmers adapted to chronic intense training is dependent on polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and tocopherols in blood pools and that the composition of PUFA in plasma nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs) might be associated with specific subcutaneous fat sites. Our aims were to investigate in male elite swimmers the associations of n-6 and n-3 PUFA and α- and γ-tocopherols with proxies of membrane stability (phase angle and erythrocyte osmotic fragility) and of PUFA in plasma NEFA with specific skinfolds. Brazilian male elite swimmers (n = 20) under regular training for an average of 4.1 h/d and 6.1 d/wk took part in the study. Blood samples were obtained once after 18-hour rest and an overnight fast. Fatty acids were determined in plasma NEFA and erythrocytes by gas chromatolography and tocopherols were determined in plasma and erythrocytes by high-performance liquid chromatography. The status of PUFA was assessed as mean melting point, PUFA index [(Σn-6 + Σn-3) / (Σn-7 + Σn-9)] and docosahexaenoic acid indices (22:5n-6/22:4n-6 and 22:6n-3/22:5n-6 ratios) calculated from erythrocyte fatty acids. Phase angle was associated with an index of docosahexaenoic acid inadequacy (22:5n-6/22:4n-6; r = −0.53, P = .019) and with 22:5n-3 in erythrocytes (r = 0.51, P = .024), and erythrocyte osmotic fragility was associated with plasma α-tocopherol (r = −0.51, P = .05), which is a biomarker of vitamin E status. Plasma NEFAs 18:3n-3 and 20:4n-6 were positively associated with skinfolds of the trunk and arms (r = 0.49-0.59, P = .011-.043). The data presented indicate that n-3 PUFA and vitamin E states possibly improve membrane stability in elite swimmers and that the extent of specific anatomic sites of subcutaneous adipose tissue in the upper body might contribute to the composition of NEFA in the resting state.     

The effects of season and sex on fat,fatty acids and protein contents of Sepia officinalis in the northeastern Mediterranean Sea

The effects of season and sex on the fatty acids (FAs) and proximate compositions of the mantle of the mature common cuttlefish were evaluated. The results of the proximate composition showed that the lowest lipid content was obtained from females in winter (0.74%), whereas the highest level of lipid was found in males in autumn (0.94%; p < 0.05). The protein levels of the mantle of the mature male of common cuttlefish were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those found in female specimens. The FA compositions of each sex for all seasons ranged from 29.4% to 32.5% saturated FAs, 8.7–11.1% monounsaturated FAs and 48.2–54.6% polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). The proportions of n-3 PUFAs (44.0–50.6%) were higher than n-6 PUFAs (3.4–4.3%) regardless of sex and seasons. The levels of eicosapentaenoic acid in the mature common cuttlefish mantle in spring, autumn and winter were 15.9–17.8%, 16.3–17.2% and 15.7–16.8% while those of docosahexaenoic acid were 32.5–33.0%, 27.5–29.0% and 28.7–31.1%, respectively.     

The effect of fish oil supplementation on brain DHA and EPA content and fatty acid profile in mice

Supplementation with omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids may improve cognitive performance and protect against cognitive decline. However, changes in brain phospholipid fatty acid composition after supplementation with n-3 fatty acids are poorly described. The purpose of this study was to feed increasing n-3 fatty acids and characterise the changes in brain phospholipid fatty acid composition and correlate the changes with red blood cells (RBCs) and plasma in mice. Increasing dietary docosahexaenoic (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) did not alter brain DHA. Brain EPA increased and total n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids decreased across treatment groups, and correlated with fatty acid changes in the RBC (r?>?0.7). Brain cis-monounsaturated fatty acids oleic and nervonic acid (p?p?相似文献   

Long chain polyunsaturate supplementation does not induce excess lipid peroxidation of piglet tissues

