肝癌肝移植术后复发转移的防治策略和靶向免疫治疗

随着肝移植技术的发展和成熟,肝移植已成为治疗肝细胞癌(肝癌)的重要治疗手段之一,术后肿瘤复发转移是影响受者长期生存的重要原因之一,研究肝癌肝移植术后肿瘤复发转移的防治策略是提高肝癌肝移植受者临床疗效的关键.对肝癌肝移植受者肿瘤复发转移进行密切监测、积极预防、早期诊断,综合手术治疗、局部治疗特别是靶向免疫治疗等在内的多种...     

肝癌肝移植术后复发转移的免疫治疗

原发性肝癌(肝癌)是我国肝移植的主要适应证之一,但肝癌肝移植受者术后5年生存率不足50％,术后复发转移是影响受者长期生存的主要原因.目前,以程序性细胞死亡蛋白1(PD-1)/程序性细胞死亡蛋白配体1(PD-L1)免疫检查点抑制剂为代表的免疫治疗在中晚期肝癌治疗中取得显著疗效,但其在肝癌肝移植术后肿瘤复发转移受者中能否应...     

不同肝功能Child-Pugh分级对肝癌肝移植受者预后的影响

目的探讨不同Child-Pugh分级对肝细胞癌(肝癌)肝移植受者术后肝癌复发和生存的影响。方法回顾性分析125例接受肝移植的肝癌受者临床资料,用Kaplan-Meier方法计算肝癌肝移植受者术后3年的无瘤生存率(DFS)和总生存率(OS)。采用Cox比例风险回归模型分析可能影响肝癌肝移植受者术后复发及生存的独立危险因素。结果中位随访时间为25.6个月,3年总的DFS和OS分别为68.4%和65.7%。Child-Pugh A、B级肝癌患者(113例)的3年DFS和OS分别是68.6%和66.2%,Child-Pugh C级肝癌患者(12例)的3年DFS和OS分别是66.7%和65.6%,两者差异均无统计学意义(均为P0.05)。Cox回归分析结果表明,血管侵犯(P=0.001)和肿瘤数目3个(P=0.025)是影响肝癌肝移植受者复发的独立危险因素。甲胎蛋白(AFP)400μg/L(P=0.035)、血管侵犯(P=0.031)和肿瘤数目3个(P=0.008)是影响肝癌患者生存的独立危险因素。结论 Child-Pugh C级与A、B级肝癌患者肝移植术后预后无显著性差异,AFP、血管侵犯和肿瘤数目是影响肝癌患者肝移植术后预后的重要因素,肝移植可作为Child-Pugh C级肝癌患者的有效治疗手段。     

不同抗肿瘤治疗方法对肝癌肝移植术后复发转移的疗效比较

目的 分析不同抗肿瘤治疗方法对原发性肝癌(肝癌)肝移植术后复发转移的疗效.方法 回顾性分析145例肝癌肝移植受者的临床资料.分析肝癌肝移植受者术后总体生存情况及复发转移情况.比较不同抗肿瘤治疗方法治疗复发转移受者的效果.结果 65例受者(44.8％)发生了复发转移,中位复发时间为6个月.其中1例复发后再次行肝移植,因肠...     

中国肝癌肝移植临床实践指南（2014版）

肝移植是被全世界认可的治疗终末期肝病的有效手段之一.目前,肝移植在全国范围内已得到广泛开展,亟待相关临床实践指南来指导全国肝移植工作更规范、有效、安全地开展.中华医学会器官移植学分会、中华医学会外科学分会移植学组及中国医师协会器官移植医师分会组织专家制订了《中国肝癌肝移植临床实践指南（2014版）》,重点阐述肝移植受者选择标准、术前降期治疗、受者抗病毒治疗、受者免疫抑制剂应用、术后肿瘤复发的防治5部分内容.米兰标准是肝癌肝移植受者选择的参考基准,而杭州标准是对米兰标准局限于肿瘤形态学的巨大突破.肝癌肝移植术前肿瘤降期治疗可使不满足肝癌肝移植受者选择标准的患者能够被纳入移植标准,获得肝移植机会.对于乙型病毒性肝炎肝癌肝移植受者行抗病毒治疗,有助于降低移植术后乙型病毒性肝炎复发率,提高受者长期生存率.目前主张个体化的低剂量免疫抑制方案以达到最大限度保护移植肝脏功能,同时减轻其毒副作用,减少移植后肝癌复发.肝癌肝移植术后复发的防治可采用手术、TACE、局部消融以及放射免疫、靶向治疗、系统性化疗等手段,为受者制订个体化治疗方案.     

