肝X受体α与蛋白酶体激活因子28γ在胃癌中的表达及其对胃癌细胞生长的影响

目的:探讨肝X受体α(LXRα)与蛋白酶体激活因子28γ(PA28γ)在胃癌中的表达以及两者对胃癌细胞生长的影响。方法:用qRT-PCR和免疫组织化学方法检测LXRα与PA28γ的mRNA与蛋白在35例胃癌和癌旁组织中的表达,分析LXRα与PA28γ蛋白表达与患者临床病理因素的关系以及两者的相关性。分别用流式细胞术、qRT-PCR、Westernblot检测过表达LXRα对胃癌AGS细胞的细胞周期、裸鼠体内生长以及细胞中LXRα对PA28γ表达的变化。结果:与癌旁组织比较,胃癌组织中LXRα的mRNA与蛋白表达明显降低,而PA28γ的mRNA与蛋白表达明显升高(均P0.05);两者蛋白的表达与胃癌患者主要临床病理因素均无明显关系(均P0.05);LXRα与PA28γ蛋白表达在胃癌组织中呈明显负相关(r=-0.452,P=0.006)。过表达LXRα后,AGS细胞的LXRα的mRNA表达明显升高,而PA28γ的mRNA与蛋白表达明显降低;细胞周期进程受到明显阻滞;在裸鼠体内的生长明显抑制,且移植瘤组织中的LXRα的mRNA与蛋白表达明显上调、PA28γ的mRNA与蛋白表达明显下调(均P0.05)。结论:LXRα在胃癌中表达下调,同时伴随PA28γ表达上调,两者之间的消长可能通过影响细胞周期进程而调节胃癌细胞的生长。     

ERα和ERβ及GPR30在MCA-38细胞中的表达及对细胞增殖的影响

目的：检测雌激素受体ERα、ERβ和GPR30在小鼠结肠腺癌细胞系MCA-38中的表达,研究雌激素影响MCA-38细胞增殖的作用机制。方法：采用RT-PCR和Western blot检测MCA-38细胞ERα、ERβ、GPR30 mRNA及蛋白表达情况,经不同浓度E2和E2-BSA（空白对照、0.01、0.1、1、10和100 nmol/L）作用于MCA-38细胞24 h后应用MTT法检测细胞增殖情况,比较E2组和E2-BSA组细胞增殖差异。结果：MCA-38细胞表达ERα、ERβ和GPR30,其中ERβ表达量最高;生理浓度的E2（0.1～10 nmol/L）促MCA-38细胞增殖作用最为明显（P〈0.05）,而E2-BSA组与空白对照组比较,无明显促增殖作用（P〉0.05）。结论：ERα是MCA-38细胞所表达的主要雌激素受体,一定浓度的E2对MCA-38细胞有明显的促增殖作用,该作用为E2通过核受体途径实现,而与雌激素膜受体无关。     

过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ配体抑制大鼠肝纤维化的实验研究

目的 研究过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(peroxisome proliferator activated receptorgamma,PPARγ)配体对大鼠肝纤维化的作用.方法 将Wistar大鼠40只随机分为两组,对照组(20只)和罗格列酮组(20只).所有动物使用饮水中加人质量比0.3‰硫代乙酰胺的方法 制作肝纤维化模型.对照组喂饲普通颗粒饲料.罗格列酮组喂饲含200 ppm罗格列酮的颗粒饲料.喂饲6个月后,用RT-PCR方法 检测肝纤维化大鼠肝脏PPARγ、TGF-β 1 及Ⅰ型前胶原mRNA表达,用Westernblot法检测PPARγ、TGF-β 1 、Ⅰ型胶原及α平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)表达,用Van Gieson(VG)染色的方法 检测肝组织切片的胶原表达情况.结果 罗格列酮组与对照组相比,PPARγmRNA表达显著增强(t=6.93,P<0.01),TGF-β 1 mRNA(t=3.89,P<0.01)和Ⅰ型前胶原mRNA表达显著降低(t=5.67,P<0.01).PPARγ、TGF-β 1 及Ⅰ型胶原蛋白表达所得结果 与RT-PCR结果 相一致.罗格列酮组与对照组相比,α-SMA表达显著降低(t=3.12,P<0.01).罗格列酮组肝组织切片的胶原染色低于对照组(t=3.47,P<0.01).结论 PPARγ配体能够抑制大鼠纤维化肝脏的胶原产生,在体内具有一定的抗肝纤维化作用.     

