Serum enzymes in acute myocardial infarction after intracoronary thrombolysis

Serum kinetics of total creatine kinase (CK), CK-MB isoenzyme, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LD) and alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBD) activities were studied in twenty patients with acute myocardial infarction randomly assigned to receive either intracoronary urokinase (group A) or conventional (control) therapy (group B). The temporal characteristics of enzyme changes described were the time lag from onset of chest pain until maximum catalytic concentration value, the rate at which enzymes are released into blood, the peak value of the serum enzyme curves and (d) the fractional disappearance rate (Kd) for each enzyme considered. Thrombolytic treatment induced earlier peak times in group A: for CK, 10.8 vs 27.0 h, for CK-MB, 10.4 vs 23.1, for AST, 13.9 vs 31.3, for LD, 24.4 vs 49.1, and for HBD, 20.5 vs 48.5 (for all enzymes, p less than 0.001). The maximal rate of release for the enzymes was at least twofold greater in group A. Enzyme peak activities and Kd were not significantly different between the groups. The most significant discrimination between the two groups was obtained with AST peak time (Hartz overlap index (Oi) = 0.11) and CK-MB peak time (Oi = 0.12).     

肺癌患者围术期心肌酶谱变化的临床分析

目的探讨肺癌患者围术期心肌酶谱变化的情况。方法回顾性分析本院手术治疗肺癌患者35例的临床资料。结果单纯手术组中,术后天门冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、肌酸激酶(CK)、α-羟丁酸脱氢酶(α-HBDH)、肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)、肌红蛋白(Mb)指标水平明显比术前升高。新辅助化疗组中,术后AST、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH-L)、CK、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)、α-HBDH、cTnI、Mb等指标水平较术前明显升高。手术前后,新辅助化疗心肌酶谱指标α-HBDH、cTnI、LDH-L与CK明显高于单纯手术组患者。结论开胸手术和术前新辅助化疗均可以导致肺癌患者围术期心肌酶谱异常。     

Time course of serum protein changes after strenuous exercise of the forearm flexors.

The time course of changes in serum proteins and other blood constituents after eccentric exercise of the forearm flexors by six nonweight-trained female subjects (age, 19.7 +/- 1.9 years) was investigated. Eccentric muscle actions are those in which the muscle lengthens as it exerts force, as when a person lowers a weight. Serum levels of creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, myoglobin, as well as urea nitrogen, uric acid, creatinine, calcium, and phosphorus were examined before and for 6 days after exercise. Creatine kinase increased dramatically (peak value ranged from 6740 to 24,200 U/L) and aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase, and myoglobin followed the same time course as creatine kinase, but their peak values were lower. These proteins did not increase significantly until 48 hours after exercise and reached peak values 3 to 5 days after exercise. Alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, uric acid, urea nitrogen, creatinine, calcium, and phosphorus showed no change. There is either a delay in muscle protein release by damaged muscle fibers, or the proteins are unable to leave the interstitial area for the 24 to 48 hour period after exercise. Because of the long delay, care should be taken when blood protein levels are interpreted in persons who have exercised strenuously (even if only for a short period of intense effort) several days before any diagnostic tests are performed.     

Creatine kinase isoenzymes of mitochondrial origin in human serum.

We measured creatine kinase (EC 2.7.3.2) activity in 1009 serum samples from 538 patients in the intensive-care units of the University of Texas Medical Branch hospitals. Creatine kinase isoenzymes migrating cathodal to skeletal muscle creatine kinase (CK-MM) on cellulose acetate electrophoresis were found in sera from 14 of the 538 patients. Creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27), aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1), and alanine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.2) activities were abnormally increased in these 14 patients. Liver lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme (LDH5) and cardiac creatine kinase isoenzyme (CK-MB) were abnormally increased in 12 and eight of these patients, respectively. Ten of the 14 patients died during their hospital admission. We believe the creatine kinase isoenzymes that migrated cathodal to skeletal muscle creatine kinase (CK-MM) were of mitochondrial origin.     

Activities of mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase and creatine kinase isoenzyme MB in serum following coronary bypass surgery

The mitochondrial isoenzyme of aspartate aminotransferase showed only slight increases in serum of twenty-seven patients after uncomplicated coronary bypass surgery, which contrasted the rapid and substantial increases in creatine kinase MB. In seven patients suffering perioperative infarction or serious complications, substantial increases in mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase were detected and the elevations in creatine kinase MB were prolonged. Mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase may appear as a specific marker of myocardial necrosis following coronary bypass surgery. The elevations of creatine kinase and creatine kinase MB were detected as early as 5 minutes after onset of coronary reperfusion and slightly higher activities were measured in coronary sinus blood than in systemic blood sampled simultaneously. Increases in mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase, however, could first be measured 8 hours after reperfusion.     