肝癌肝移植术后肿瘤复发的防治

肝移植术是治疗肝癌的最佳方法之一,特别是在伴有肝硬化、肝功能不全或肿瘤不适合切除的情况下,肝移植具有明显的优势。早期肝癌肝移植的总体疗效优于肝癌切除。但是,肝移植后肿瘤复发仍是影响肝癌患者长期生存的主要因素。由于目前缺乏治疗肿瘤复发的有效手段,防治策略应以预防为主,兼顾治疗。肝癌肝移植术后肿瘤复发的预防应从术前、术中和术后三方面着手。     

西罗莫司在肝癌患者肝移植后的应用

肝移植是治疗肝癌的重要手段之一,而肝移植后的肝癌复发是移植医生面临的严峻挑战。临床上常用的钙调磷酸酶抑制剂(CNI)被认为是诱发肝癌复发的独立危险因素,而西罗莫司除了具有良好的免疫抑制效能外,同时还具有抑制肿瘤细胞增殖的作用,从而可防止肝移植术后的肝癌复发。现就此综述如下。一、背景近年来肝癌的肝移植治疗发展十分迅速,较多肝癌患者因接受了肝移植而受益[1]。我国每年接受肝移植的受者中也有近40％是肝癌患者[2-3]。Mazzaferro等[4]提出米兰标准以来,以肝癌的大小、数量及血管侵犯程度等来严格筛选肝癌患者行肝移植,使得肝癌患者肝移植后的存活率与生存质量已接近良性肝病的肝移植受者[5-6]。与良性肝病不同,肝癌患者接受肝移植后将面临肝癌的复发。米兰标准是一个相对苛刻的受者选择标准,符合米兰标准的肝癌患者肝移植后5年总体肝癌复发率为17 ％[4]。而美国加州大学旧金山分校(UCSF)标准[7]、匹兹堡标准[8]和成都标准[9]等是相对宽泛的标准,符合这些标准的肝癌患者肝移植后5年总体肝癌复发率可高达41％[10]。     

肝癌肝移植的研究现状和进展

<正>肝移植是目前临床治疗各种终末期肝病的最佳方法。我国肝癌患者在肝移植受者中的比例约为40%。国外以丙肝肝硬化和酒精性肝硬化发展为肝癌为主,我国是乙型肝炎发展为肝癌占绝对多数。因此,针对肝癌肝移植,在其适应证的选择、肝癌肝移植术后复发和治疗等尤其值得关注。一、肝癌肝移植的适应证我国每年40余万人死于肝细胞肝癌(以下简称肝癌),占全球肝癌死亡人数的一半左右。紧缺的供肝资源和术后高复发转移率是影响肝癌肝移植开展的     

肝移植治疗原发性肝癌切除术后肝内复发七例

目的 探讨对原发性肝癌切除术后肝内复发患者进行肝移植手术的适应证和围手术期的治疗经验.方法 回顾性分析2000年9月至2005年9月间7例原发性肝癌切除术后肝内复发的患者接受原位肝移植治疗的临床资料,其中男性6例,女性1例,平均年龄43.7岁,肝移植术前均经病理学检查确诊为原发性肝癌,肿瘤组织学分级为高、中分化,肝癌切除术后无瘤期为6～31个月,均未发生肿瘤细胞侵犯大血管和肝外转移.所有患者均采用改良背驮式肝移植术.术后采用他克莫司(或西罗莫司)+霉酚酸酯+激素的三联免疫抑制方案.观察肝移植术后受者并发症及存活率情况.总结肝移植治疗原发性肝癌切除术后肝内复发的经验.结果 所有受者肝移植手术过程顺利,围手术期无死亡.1例术后22 h发生腹腔出血,1例术后13 d发生腹腔感染,1例术后4个月发生门静脉血栓,其余未发生严重并发症,7例受者均顺利出院.有3例受者分别于移植术后9、13及19个月时,因肿瘤复发而死亡,其余4例均长期无瘤存活,最长已达52个月.受者的1、2年存活率分别为85.7%和57.1%.结论 肝移植能有效治疗原发性肝癌切除术后肝内复发,受者适应证的选择和围手术期的辅助治疗非常关键.     