乳腺癌组织中PSAmRNA的表达及其与ER亚型表达的关系

目的 探讨前列腺特异抗原（PSA）mRNA和雌激素受体（ER）β亚型在乳腺癌组织中的表达及其与不同雌激素受体亚型表达之间的关系.方法 检测35例乳腺癌和12例癌旁乳腺组织及10例乳腺纤维腺瘤组织中的PSA mRNA和ERβ mRNA表达;35例乳腺癌组织ERα和PR蛋白的表达,并分析乳腺癌组织PSA mRNA表达与雌激素受体亚型和PR表达之间的关系.结果 PSA mRNA在乳腺癌组织中的表达水平明显低于癌旁乳腺组织和乳腺纤维瘤组织（P均=0.00）.ERβ mRNA在乳腺癌中的表达水平明显低于癌旁乳腺组织和乳腺纤维腺瘤组织（P均=0.00）.PSA mRNA表达阳性者ERβ mRNA表达水平明显低于PSA mRNA表达阴性者,差异有显著性（P=0.038）.ERα和PR阳性表达的乳腺癌组织中PSA mRNA表达高于ER和PR阴性者,差异有显著性（P=0.001,0.004）.结论 PSA和ERβ基因在乳腺癌中的表达下调.PSA可能是反映乳腺癌组织中功能性甾体类激素受体的一个重要指标.     

人前列腺癌组织雌激素受体α、β亚单位基因mRNA的表达

目的　了解雌激素受体α(ERα)、β(ERβ)mRNA在人前列腺癌 (PCa)组织中的表达状况。方法　采用半定量逆转录 聚合酶链反应 (RT PCR)技术检测 32例PCa、32例良性前列腺增生患者、12例正常前列腺组织者中ERα、ERβmRNA的表达并进行基因测序。 结果　与良性前列腺增生组织相比 ,PCa组织ERαmRNA表达明显增强 ,而ERβmRNA表达明显减弱 (均P <0 0 1)。中晚期、低分化PCa组织ERαmRNA表达明显高于早期、中高分化PCa,而ERβmRNA则相反 (均P <0 0 1)。激素抵抗型PCaERαmRNA表达增强 ,而ERβmRNA表达明显降低 (均P <0 0 5 )。 结论　ERα、ERβ在PCa组织中的不同表达状况可能与PCa组织病理生物学特性有关。对ER特别是ERβ的研究 ,有助于对PCa特别是激素抵抗型PCa的生物学特性判断和治疗。     

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者骨组织中雌激素受体的表达

目的:探讨青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(AIS)患者骨组织中雌激素受体的表达情况。方法:28例志愿者分为两组,其中AIS组患者18例,男3例,女15例,年龄12～18岁,平均(14.4±1.4)岁,Cobb角40°～125°,平均60.1°;先天性脊柱侧凸(CS)组患者10例,男6例,女4例,年龄11～19岁,平均(15.4±2.6)岁,Cobb角37°～120°,平均63.3°。术中取髂骨,用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)方法检测骨组织中雌激素受体α(ERα)和β(ERβ)的表达情况。结果:AIS组和CS组患者骨组织中ERα mRNA和ERβ mRNA的阳性表达率均无显著性差异(P>0.05);AIS组中ERα mRNA和ERβ mRNA表达阳性患者中的相对含量分别为1.24±0.08和1.07±0.10,CS组为1.24±0.09和1.08±0.10,两组比较无显著性差异(P>0.05);但两组患者ERβ mRNA的阳性表达率与其Cobb角大小呈明显负相关(AIS组r=-0.613,P=0.007;CS组r=-0.648,P=0.043)、与Risser分级无关,ERα mRNA的阳性表达率与Cobb角、Risser分级无关,AIS患者的ERα mRNA和ERβ mRNA的阳性表达率与其Lenke分型无关。结论:AIS患者骨组织中ERα mRNA和ERβ mRNA的表达可能不是引起AIS的主要原因,但ERβ mRNA的表达可能对骨生长的调控作用较大,值得进一步研究。     

