右美托咪定复合地佐辛麻醉在高血压脑出血患者术中的应用及安全性分析

目的探究右美托咪定复合地佐辛麻醉在高血压脑出血患者术中的应用及安全性。方法选取我院2016年8月～2018年9月高血压脑出血患者80例,根据麻醉方案不同分为A组(n=28)、B组(n=26)、C组(n=26)。A组于手术结束前1h时给予右美托咪定+地佐辛,B组于手术结束前1h时给予右美托咪定,C组于手术结束前1h时给予地佐辛。对比三组麻醉诱导前(T1)、拔管时(T2)、拔管5min后(T3)平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)及三组苏醒期间躁动发生率、Ramsay镇静评分、视觉模拟量表评分(VAS)。结果 T2、T3时B组、C组MAP、HR高于T1时(P0.05);T2、T3时B组、C组MAP、HR高于A组(P0.05);A组躁动发生率3.57%,低于B组的30.77%、C组的34.62%(P0.05);A组Ramsay评分高于B组、C组,VAS评分低于B组、C组(P0.05)。结论右美托咪定复合地佐辛麻醉应用于高血压脑出血手术患者,可稳定血流动力学指标,改善苏醒质量,且安全性较高。     

右美托咪啶对腹腔镜胆囊切除术七氟烷麻醉复苏期患者躁动的影响

目的探讨右美托咪啶对腹腔镜胆囊切除术七氟烷麻醉复苏期患者躁动的影响。方法选取60例行全身麻醉腹腔镜胆囊切除术的患者,随机将其分为A、B、C三组,每组20例。A组患者全身麻醉应用七氟烷,B组应用七氟烷联合芬太尼,C组应用七氟烷联合右美托咪啶。术中保持三组患者七氟烷呼气末浓度于1.3~1.5 MAC。分析三组患者T0(手术结束前5 min)、T1(麻醉复苏拔管之前)、T2(拔管后)及T3(拔管后5 min)时刻的血流动力学指标\躁动和VAS评分。结果 T0时三组患者无创血压(SBP)与心率(HR)比较差异未见统计学意义(P0.05);T1、T2、T3时SBP、HR,A组与B组比较差异未见统计学意义(P0.05);C组患者SBP、HR低于A组与B组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。三组患者各时刻Sp O2比较差异未见统计学意义(P0.05)。C组VAS评分最高,B组与C组患者躁动和VAS评分均高于A组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论右美托咪啶可缓解腹腔镜胆囊切除术七氟烷麻醉复苏期患者躁动,减少心血管应激性反应,稳定血流动力学,增加麻醉复苏期患者舒适度。     

不同剂量右美托咪啶对拔管期心血管反应的影响

目的：观察手术结束前单次静脉输注不同剂量右美托咪啶对全麻苏醒拔管期患者心血管反应的影响,探讨右美托咪啶在拔管期应用的最佳剂量。方法：美国麻醉师协会（AmericanSocietyofAnesthesiologists,AsA）评分I或Ⅱ级择期行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的患者80例,将其随机均分为A、B、C、D4组,每组20例。手术结束前10min各组分别静脉输注如下药物：A组0,9％氯化钠液10mL,B组右美托咪啶0．3μg／kg,C组右关托咪啶0．5μg／kg,D组右美托咪啶0．7μg／kg。记录手术前、拔管前1min、拔管时、拔管后1min、5min、10min、20min、30min的平均动脉压（MAP）和心率（HR）;观察患者呼吸恢复时间、苏醒时间、拔管时间及围拔管期不良反应发生情况。结果：与手术前比较,拔管前1min、拔管时、拔管后1minA组的MAP、HR及B组的MAP均显著升高（P〈0．05）,而C、D两组MAP、HR变化不明显。拔管后5min、10min、20min、30min时C、D组MAP和HR与手术前比较显著降低（P〉0．05）。D组有4例发生低血压和5例发生心动过缓,显著高于其余3组;D组患者自主呼吸恢复时间、拔管时间及苏醒时间与A、B、C3组比较,显著延长（P〉0．05）;拔管期间C、D组的呛咳和躁动发生率显著低于A、B两组（P〉0．05）。结论：0．5μg／kg右美托咪啶可以有效抑制全麻苏醒拔管期的心血管反应并减轻拔管期躁动、喻咳等不良反应窟生．同时不影响今廉拔管及苏醒时间．     

右美托咪定对功能性鼻内窥镜手术患者苏醒期质量的影响?