Diagnosis of perioperative myocardial infarction by considering relationship of postoperative electrocardiogram changes and enzyme increases after coronary bypass operation

We report the results of enzyme determinations in sera from 88 patients, 65 of whom showed inconspicuous reconvalescence, 14 who had myocardial infarction within 24 h (MI 1) after bypass surgery, and nine with myocardial infarction between 24 and 48 h postoperatively (MI 2). We wanted to determine whether the consequent measurement of activities of total creatine kinase (CK), CK isoenzyme MB (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase, alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, and aspartate aminotransferase, conducted as a part of routine laboratory diagnostics, provided meaningful information for diagnosing infarcts besides that obtained from the electrocardiogram. The postoperative mean values of the enzyme activities in blood were significantly different among the three groups; however, only a combined evaluation of CK and CK-MB by means of a discriminant analysis allowed the prediction of MI (sensitivity: MI 1 = 98.5%, MI 2 = 95.4%; specificity: MI 1 = 71.4%, MI 2 = 81.8%). CK greater than 600 U/L or CK-MB greater than 45 U/L supports the diagnosis of acute MI.     

Effects on analgesic and antirheumatic drugs on the assay of serum enzymes

Interference by some commonly used analgesic and antirheumatic drugs in the spectrophotometric and colorimetric assays of serum enzymes was examined. None of the investigated methods was significantly influenced by caffeine, phenacetin, ibuprofen or indomethacin. Acetylsalicylic acid affected the continuous assays of creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase (with pyruvate as substrate), and the colorimetric assay of alanine aminotransferase. Aminophenazone interfered with the colorimetric method for determination of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, while phenobarbital interfered only with the continuous method for lactate dehydrogenase (with L-lactate as substrate). Ketoprofen interfered with the colorimetric assays of lactate dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase, while diclofenac affected the continuous assay of aspartate aminotransferase. None of the tested drugs interfered with the continuous methods for the determination of alkaline phosphatase and alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase.     

Enzymatic assessment of myocardial injury after infarction or cardiac surgery. Is isoenzyme analysis required?

Estimation of enzyme release in plasma requires knowledge of the fractional catabolic rate constant (FCR) for the elimination enzyme activity from plasma. However, the total plasma content of such enzymes usually consists of several isoenzymes with different values of FCR. Thus, the use of a single overall value for FCR may cause error. This problem was studied by determination of the plasma isoenzyme activities of creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase and alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase in patients after cardiac surgery and after acute myocardial infarction. Values of FCR and the cumulative release of activity in plasma are estimated for separate isoenzymes and for total enzyme activity. Results are compared with the enzyme content of myocardium, skeletal muscle and blood cells. It is concluded that isoenzyme separation is not required for the quantitative use of such data. The implications for the validation of enzymatic estimation of cardiac injury are discussed. The results indicate that local inactivation of enzymes after cardiac injury must be limited.     

手足口病患儿心肌酶谱检测分析

目的探讨小儿手足口病(HFMD)患儿心肌酶谱的改变及其临床意义。方法对佛山市第二人民医院187例HFMD患儿于诊断次日和病程结束后,进行天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、肌酸激酶(CK)和肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)检测,并分析其临床意义。结果 HFMD患儿与健康儿童比较心肌酶谱明显升高(P<0.01),且心肌酶谱异常治疗前亦明显高于治疗后(P<0.01),但均无心肌炎表现。结论提示HFMD病程中心肌较易受到侵犯,经治疗后预后较好。     

Etude de la myoglobinemie et de son evolution au cours de l'infarctus du myocardeStudy on myoglobinemia and its development during myocardial infarction

Thirty six patients suffering from myocardial infarction were investigated by assay of their serum myoglobin, total creatine kinase and creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activities. Determination of serum myoglobin presents, with regard to creatine kinase MB, two major advantages: a very early increase after the onset of the pain (about three hours later) and a very quick clearance, allowing the diagnosis of a second episode of necrosis after about one day.     

Hepatic infarction: biochemical study of a case

Hepatic infarction was observed post mortem in a 27-year-old man who died of aortic dissection. Blood had been sampled at admission and 12 and 19 hours later. Values for aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase in serum were markedly above normal, whereas those for alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyltransferase were only marginally increased. A threefold-increased creatine kinase was ascribable solely to isoenzyme CK-3, suggesting muscle breakdown. Moreover, total lactate dehydrogenase activity was increased threefold, accounted for by a ninefold increase in LD-5 isoenzyme. Those enzyme activities in serum that evidently are associated with acute hepatocellular necrosis increase quickly in hepatic infarction, and CK isoenzyme assay is a useful adjunct if LD-5 increases are significant.     