全身振动训练对绝经大鼠骨骼肌的改善及其作用机制研究

目的通过观察全身振动性训练法(WBV)对去卵巢(OVX)大鼠骨骼肌中过氧化物酶体增殖剂激活受体(PPARγ),β-连环蛋白和磷酸化糖原的表达合成酶激酶-3(P-GSK-3β)蛋白质表达的影响,探讨WBV对绝经大鼠骨骼肌的作用机制。方法将雌性大鼠随机分成正常对照组(Sham组,n=10),去卵巢组(OVX组,n=10),17β-雌二醇治疗组(E_2组,n=10)和全身振动性训练组(WBV组,n=10)。测定各组大鼠血清E_2和黄体生成素(LH)水平,以及PPARγ、β-连环蛋白和P-GSK-3β在骨骼肌中的表达。结果 OVX组大鼠血清LH比Sham组和E_2组明显升高(P0.05)。OVX组大鼠血清E_2水平与Sham组、E_2组和WBV组相比明显上升(P0.05)。OVX组骨骼肌PPARγ表达较Sham组显著升高(P0.05),而β-连环蛋白和P-GSK-3β蛋白表达较Sham组均显著降低(P0.05)。在WBV或雌激素替代治疗的干预下,WBV组或E_2组的PPARγ表达均显著低于OVX组(P0.05),β-连环蛋白和P-GSK-3β蛋白表达均显著高于OVX组(P0.05)。结论 WBV能有效预防OVX大鼠的骨质流失,并提高骨质强度,这可能与抑制OVX大鼠骨骼肌中GSK-3β和PPARγ活性来激活β-连环蛋白信号传导通路有关。     

PPARγ特异配体抑制肝星状细胞的活化

目的 研究不同浓度的过氧化物酶体增殖物活化的受体γ(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma,PPARγ)特异配体罗格列酮对肝星状细胞(hepatic stellate cell,HSC)生物学特性的影响,以探究其在肝旱状细胞活化中的作用.方法 设立对照组,3μM罗格列酮组,10μM罗格列酮组,20μM岁格列酮组.用MTT法检测细胞的增殖情况;采用RT-PCR方法检测其中PPARγ、TGF-β1及Ⅰ型前胶原mRNA表达;用Western blot法检测PPARy、Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原及TGF-β1蛋白表达;用免疫细胞化学方法测定α-SMA表达的变化;ELISA法检测细胞培养上清中的Ⅰ型胶原表达的变化.结果 (1)RT-PCR:20μM罗格列嗣组或10μM罗格列酮组与3 μM罗格列酮组或对照组相比,PPARY mRNA表达显著增高(P＜0.01),Ⅰ型前胶原mRNA表达显著降低(P＜0.01);20 α-SMA罗格列酮组与10 α-SMA罗格列酮组之间,3 α-SMA罗格列酮组与对照组之间,PPARγ和Ⅰ型前胶原mRNA的表达差异无显著件(P＞0.05).而各组之间的TGF-β1 mRNA的差异无显著性意义(P＞0.05).(2)Western blot:PPARγ及TGF-β1蛋白表达所得结果与RT-PCR结果相一致.Ⅰ型胶原表达与RT-PCR Ⅰ型前胶原mRNA表达结果相一致.各组之间的Ⅲ型胶原表达差异无显著性意义(P＞0.05).(3)免疫细胞化学:20α-SMA罗格列酮组或10 α-SMA罗格列酮组与3 α-SMA罗格列酮组或对照组相比,α-SMA表达明显降低(P＜0.05).20 α-SMA岁格列酮组与10 α-SMA罗格列酮组之问,3 α-SMA罗格列酮组与对照组之间,差异无显著性(P＞0.05).(4)ELISA:20 α-SMA罗格列酮组或10 α-SMA罗格列酮组与3α-SMA罗格列倒组或对照组相比,细胞的培养上清中Ⅰ型胶原表达明显降低(P＜0.01).20 α-SMA罗格列酮组与10 α-SMA罗格列酮组之问,3 α-SMA罗格列酬组与对照组之间,差异无显著性(P＞0.05).结论 PPAR?配体罗格列酬能够在促进PPAR?的合成表达的同时,抑制细胞的增殖及胶原合成,抑制α-SMA的表达,减少细胞分泌Ⅰ型胶原,对肝星状细胞的活化有明显的抑制作用.     