微小RNA与肝癌肝移植术后肿瘤复发的研究进展

肝细胞癌(肝癌)是全球最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,肝移植是失去根治性切除机会或伴有失代偿性肝硬化肝癌患者唯一有效的治疗方法。然而肝癌肝移植术后肿瘤复发依然严重影响了患者的预后,这也是近年来肝移植领域的研究热点。微小核糖核酸(miRNA)是一类真核细胞中广泛存在长度约21~23 nt的非编码RNA,目前的研究认为miRNA与肝癌肝移植术后肿瘤复发密切相关。联合应用检测miRNA与米兰标准有可能进一步提高肝移植受者的无瘤生存期。miRNA具有调节肿瘤细胞生物学行为的功能,可能成为肝移植术后肿瘤复发的潜在治疗靶点。本文总结了近年来miRNA与肝癌肝移植术后肿瘤复发的相关研究,为肝移植临床医师及科研工作者提供了新的思路。     

肝细胞癌肝移植术后复发和转移的研究:单中心经验

目的 研究肝细胞癌肝移植术后复发和转移的临床特点及治疗方法.方法 回顾分析2003年1月至2005年11月收治的95例肝细胞癌肝移植术后肝癌复发转移病例的临床资料.结果 在随访期内,42例(43.2%)患者被诊断为肝癌复发.复发部位最多见于移植肝(32例)、肺(21例)、骨(7例).单因素分析结果显示,肿瘤大小、肿瘤分布、肝硬化背景、术前甲胎蛋白浓度、组织学分期、大血管侵犯6项因素对肝移植术后生存和(或)肝癌复发有明显影响.多因素分析结果显示,肿瘤分布、组织学分期、大血管侵犯是影响术后总体生存率和肝癌复发率的独立危险因素.肝癌复发后的介入治疗及内放疗可延缓肿瘤进展,选择合适病例行复发灶手术切除可最大限度地改善预后.结论 合理选择接受肝移植的肝癌患者可能可以大幅度降低移植术后肝癌的复发率.在现阶段,外科治疗应是目前移植术后复发性肝癌的首选治疗手段.     

肝癌肝移植术后肿瘤复发转移的防治

肝癌肝移植术后肿瘤复发转移是影响肝移植治疗肝癌疗效的主要因素.深入研究肝癌的生物学特性和肝移植术后患者免疫状态与肿瘤复发转移的关系,筛选准确预测肝癌肝移植的预后指标,对高危复发风险的患者进行有效的干预治疗,对复发转移者进行个体化综合治疗有助于进一步提高肝移植治疗肝癌的疗效.

Abstract：

Post-transplant tumor recurrence and metastasis remain the main obstacles for long-term survival after liver transplantation (LT) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Measures to explore the HCC biological characteristics and the relationship between post-transplant immuno-suppression and tumor recurrence, to determine precisely the prognostic factors associated with post-transplant recurrence, to intervene effectively for those with high risk of recurrence, and to use individualized multimodality treatment for recurrence and metastasis may improve the therapeutic results of LT for HCC.     