Establishment of reference intervals for enzyme catalytic activity concentration measurements at 37 degrees C--a practical approach

The change from measuring enzyme catalytic activity concentrations from 25 degrees C to 37 degrees C in the German Federal Republic has led to the need for new reference ranges for defined patient groups and for healthy individuals. Up to now, these are only present as tentative values and are incomplete, especially for children. This article describes a method for deriving reference ranges from results obtained from measurement at 25 degrees C and 37 degrees C and the use of percentiles to establish values for 37 degrees C. A total of 1,111,378 data from 507,305 patients were used to establish reference ranges for the following 11 enzymes at 37 degrees C using the test kits from Roche Diagnostics measured on the Modular analyser: acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, cholinesterase, creatine kinase, creatine kinase - MB subunit, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, glutamate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase - isoenzyme 1. The computed reference ranges from the data used gave rise to reference ranges, some of which were in agreement with the data from the producer, some of which, however, showed deviations from the values given by the producer. Ranges for newborns, children and adolescents could be computed with the prerequisite that ranges for 25 degrees C were available and that these had been established and validated. This method of establishing reference ranges for catalytic enzyme activities can be used for all producers, providing the number of data used is sufficient to allow for valid statistical analysis.     

Activity of serum aspartate aminotransferase isoenzymes in patients with acute myocardial infarction

Activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) isoenzymes were determined in serial serum samples from 40 cases of acute myocardial infarction, and compared with activities of creatine kinase, CK-MB isoenzyme, lactate dehydrogenase, and alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase for temporal changes. Cytosolic (soluble) AST (s-AST) and mitochondrial AST (m-AST) respectively increased 6.6 and 9.0 h after onset of chest pain. The median time at which serum m-AST activity peaked (15.8 U/L, range 6.4-53.5 U/L) was 47.8 h after the onset of infarction, 19.8 h later than the peak s-AST activity (171 U/L, range 53-517 U/L) and m-AST also disappeared from the serum more slowly than s-AST (p less than 0.001). Serum m-AST values were above normal for at least six days after the infarct. The ratio of m-AST to total AST in serum increased after myocardial infarction, being greatest (20%, range 11-32%) on the third day after onset. For individuals, peak activities of s-AST correlated well with total CK (r = 0.91) and CK-MB (r = 0.86) peak activities, indicating that s-AST also reflects the infarct size. However, m-AST correlated poorly with the enzymes commonly used in infarct diagnosis; it apparently provides different biological information.     

Enzyme catalytic concentrations in human plasma after a marathon

Blood was obtained from 11 males participating in the Berlin marathon 1986, directly before and after the marathon, and on the three following days. Several observations were made: a) catalytic concentrations (activity) of creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (AP) increased directly after the marathon or on the three following days; b) Cholinesterase (CHE), amylase (AML) and gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) decreased directly after the marathon; c) the time course of AP and LDH isoenzyme activity after the race indicated an elimination from plasma to lower values than those originally observed before the run.     

Mass concentration of creatine kinase MB isoenzyme and lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme 1 in diagnosis of perioperative myocardial infarction after coronary bypass surgery

Recent advances in methodology allow the mass concentration of creatine kinase MB isoenzyme (CK-MB), and of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme 1 (LD1) to be determined quickly and easily as routine, emergency tests. We evaluated these tests as diagnostic criteria of perioperative myocardial infarction (PMI) after coronary bypass surgery. These tests were compared with the usual measurements of CK-MB activity by immunoinhibition and LD1 by electrophoresis and with other biological markers of myocardial infarction such as total CK, total LD, and aspartate aminotransferase. Sixty-one patients who underwent coronary bypass grafting were followed pre- and postoperatively by enzyme determinations and electrocardiography; a subgroup was monitored by myocardial scintigraphy. CK-MB mass appeared to be the best marker of PMI during the first 48 h, although LD1 was the marker of choice from days 2 to 4.     