乳腺癌中过氧化物酶体增殖激活受体γ和β-连环蛋白表达及临床意义

目的 探讨过氧化物酶体增殖激活受体γ(PPARγ)和β-连环蛋白(β-catenin)在乳腺癌组织中的表达、相关性及与乳腺癌临床和预后的关系.方法 采用免疫组织化学法检测70例乳腺癌组织和20例乳腺良性肿瘤中PPARγ和β-catenin的表达,并进行临床分析.结果 乳腺癌PPARγ高表达率为34.3%(24/70),明显低于乳腺良性肿瘤;β-catenin在乳腺癌中异常表达率为67.1%(47/70),PPARγ和β-catenin蛋白表达呈显著负相关(r=-0.398,P<0.05).PPARγ蛋白表达水平与乳腺癌组织学分级、TNM分期、淋巴结转移、肿瘤大小及Ki-67表达负相关(P<0.05),与雌激素受体(ER)状态及总体生存率正相关(P<0.05);β-catenin蛋白异常表达与乳腺癌组织学分级、TNM分期、淋巴结转移正相关(P<0.05),与总体生存率负相关(P<0.05).结论 PPARγ和β-catenin表达与乳腺癌发展有关,检测PPARγ和β-catenin表达对判断乳腺癌生物学行为和预后具有参考价值.     

血管紧张素1-7对糖尿病大鼠肾小管间质纤维化的影响

目的 研究血管紧张素1-7(Ang1-7)对糖尿病大鼠肾小管间质纤维化的影响及其可能机制.方法 32只雄性Wistar大鼠被随机分为4组:健康对照组(NC组)、模型组(DM组)、替米沙坦组(TM组)、治疗组(T组).建模成功后第9周末检测各组大鼠24 h尿蛋白量、尿NAG/Cr、血糖、血胰岛素、三酰甘油(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、BUN、Scr、血K+及血Na+ ;PAS染色观察肾脏病理改变 ;实时定量PCR法检测各组大鼠肾脏组织中转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)、过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体(PPAR)γ、α平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)mRNA水平 ;Western印迹法检测PPARγ、α-SMA、TGF-β1蛋白表达.结果 (1)第9周末,DM组大鼠血压、尿蛋白量、肾质量/体质量较NC组显著升高(P＜0.05),TM组及T组较DM组显著降低(P＜0.05),且T组变化更明显.(2)DM组第9周末肾间质损伤指数显著高于NC组(P＜0.05),TM组及T组则低于DM组(P＜0.05).(3)实时定量PCR结果显示,DM组TGF-β1、α-SMAmRNA水平显著升高(P＜0.05),PPARγ mRNA水平显著下降(P＜0.05),TM组及T组较DM组TGF-β1、α-SMA mRNA水平均显著下降(P＜0.05),PPARγ mRNA水平显著上升(P＜0.05),且T组变化更明显.(4)Western印迹结果显示,DM组TGF-β1、α-SMA蛋白水平显著升高(P＜0.05),PPARγ蛋白水平显著下降(P＜0.05),TM组及T组较DM组TGF-β1、α-SMA蛋白水平均显著下降(P＜0.05),PPARγ蛋白水平显著上升(P＜0.05),且T组变化更明显.结论 Ang1-7在体内可通过上调PPARγ表达,抑制α-SMA表达,对糖尿病大鼠肾小管间质纤维化可能具有抑制作用.     