【目的】研究术中输注右美托咪定对功能性鼻内窥镜手术(FESS)患者苏醒期质量的影响。【方法】选取40例年龄为30~60岁择期全身麻醉下行 FESS 的患者。将入选患者随机分为两组(每组20例)：对照组(C组)和右美托咪定组(D组)。常规麻醉诱导气管插管后,D组给予1μg/kg 右美托咪定10 min内静脉输注完毕,随后以0.2μg/(kg·h)速率输注至手术结束前30 min。C 组以同样方式输注等量生理盐水。两组麻醉维持均采用静脉持续输注异丙酚,七氟醚吸入,适时静注顺式阿曲库铵。当患者平均动脉压(MAP)和心率(HR)较基础值增加超过15%时单次追加芬太尼1.5μg/kg。比较两组患者麻醉前、手术结束时、拔管时、离开麻醉恢复室(PACU)时的 HR、MAP;入 PACU 后的 Riker 躁动评分、VAS 疼痛视觉模拟评分;拔管时间、滞留PACU时间以及术后不良反应情况。【结果】与麻醉前比较,C 组患者拔管时 HR 明显增快(P <0.05)。入PACU后D组 Riker躁动评分和 VAS疼痛视觉模拟评分均低于 C组(P <0.05)。两组拔管时间、滞留PACU时间的差异均无显著性(均P >0.05)。D组术后寒战发生率低于 C 组(P <0.05)。【结论】术中输注右美托咪定可明显改善 FESS患者苏醒期质量。     

盐酸右美托咪啶在预防中老年食管癌患者麻醉苏醒期心血管反应中的应用

目的:观察盐酸右美托咪啶在预防中老年食管癌患者麻醉苏醒期心血管反应中的应用.方法:选择中老年食管癌手术患者60例,随机分为盐酸右美托咪啶组(A组,n=30)和对照组(B组,n=30).两组患者全麻诱导和维持均相同,术毕停用麻醉药的同时分别静脉泵注盐酸右美托咪啶0.5 mg/kg和等容量的生理盐水.观察并记录术毕注药前、拔管前、拔管时、拔管后5、10 min患者的平均动脉血压(MAP)、心率(HR)、脉搏血氧饱和度(SpO2)、Ramsay镇静评分、苏醒期躁动率以及相关不良反应.结果:B组在拔管时及拔管后5 min内MAP、HR均明显高于拔管前,A组拔管时及拔管后MAP、HR均高于拔管前,但增幅明显低于B组;A组患者苏醒期镇静状态评分3.07±0.69,明显高于B组1.83±0.70;A组躁动发生率16.7%,明显低于B组36.7%.结论:术毕静脉泵注盐酸右美托咪啶0.5μg/kg可以预防或减轻中老年食管癌患者麻醉苏醒期的心血管反应,降低术后躁动率,有利于中老年患者平稳度过苏醒期.     