肝移植治疗肝脏恶性肿瘤的长期疗效及预后危险因素

目的 总结肝移植治疗肝脏恶性肿瘤的长期疗效,筛选影响移植后肿瘤复发的危险因素.方法 对单中心189例肝脏恶性肿瘤患者行肝移植的临床资料进行回顾性分析.根据肿瘤临床病理类型分别计算受者累积存活率,分析肿瘤临床病理类型与肝移植术后肿瘤复发间的关系,筛选影响肿瘤复发的相关危险因素.结果 189例中围手术期死亡19例,170例进入随访期,随访率为98.8 %.其中166例的原发疾病为原发性肝癌,3例为肝门部胆管癌,1例肝转移癌.166例原发性肝癌肝移植者术后1、3、5和10年的总体存活率分别为52 %、38 %、36 %和36 %,其中符合米兰标准者(49例)的存活率分别为96 %、87 %、87 %和87 %,超出米兰标准者(136例)的存活率分别为42 %、26 %、24 %和24 %(P＜0.05).肿瘤复发是造成肝癌肝移植受者随访期死亡的最主要原因(92.5 %).3例肝门部胆管癌和1例肝转移癌肝移植受者均于术后2年内肿瘤复发.符合米兰标准的肝癌肝移植受者术后肿瘤复发率(10.2 %)显著低于超出米兰标准者(68.4 %,P＜0.05).而在超出米兰标准者中,无大血管侵犯者移植后肿瘤复发率(95.3 %)显著低于肿瘤侵犯大血管者(55.9 %,P＜0.05).以他克莫司为主要免疫抑制剂的受者的肿瘤复发率(46.2 %)低于应用环孢素A者(68.3 %,P＜0.05).移植术前肝肿瘤经皮穿刺射频消融(RF)治疗可降低受者术后肿瘤复发风险(P=0.039,OR=0.293),而术前外周血乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)DNA＞104拷贝/L是移植术后肿瘤复发的高危因素(P=0.016,OR=2.294).结论 对于符合米兰标准的肝癌患者而言,肝移植的远期疗效较好;而合并大血管侵犯者肝移植的预后不佳.移植前RF治疗有助于降低术后肿瘤复发风险,移植等待期应高度重视抗HBV治疗.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the long-term survival of the recipients with liver malignant tumors receiving liver transplantation and determine the risk factors of tumor recurrence after liver transplantation.Methods The follow-up data of the orthotopic liver transplantation for liver malignant tumors during 1999-2010 were retrospectively analyzed.The survival rate of different pathological tumor types was analyzed respectively.The tumor recurrence rate,mortality and morbidity,and the risk factors of the tumor recurrence were also analyzed.Results 170 recipients were followed up.The follow-up duration ranged from 8-132 months.The general 1-,3-,5-,10-year survival rate was 52 %,38 %,36 %,and 36 % respectively.The 1-,3-,5-,10-year survival rate of HCC matching Millan Criteria was 96 %,87 %,87 %,87 %,while that of HCC exceeding Millan Criteria was 42 %,26 %,24 %,24 % respectively(P<0.05).Tumor recurrence was the main course of the death during follow-up period(92.5 %).The recurrence rate of HCC matching and exceeding Millan Criteria was 10.2 %,and 68.4 % respectively(P<0.05).Among the recipients exceeding Millan Criteria,the recurrence rate of HCC with and without blood vessel invasion was 95.3 %,55.9 % respectively(P<0.05).Radiofrequency ablation before transplantation could decrease the risk of tumor recurrence post-transplantation(P=0.039,OR=0.293),while the high HBV-DNA load (>104 copy/L)was the risk factor of tumor recurrence.Conclusion Orthotopic liver transplantation is an effective and safe treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma matching Millan criteria.Blood vessel invasion is regarded as the contraindication of the liver transplantation of HCC.RF is an effective bridging therapy for the HCC patients,and anti-virus therapy is important during transplant waiting period.     

Can the Dropout Risk of Candidates with Hepatocellular Carcinoma Predict Survival after Liver Transplantation?

In the last US national conference on liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a continuous priority score, that incorporates model for end‐stage liver disease (MELD), alpha‐fetoprotein and tumor size, was recommended to ensure a more equitable liver allocation. However, prioritizing highest alpha‐fetoprotein levels or largest tumors may select lesions at a higher risk for recurrence; similarly, patients with higher degree of liver failure could have lower postoperative survival. Data from 300 adult HCC recipients were reviewed and the proposed HCC‐MELD equation was applied to verify if it can predict post‐transplantation survival. The 5‐year survival and recurrence rates after transplantation were 72.8 and 13.5%, respectively. Cox regression analysis confirmed HCC‐MELD as predictive of both postoperative survival and recurrence (p < 0.001). The 5‐year predicted survival and recurrence rates were plotted against the HCC‐MELD‐based dropout probability: the higher the dropout probability while on waiting list, the lower the predicted survival after transplantation, that is worsened by hepatitis C positivity; similarly, the higher the predicted HCC recurrence rate after transplantation. The HCC priority score could predict the postoperative survival of HCC recipients and could be useful in selecting patients with greater possibilities of survival, resulting in higher post‐transplantation survival rates of HCC populations.     