维生素D受体在糖尿病肾病足细胞损伤及蛋白尿缓解中的作用

目的探讨维生素D受体(VDR)在糖尿病肾病(DKD)足细胞中的表达水平及在足细胞损伤及蛋白尿缓解中的作用。方法(1)本研究纳入了65例诊断患有2型糖尿病(伴或不伴蛋白尿)的患者,并纳入了25例年龄和性别相匹配的健康体检者为对照组。根据白蛋白/肌酐(ACR)的尿排泄比例对2型糖尿病患者进行分组,分别为无蛋白尿(ACR<30 mg/g,n=24)、微量白蛋白尿(ACR 30~300 mg/g,n=18)和临床蛋白尿(ACR>300 mg/g,n=23)。另选择25例经肾活检确诊的DKD患者作为DKD组。正常肾脏组织标本均取自泌尿外科同一时期肾脏肿瘤切除患者10例。将各组检测指标进行对比,同时采用实时定量PCR、ELISA法和免疫组化法检测VDR在各组患者的血液、尿液样本和肾脏组织中的表达情况,以及使用Pearson相关分析分析VDR与尿蛋白的相关性。(2)在2型糖尿病肾病小鼠模型中对上述结果进行验证,将遗传背景均为C57BLKs/J的雄性db/db小鼠及同窝出生的db/m小鼠,随机分为正常对照组(A组)、DKD对照组(B组)、DKD二甲基亚砜处理组(C组)、DKD帕立骨化醇(VDR激动剂)处理组(D组),C、D组连续腹腔注射处理8周,对照组不做任何处理。小鼠10周龄时开始连续干预8周,在小鼠22周龄(开始干预后12周)检测各组小鼠体重、血、尿生化指标对比;Western印迹法检测β⁃catenin、VDR的变化;免疫荧光观察足细胞标志蛋白podocin及足细胞损伤蛋白α⁃SMA的表达变化。结果(1)与正常健康对照组相比,无蛋白尿组、微量白蛋白尿组和临床蛋白尿组的糖尿病患者血浆中VDR的mRNA和蛋白水平均较低(均P<0.05);与无蛋白尿组的糖尿病患者相比,微量白蛋白尿组和临床蛋白尿组的糖尿病患者血浆中VDR的mRNA和蛋白水平均较低(均P<0.05)。(2)与正常健康对照组相比,无蛋白尿糖尿病组和DKD组患者血浆中VDR的mRNA和蛋白水平均较低(均P<0.05);与无蛋白尿糖尿病组患者相比,DKD组患者血浆中VDR的mRNA和蛋白水平亦较低(均P<0.05)。(3)免疫组化结果显示,DKD组肾组织中VDR的表达明显少于正常对照组。(4)DKD患者血浆中VDR mRNA相对水平与ACR呈负相关(r=-0.342,P<0.05)。(5)各组尿液上清液中VDR的水平与血浆中的水平呈相反趋势。(6)Western印迹结果显示,B组、C组肾小球足细胞β⁃catenin蛋白表达高于D组(均P<0.05),VDR蛋白的表达低于D组(均P<0.05);免疫荧光结果显示,B组、C组肾小球足细胞podocin的表达低于D组(均P<0.05),α⁃SMA的表达高于D组(均P<0.05)。结论VDR高表达缓解DKD足细胞损伤及蛋白尿。     

Fibrinogen-thrombin collagen patch reinforcement of highrisk colonic anastomoses in rats

AIM To evaluate the effectiveness of human fibrinogenthrombin collagen patch(TachoSil~?) in the reinforcement of high-risk colon anastomoses.METHODS A quasi-experimental study was conducted in Wistar rats(n = 56) that all underwent high-risk anastomoses(anastomosis with only two sutures) after colectomies. The rats were divided into two randomized groups: Control group(24 rats) and treatment group(24 rats). In the treatment group, high-risk anastomosis was reinforced with TachoSil~? (a piece of Tacho Sil? was applied over this high-risk anastomosis, covering the gap). Leak incidence, overall survival, intra-abdominal adhesions, and histologic healing of anastomoses were analyzed. Survivors were divided into two subgroups and euthanized at 15 and 30 d after intervention in order to analyze the adhesions and histologic changes. RESULTS Overall survival was 71.4% and 57.14% in the TachoSil~? group and control group, respectively(P = 0.29); four rats died from other causes and six rats in the treatment group and 10 in the control group experienced colonic leakage(P 0.05). The intra-abdominal adhesion score was similar in both groups, with no differences between subgroups. We found non-significant differences in the healing process according to the histologic score used in both groups(P = 0.066).CONCLUSION In our study, the use of TachoSil~? was associated with a non-statistically significant reduction in the rate of leakage in high-risk anastomoses. TachoSil~? has been shown to be a safe product because it does not affect the histologic healing process or increase intra-abdominal adhesions.     