右美托咪定联合甲泊尼龙对小儿扁桃体腺样体切除术后躁动的影响

目的探讨右美托咪定联合甲泊尼龙对小儿扁桃体腺样体切除术后躁动的影响。方法选择ASAⅠ级择期插管全麻下行扁桃体腺样体切除术患儿60例,随机分为A、B、C三组各20例,A组于诱导前右美托咪定1μg/kg静脉泵入,B组诱导前右美托咪定1μg/kg静脉泵入同时,静注甲泊尼龙1 mg/kg; C组诱导前不做药物处理。比较麻醉诱导前(T1)、手术开始(T2)、拔管后5 min(T3)和离开复苏室时(T4)的心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)。于拔管后5 min、离开复苏室时及术后12小时对患儿进行依据行为疼痛评估表(FLACC)评分、镇静评分及躁动评分。结果 B组和A组在各时间点HR、MAP变化幅度低于C组(P 0. 05)。B组及A组躁动发生率低于C组(P 0. 05)。B组与A组比较术后12小时仍获得较更佳的FLACC评分、Ramsay评分及躁动评分(P 0. 05)。结论右美托咪定联合甲泊尼龙能有效减低全身麻醉苏醒期的躁动发生率,且患儿舒适度更佳。     

右美托咪啶与氯胺酮对小儿扁桃体切除术麻醉苏醒期的影响效果比较

目的观察右美托咪啶与氯胺酮对小儿扁桃体切除术麻醉苏醒期的影响。方法将2010年1月至2014年6月行双侧扁桃体切除术患儿分为右美托咪啶组(58例)、氯胺酮组(58例)、对照组(52例)。麻醉诱导10 min前,右美托咪啶组患儿泵注右美托咪啶(0.5μg/kg),氯胺酮组患儿泵注氯胺酮(0.5 mg/kg),而对照组患儿泵注10 ml生理盐水,其余麻醉用药和操作相同。记录3组患儿的复苏低氧、恶心呕吐、复苏15 min内出现严重躁动的情况,躁动评分和疼痛评分,同时统计3组患儿在麻醉前(T0)、拔管时(T1)、拔管后5 min(T2)、10 min(T3)、15 min(T4)、30 min(T5)的平均动脉压(MAP)和心率(HR)。利用t检验和χ2检验分析相关数据。结果与对照组患儿相比,右美托咪啶组和氯胺酮组患儿出现复苏15 min内严重躁动的比率、躁动评分、疼痛评分明显降低(P均<0.05),而且MAP和HR在T1、T2、T3时更加平稳(P均<0.05);与右美托咪啶组患儿相比,对照组患儿出现复苏低氧和恶心呕吐的比率明显增高(P均<0.05),而且氯胺酮组患儿出现恶心呕吐的比率也明显高于右美托咪啶组患儿(P<0.05)。结论右美托咪啶和氯胺酮均可以减少扁桃体切除术麻醉苏醒期躁动等并发症,而且右美托咪啶还可以明显降低复苏低氧和恶心呕吐的发生率。     

盐酸右美托咪定在胸腔镜手术患者中的应用

目的观察右美托咪定对胸腔镜手术患者血流动力学的影响。方法择期行胸腔镜下肺叶切除手术患者40例。随机分成生理盐水组（C组）和右美托咪定组（D组）,每组20例。麻醉诱导开始时两组患者分别静脉泵注生理盐水或右美托咪定。观察两组入室时（T1）、插管时（T2）、吸痰时（T3）、拔管时（T4）、拔管后5min（T5）的SBP、DBP、HR的变化及拔管期间患者呛咳和躁动的情况。结果两组患者T2的SBP、HR无明显差异（P〉0.05）,但均明显高于T1（P〈0.05）。C组T3、T4、T5的SBP、HR明显高于D组（P〈0.05）;D组的拔管时间比C组延长（P〈0.05）,D组呛咳、躁动评分明显低于C组（P〈0.01）。结论右美托咪定用于胸腔镜手术,能稳定术中及苏醒期的血流动力学,并减少拔管期的应激反应与呛咳和躁动。     