Hepatitis C Infection in Liver Transplantation

Hepatitis C-associated liver failure is the most common indication for liver transplantation and recurs nearly universally following transplantation. Histological evidence of recurrence is apparent in approximately 50% of HCV-infected recipients in the first postoperative year. Approximately 10% of HCV-infected recipients will die or lose their allograft secondary to hepatitis C-associated allograft failure in the medium term. While the choice of calcineurin inhibitor and/or the use of azathioprine have not been clearly shown to affect histological recurrence of hepatitis C or the frequency of rejection in hepatitis C-infected recipients, cumulative exposure to corticosteroids is associated with increased mortality, higher levels of HCV viremia and more severe histological recurrence. In contrast to nonhepatitis C-infected recipients, treatment for acute cellular rejection is associated with attenuated patient survival among recipients with hepatitis C. The development of steroid-resistant rejection is associated with a greater than five-fold increased risk of mortality in HCV-infected liver transplant recipients. In lieu of large studies in a post-transplant population therapy with pegylated interferon (+/- ribavirin) should be considered in recipients with histologically apparent recurrence of hepatitis C before total bilirubin exceeds 3 mg/dL. The role of hepatitis C immunoglobulin and new immunosuppression agents in the management of post-transplant hepatitis C infection is still evolving. Overall, HCV-infected recipients who undergo retransplantation experience 5-year patient and graft survival rates that are similar to recipients undergoing retransplantation who are not HCV-infected.     

Two-step Selection Criteria for Living Donor Liver Transplantation in Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma

We have proposed risk factors for tumor recurrence, such as tumor nodule ≥5 cm and des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin ≥300 mAU/mL after living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aim of this study was to clarify the risk factors for HCC recurrence and mortality within our criteria. We enrolled 152 adult recipients who had undergone LDLT for end-stage liver disease with HCC who met our criteria. The recurrence-free survival rates after LDLT were calculated. Risk factors for tumor recurrence were identified. On univariate analysis, factors affecting recurrence-free survival were pretransplant treatment for HCC, neutrophil-to-lumphocyte ratio (NLR) >4, alpha-fetoprotein ≥400 ng/mL, ≥5 nodules, and bilobar tumor distribution. Multivariate analysis identified that NLR >4 and ≥5 nodules were independent risk factors for tumor recurrence after LDLT (P = .003 and P = .002, respectively). Two-step selection criteria enable selection of patients who have high-risk of tumor recurrence.     

Apparent Remission of a Solitary Metastatic Pulmonary Lesion in a Liver Transplant Recipient Treated with Sorafenib

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a significant disease worldwide and its incidence is expected to increase. In selected patients, liver transplantation offers a 5‐year patient survival between 48% and 75%. However, HCC recurrence occurs in approximately 20% of transplant recipients. No therapy has proven efficacious in decreasing the risk of recurrence after transplantation. Sorafenib, a multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has been shown to improve survival in patients with advanced HCC that have no history of liver transplantation. We report complete remission of HCC in a 54‐year‐old man who developed biopsy‐proven lung metastasis after liver transplantation treated with sorafenib.     

Everolimus-Based Immunosuppression in Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma at High Risk of Recurrence After Liver Transplantation: A Case Series

BackgroundLiver transplantation offers the most effective treatment in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, transplant patients outside the Milan criteria have a high risk of tumor recurrence, which has been linked to standard immunosuppression regimens. Everolimus is a mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor that has been used for immunosuppression, but its effect on recurrence and survival in HCC patients with a high risk of tumor recurrence has not been examined. We compared long-term survival and cumulative recurrence in high-risk patients receiving everolimus-based immunosuppression after liver transplantation for HCC with an historic control group.MethodsThe everolimus group comprised 21 patients receiving a liver transplant at our center from February 2005 to December 2010. The control group comprised 31 patients receiving a liver transplant from May 1994 to January 2005. All patients received cyclosporine or tacrolimus as initial post-transplant immunosuppression. Patients in the everolimus group switched to everolimus 2 weeks later.ResultsThere were no differences between the two groups in number of rejection episodes or of infectious or surgical complications. Five-year survival was 60.2% in the everolimus group and 32.3% in the control group (P = .05). Five-year cumulative recurrence rate was 61.3% in the control group and 41.3% in the everolimus group. Treatment with everolimus was identified as an independent predictor of longer survival (hazard ratio = 0.34; P = .02).ConclusionsPatients receiving liver transplantation for HCC with a high risk of tumor recurrence may well benefit from everolimus-based immunosuppression, with no added risks of rejection or other post-transplant complications.