Protective effect of a prostaglandin oligomer on liver mitochondria in situ: time-shared measurements of fluorescence and reflectance in the cold-preserved rat liver

The protective effect of a new oligomeric derivative of prostaglandin B₂, known as OC-5186, was evaluated using time-sharing spectrofluorometry in the coldpreserved rat liver. Experiments were divided into three groups: in group A, a 5000 ng dose of OC-5186 was administered via the peripheral vein, 1000 ng via the portal vein, and 200 ng/ml in University of Wisconsin (UW) solution; in group B, the OC-5186 dosage was ten times greater than that in group A; in group C (control group), liver procurement and storage were performed without OC-5186. At 0, 12, and 24 h after cold preservation at 4°C, the liver was perfused for 30 min at 12°C with oxygenized Krebs-Henseleit solution, after which the perfusate was switched to deoxygenized Krebs-Henseleit solution. Time sharing spectrofluorometry was used to follow NADH fluorescence at 450 nm with a 360-nm excitation wavelength, as well as the reflectance of cytochrome aa ₃ with 605 minus 620 nm from oxidation to reduction. Rate constants of NADH fluorescence and cytochrome aa ₃ reflectance were used as indices of integrity of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. In group C, the rate constant of NADH fluorescence decreased significantly (P<0.05) from the control value of 8.31±0.21×10^-3 (sec^-1) to 4.97±0.15×10^-3 and 5.58±0.16×10^-3 (mean±SEM) at 12 and 24 h after cold preservation, respectively. By contrast, in groups A and B, the rate constant of NADH fluorescence was maintained at significantly (P<0.05) higher levels of 6.57±0.54×10^-3 and 7.29±0.48×10^-3, and 6.94±0.44×10^-3 and 6.86±0.44×10^-3 at 12 and 24 h, respectively. The rate constant of cytochrome aa ₃ reflectance between the OC-5186 groups and the control group was not significant. It is concluded that OC-5186 has a protective effect on the mitochondrial respiratory chain against cold-preservation and/or reperfusion injury.     

Effects of intravenous anesthetics on bacterial elimination in human blood in vitro

Backround : Since anesthetics are widely used in critically ill patients, this study investigates anesthetic effects on neutrophil and monocyte function concerning bacterial elimination in human whole blood. Methods : The effects of thiopental (20 and 200 μg/ml), propofol (5 and 50 μg/ml), midazolam (0.15 and 1.5 μg/ml) and ketamine (3 and 30 μg/ml) on elimination of Escherichia (E.) coli from whole blood were investigated in vitro after incubation for 1 h in both clinical (1) (n=10) and 10-fold higher (h) (n=11) concentrations. These data were compared to neutrophil and monocyte phagocytosis (1; n=6) and burst activity (1; n=10, h; n=11), measured by flow cytometry. To enable quantification of the clearance process, a defined number of 10⁵ colony forming units of E. coli were added to the blood assays and bacterial growth was determined. Results : All anesthetics delayed bacterial clearance from the blood in the 10-fold concentration (P<0.05). Thiopental (1+h) and propofol (h) suppressed neutrophil (59±3% and 38±6%) and monocytic (45±6% and 30±11%) oxidative burst (P<0.01). Phagocytosis was reduced even after propofol (1) in polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) (34±9%; P<0.05) and monocytes (35±11%). Ketamine (h) prolonged bacterial elimination (P<0.01), which did correlate with inhibition of monocytic phagocytosis, by 26±14%. Midazolam application (h) resulted in an inhibition of PMN-respiratory burst by 19±6% (P<0.05) and impaired bacterial clearance (P<0.05). Conclusion : Thiopental, propofol, midazolam and ketamine affect E. coli clearance and neutrophil and monocyte oxidative burst and phagocytosis in vitro only in high concentrations, while thiopental inhibited monocytic burst and propofol impaired PMN phagocytosis even in clinically used concentrations. These data suggest that i.v. anesthetics in concentrations recommended for general anesthesia seem to have minor influence on the investigated host defense mechanisms.     