Summary. Background: Addition of highly polyunsaturated fatty acids to infant formulas raises the possibility of increased lipid peroxidation. Aim of the study: We determined the effects of increasing levels of dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) on lipid peroxidation and peroxidative potential in piglet tissues. Methods: Four groups of piglets (n = 6) were bottle-fed a formula containing one of four treatments: no long chain fatty acid (Diet 0) and three different levels of DHA/AA at 1-fold (0.3 %/0.6% FA; Diet 1) 2-fold (0.6 %/1.2% FA; Diet 2) and 5-fold (1.5%/3% FA; Diet 5) concentration used in some human infant formulas, and all with equal amount of vitamin E (5.7 IU/ 100 kcal formula) for four weeks. Results: There were no significant differences between the groups in conjugated diene and glutathione (GSH) levels in the liver, and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) in plasma. TBARS levels of the erythrocyte membranes increased in a dose-dependent manner when in vitro oxidation was induced with 10 mM hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) for 30 minutes. The TBARS levels of the liver homogenates of the Diet 5 and Diet 2 groups were significantly different than those of the membranes of the Diet 0 group when the in vitro oxidation was induced with H₂O₂. Conclusion: The results show that dietary vitamin E effectively prevented lipid peroxidation at the LCP concentrations investigated and suggest that levels presently in infant formulas are sufficient.AA arachidonic acid - DHA docosahexaenoic acid - EPA eicosapentaenoic acid - GSH glutathione - LCP (C 20) long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids - PUFA polyunsaturated fatty acid - RBC red blood cells - SCO single-cell oil - TBARS thiobarbituric acid reactive substances     

Effect of Dietary Fatty Acid Composition on Th1/Th2 Polarization in Lymphocytes

Background: It has become increasingly clear that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have immunomodulatory effects. However, the intake of these fatty acids used in animal studies often greatly exceeds dietary human intake. Whether differences in the composition of fatty acids that are consumed in amounts consistent with normal dietary intake can influence immune function remains uncertain. Methods: We manufactured 3 types of liquid diet, related to modified fatty acid composition (ω‐6/ω‐3 = 0.25, 2.27 and 42.9), but excluding eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, based upon a liquid diet used clinically in humans. We assessed CD3‐stimulated cytokine production of splenocytes in female BALB/c mice (n = 4 per group) fed 1 of 3 liquid diets for 4 weeks. We also measured the cytokine production of peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate and ionomycin in humans at the end of a 4‐week period of consumption of 2 different liquid diets (ω‐6/ω‐3 = 3 and 44). Results: We found that the ratio of interfero ω‐γ (IFN‐γ) / interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) was significantly higher in mice fed theω ‐3 rich diet than in others. In humans, IFN‐γ / IL‐4 was significantly higher after the ω‐3 versus the ω‐6 enhanced diet. Conclusions: Differences in the composition of ω‐3 andω ‐6 PUFAs induces a shift in the Th1/Th2 balance in both mouse and human lymphocytes, even when ingested in normal dietary amounts. An ω‐3 rich diet containing α‐linolenic acid modulates immune function.     

Improvement in human semen quality after oral supplementation of vitamin C

This study was carried out to monitor the effect of oral supplementation of vitamin C on various semen parameters in oligospermic, infertile, otherwise healthy individuals. Various semen parameters, including sperm motility, sperm count, and sperm morphology, were studied before and after the vitamin C treatment. A total of 13 infertile patients were included. Their ages ranged between 25 and 35 years. They had no genital infection or varicocele. Physical examination and other routine laboratory investigations were normal. General semen analysis revealed oligozoospermia (mean sperm count was 14.3 +/- 7.38 x 10(6) sperms/mL, mean sperm with normal morphology was 43 +/- 7.87%, and mean sperm motility was 31.2 +/- 9.61%). Testicular biopsy was not done. These patients received in an open trial of 1,000 mg of vitamin C twice daily for a maximum of 2 months. Results showed that the mean sperm count was increased to 32.8 +/- 10.3 x 10(6) sperms/mL (P < .001) after 2 months of vitamin C intake. The mean sperm motility was increased significantly to 60.1 +/- 8.47% (P < .001), and mean sperms with normal morphology increased significantly to 66.7 +/- 4.77% (P < .001). This study showed that vitamin C supplementation in infertile men might improve sperm count, sperm motility, and sperm morphology and might have a place as an additional supplement to improve the semen quality towards conception.     

Relating fatty acid composition in human fingertip blood to age,gender, nationality and n-3 supplementation in the Scandinavian population

This study investigated data obtained from whole blood fatty acid (FA) composition of 3476 Norwegian and Swedish individuals, which provided background information including age, gender, nationality and self-motivated n-3 supplement consumption. The aim of this paper was to statistically relate this background information on the subjects to their whole blood FA profile, focusing mainly on the n-3 polyunsaturated FA (PUFA). Results showed that age had significant effects on the content of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in blood lipids for the Norwegian individuals, while n-3 PUFA supplementation had a positive effect on EPA and DHA content in whole blood for the investigated population. Gender differences were also found for individual FA. A correlation also exists with previous studies on the FA profiling of blood lipids, further validating the test procedure.