右美托咪啶不同给药方式联合丙泊酚在宫腔镜手术中的应用研究

目的探讨右美托咪啶不同给药方式联合丙泊酚在宫腔镜手术中对患者血流动力学、脉搏灌注指数以及麻醉复苏的影响。方法选取60例在该院行日间宫腔镜手术的患者作为研究对象,按照随机数字表将60例患者分为单次静脉注射右美托咪啶组(A组)、持续静脉注射右美托咪啶组(B组)及对照组(C组),每组20例。A组患者于麻醉诱导前10min单次静脉注射0.6g/kg右美托咪啶,B组于麻醉诱导前10min持续泵注0.3μg/(kg·h)右美托咪啶直至手术结束,C组患者于麻醉诱导前单次静脉注射芬太尼2μg/kg,3组诱导均采用丙泊酚1.5mg/kg静脉输注,术中以3~5mg/(kg·h)维持。分别记录麻醉前(T1)、麻醉诱导后1min(T2)、扩宫颈时(T3)、手术结束时(T4)以及苏醒时(T5)患者的平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)、血氧饱和度(SpO2)、脉搏灌注指数,同时对患者的麻醉复苏情况以及术后不良反应情况进行观察。结果 A组患者MAP及HR在T2、T3、T4、T5均显著下降,脉搏灌注指数明显升高,与同组T1时比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05),B、C组患者MAP在T2、T3、T4、T5下降明显(P0.05),但HR下降不明显,脉搏灌注指数略有升高;B组、C组的MAP、HR、脉搏灌注指数与A组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.017);B组和C组MAP、HR、脉搏灌注指数比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.017)。A、B两组术后不良反应数明显少于C组(P0.017);A、B两组术后5min Aldrete评分高于C组(P0.017);A组术后宫缩疼痛情况明显少于B组和C组(P0.017)。结论宫腔镜手术前10min单次静脉注射0.6g/kg右美托咪啶镇痛效果更好,术后不良反应少,恢复快,可在临床上推广使用,但该药术中对HR影响较大,应及时处理。     

靶控输注瑞芬太尼与恒速输注右美托咪定用于小儿全凭静脉麻醉苏醒期的临床研究

目的观察靶控输注瑞芬太尼与恒速输注右美托咪定对小儿全凭静脉麻醉苏醒期拔管反应及躁动的影响。方法将90例择期全凭静脉麻醉下行扁桃体腺样体切除术患儿,随机分为对照组(C组)、瑞芬太尼组(R组)和右美托咪定(D组)。麻醉诱导后D组静脉持续输注右美托咪定0.3μg·kg-1·h-1直至气管导管拔出。手术结束前2 min,C组和D组停用异丙酚和瑞芬太尼;R组停用异丙酚,将瑞芬太尼的TCI浓度调整为1.5 ng/ml直至气管导管拔出。记录泵注右美托咪定前(T0)、手术结束时(T1)、拔管前1 min(T2)、拔管时(T3)和拔管后1 min(T4)、5 min(T5)、10 min(T6)的平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR);记录停用异丙酚至拔管时间、睁眼时间、拔管时呛咳反应评分;根据儿童麻醉后躁动评分(PAED)和改良加拿大东安大略儿童医院疼痛评分量表(m-CHEOPS),拔管后每5 min对患儿进行躁动和疼痛评分,记录所得最高值作为监测有效值。结果与T0时比较,C组T2~T6时、R组T5~T6时MAP和HR均显著升高(P<0.05),D组各时点MAP与HR差异无统计学意义;与C组比较,R组T2~T4时、D组T2~T6时MAP与HR均较低(P<0.05);与R组比较,D组T5~T6时MAP与HR较低(P<0.05)。三组患儿拔管时间、睁眼时间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);拔管时呛咳反应评分R组与D组显著低于C组(P<0.05),PAED评分和疼痛评分D组显著低于C组(P<0.05)与R组(P<0.05)。结论靶控输注瑞芬太尼(1.5 ng/ml)与恒速输注右美托咪定(0.3μg·kg-1·h-1),均能有效抑制小儿扁桃体腺样体切除术全凭静脉麻醉苏醒期的拔管反应,且不延长麻醉苏醒时间。恒速输注右美托咪定还能减少患儿术后躁动的发生,更适用于小儿全麻苏醒期。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.