改道性结肠炎治疗进展

改道性结肠炎(diversion colitis,DC)是在结肠或回肠造口术后无粪流通过的旷置结肠段粘膜的非特异性炎症。尽管绝大多数肠道造口患者无症状,但几乎所有粪便改道患者均可出现DC。DC的临床症状主要有腹痛、里急后重、便血以及排粘液分泌物等,且随着肠管旷置时间延长而炎症可日渐加重,进而不同程度影响了这类患者的生活质量。然而,国内对DC的研究甚少,对DC的认识有限,因而还未引起临床医生的足够重视。鉴于此,我们在本文中对DC的表现及治疗方面的研究进展作一综述,以期能够提高临床对改道性结肠炎的认识,同时帮助临床医生做出更好的治疗决策。     

不同尿钙水平的Gitelman综合征患者临床特点比较

目的观察不同尿钙水平Gitelman综合征(GS)患者的临床特点,探讨尿钙在GS疾病临床分型中的价值。方法收集2016—2018年来自中国国家罕见病注册系统(NRSC)、在北京协和医院行SLC12A3基因检测诊断为GS患者的临床资料,分析其尿钙特点,比较不同尿钙水平患者的临床和实验室检查指标。氢氯噻嗪试验按照标准操作流程进行,测定患者基线和用药后3 h内氯离子排泄分数改变量的最大值(ΔFECl)。结果共有83例GS患者被纳入研究,其中低尿钙患者53例(63.86%)。低尿钙组尿钙/肌酐比明显低于非低尿钙组[(0.085±0.058)mmol/mmol比(0.471±0.284)mmol/mmol,t=7.349,P<0.001]。两组患者在年龄、性别、估算肾小球滤过率、血压、血尿电解质水平、代谢性碱中毒方面差异均无统计学意义。低尿钙组患者乏力(χ2=4.595,P=0.032)及多尿(χ2=5.778,P=0.016)发生比例低于非低尿钙组,两组患者在其他临床症状方面差异无统计学意义。低尿钙和非低尿钙组各有16例患者行氢氯噻嗪试验,中位ΔFECl结果分别为0.539%(0.430%,1.283%)和0.829%(0.119%,1.298%),均提示对氢氯噻嗪无反应,组间差异无统计学意义(U=130.000,P=0.956)。结论GS患者中低尿钙比例为63.86%,尿钙水平与疾病临床表型、NCC功能损伤严重程度之间均无明确相关性。     

Enhancement of the effect of low-dose cyclosporin A by sulphasalazine in prevention of cardiac allograft rejection in the rat

Sulphasalazine (SASP) is an immunomodulatory compound with disease-modifying activity in ulcerative colitis and in other autoimmune disorders. SASP was previously shown to prolong the survival of heart allografts in rats treated with cyclosporin A (CyA) for 9 days after transplantation. We have now evaluated whether SASP also exerts a beneficial effect under continuous treatment with CyA, when CyA is discontinued after 14 days, or alone if given 10 days prior to transplantation. Cardiac grafts were transplanted from PVG donors to Wistar/Kyoto recipients using an accessory cervical heart transplantation technique. Rejection was defined as the absence of palpable contractions and occurred in the control group in a very reproducible manner on day 8 or 9. SASP alone was given orally (100 mg/kg body weight) starting 10 days before transplantation and resulted in a minor prolongation of graft survival. When SASP was given in addition to oral CyA (1 mg/kg or 2 mg/kg from day 0 to rejection) there was a significant prolongation in graft survival [from medians of 8 (range 6–11) and 9 (range 8–11) days, respectively, to medians of 10 (range 8–15) and 12 (range 11–15) days, respectively]. When SASP was given from day 0 to rejection, in addition to a schedule of oral CyA (10 mg/kg) for 15 days, there was no prolongation of graft survival [median of 30 (range 26–42) days vs median of 32 (26–38) days]. The data show that SASP acts as a weak immunosuppressive agent which enhances the effect of CyA given at a low dose. This warrants further investigation as to whether SASP can be used as an additive to conventional regimes in order to allow a lowered dose of CyA for long-term treatment.     