Effects of therapeutic hypothermia on activity of some enzymes in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with anoxic-ischemic brain injury

I assessed the effect of therapeutic hypothermia on the activity in cerebrospinal fluid of creatine kinase (EC 2.7.3.2) and its brain isoenzyme (CK-BB), lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27), and aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1.) as markers of cerebral damage in patients with transient anoxic-ischemic brain injury. Moderate hypothermia (30-32 degrees C) lasting more than 24 h resulted in disproportionately greater activity of creatine kinase during the post-insult period than in patients not treated with hypothermia but having similar insults and outcome (p less than .01 for survivors, and p less than .005 for nonsurvivors). No differences were observed for the thermostable enzymes lactate dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase, which demonstrates that the effect of hypothermia must be taken into account when thermolabile enzymes are used as sole markers of brain damage in such patients.     

Nike the golden retriever

Cardiac enzyme levels are more sensitive and specific in confirming or excluding the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction than are historical or electrocardiographic criteria. Several enzymes are elevated after infarction, but total creatine kinase, the MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase are the most useful. Dr Ruzich explains how serial determinations and attention to appearance, peak, and disappearance times of these enzymes help identify elevation that is unrelated to infarction.     

高敏心肌肌钙蛋白T、心肌酶与心电图在儿童手足口病感染中的应用

目的探讨儿童手足口病(HFMD)患儿高敏心肌肌钙蛋白T(hs-cTnT)、心肌酶和心电图变化与心肌受损之间关系。方法对241例HFMD患儿及203名健康儿童进行hs-cTnT、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、乳酸脱氢酶同工酶(LD1)、肌酸激酶(CK)、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)测定和心电图检测。分析2组之间的hs-cTnT、心肌酶水平及异常率和心电图异常率的差异。结果 HFMD组hs-cTnT、心肌酶水平及异常率明显高于对照组(P<0.01),心电图异常率(包括ST-T段改变、传导阻滞、早博、异位心动过速)也高于对照组(P<0.01)。HFMD患儿hs-cTnT异常率要高于其他心肌酶指标。结论血清hs-cTnT、心肌酶及心电图检测可作为早期判断HFMD患儿心肌受损及心功能评价的辅助诊断指标,且血清hs-cTnT有较好的临床应用前景。     

乌司他丁对严重烧伤患者脏器功能的保护作用

目的 探讨乌司他丁对严重烧伤患者脏器功能的作用。方法 将同时期严重程度相当的中度以上烧伤住院患者72例随机分为治疗组（n=36）和对照组（n=36）。对照组按烧伤常规治疗；治疗组在常规治疗的基础上加用乌司他丁，特重烧伤每次300kU，中重度烧伤每次200kU，每日2次，连续使用5～7d。两组创面均外用聚乙烯吡咯烷酮碘（聚维酮碘）软膏及解毒烧伤膏。检测两组患者治疗前后的血常规、肝功能（丙氨酸转氨酶）、肾功能（血尿素氮、血肌酐）、凝血指标（凝血酶原时间、国际标准化比值、活化部分凝血活酶时间、纤维蛋白原）、心肌酶（天冬氨酸转氨酶、乳酸脱氢酶、α-羟丁酸脱氢酶、肌酸激酶及其同工酶）、肌钙蛋白、肌红蛋白、动脉血气分析、创面细菌培养等。结果 应用乌司他丁患者均能平稳渡过休克期、感染期和围手术期，创面渗出、水肿减轻，28d病死率为0。治疗组和对照组中度烧伤患者各项检测指标比较差异均无显著性（P均〉0．05），重度以上烧伤患者各项检测指标两组比较差异均有显著性（P均〈0.05）。结论 乌司他丁能有效保护严重烧伤患者的脏器功能．适用于严重烧伤的急救治疗。     

还原型谷胱甘肽治疗急性有机磷中毒引起的心肌损害

目的:探讨还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)治疗急性有机磷中毒(AOPP)引起的心肌损害的效果。方法:急性AOPP患者60例,随机分为2组,治疗组30例,对照组30例,2组患者均常规给予洗胃、补液、阿托品、长托宁、解磷定等治疗,治疗组在此基础上给予GSH2 400 mg/d。检测入院后第1小时、第24小时、第72小时、第168小时的血清肌钙蛋白(cardiac troponin T,cTnT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(aspartate aminotransferase,AST)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)、磷酸肌酸激酶(creatine kinase,CK)、磷酸肌酸激酶同功酶(creatine kinase MB,CK-MB)、乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)及胆碱酯酶(cholinesterase,CHE)含量,同时进行心电图检查。比较2组患者在治疗前后cTnT、AST、ALT、CK、CK-MB、LDH及CHE含量的变化和心电图变化。结果:急性AOPP患者cTnT、AST、ALT、CK-MB及LDH均有不同程度升高。治疗组心肌酶恢复情况优于对照组。结论:GSH能减轻急性AOPP引起的心肌损害。