Higher Expression of Myosin Heavy Chain IIx in Wrist Flexors in Cerebral Palsy

Background  

Children with cerebral palsy (CP) use their paretic arm less than normal but have a relative overactivity of wrist flexors, causing an impairing flexed position of the wrist. Voluntary use of a muscle downregulates myosin heavy chain (MyHC) IIx, but it is unclear whether the relative overactivity of wrist flexors and extensors in children with CP affects MyHC expression compared to normal subjects.     

Cost-effectiveness of three combinations of antiemetics in the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting

Background. This study compares the cost-effectiveness of threecombinations of antiemetics in the prevention of postoperativenausea and vomiting (PONV). Methods. We conducted a prospective, double-blind study. NinetyASA I–II females, 18–65 yr, undergoing general anaesthesiafor major gynaecological surgery, with standardized postoperativeanalgesia (intrathecal 0.2 mg plus i.v. PCA morphine), wererandomly assigned to receive: ondansetron 4 mg plus droperidol1.25 mg after induction and droperidol 1.25 mg 12 h later (Group1); dexamethasone 8 mg plus droperidol 1.25 mg after inductionand droperidol 1.25 mg 12 h later (Group 2); ondansetron 4 mgplus dexamethasone 8 mg after induction and placebo 12 h later(Group 3). A decision analysis tree was used to divide eachgroup into nine mutually exclusive subgroups, depending on theincidence of PONV, need for rescue therapy, side effects andtheir treatment. Direct cost and probabilities were calculatedfor each subgroup, then a cost-effectiveness analysis was conductedfrom the hospital point of view. Results. Groups 1 and 3 were more effective (80 and 70%) thanGroup 2 (40%, P=0.004) in preventing PONV but also more expensive.Compared with Group 2, the incremental cost per extra patientwithout PONV was €6.99 (95% CI, –1.26 to 36.57) forGroup 1 and €13.55 (95% CI, 0.89–132.90) for Group3. Conclusion. Ondansetron+droperidol is cheaper and at least aseffective as ondansetron+ dexamethasone, and it is more effectivethan dexamethasone+droperidol with a reasonable extra cost. Br J Anaesth 2003; 91: 589–92     

Magnetic resonance imaging for the evaluation of rejection of a kindney allograft in the rat

Orthotopic DA (RT1^a) into Lewis (RT1¹) rat kidney allografts and control Lewis-into-Lewis grafts were assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and perfusion measurement after intravenous injection of a superparamagnetic contrast agent. MRI anatomical scores (range 1–6) and perfusion rates were compared with graft histology (rank of rejection score 1–6). Not only acute rejection, but also chronic events were monitored after acute rejection was prevented by daily cyclosporine (Sandimmune) treatment during the first 2 weeks after transplantation. In acute allograft rejection (n=11), MRI scores reached the maximum value of 6 and perfusion rates were severely reduced within 5 days after transplantation; histology showed severe acute rejection (histologic score 5–6). In the chronic phase (100–130 days after transplantation), allografts (n=5) manifested rejection (in histology cellular rejection and vessel changes), accompanied by MRI scores of around 2–3 and reduced perfusion rates. Both in the acute and chronic phases, the MRI anatomical score correlated significantly with the histological score (Spearman rank correlation coefficient r _s 0.89, n=30, P<0.01), and perfusion rates correlated significantly with the MRI score or histological score (r _s values between-0.60 and -0.87, n=23, P<0.01). It is concluded that MRI represents an interesting tool for assessing the anatomical and hemodynamical status of a kidney allograft in the acute and chronic phases after transplantation.