五氯酚在接触工人尿中存在形态的探讨

五氯酚在接触工人尿中存在形态的探讨徐希明王洪玮阮永逍五氯酚（Ｐｅｎｔａｃｈｌｏｒｏｐｈｅｎｏｌ，ＰＣＰ）及其钠盐（Ｎａ－ＰＣＰ）具防腐、杀虫、灭菌、除草等多种作用，应用广泛。人体接触五氯酚后，大部分由尿排出体外。尿中五氯酚存在形态一直众说不一，有人报...     

水中五氯酚测定方法的研究

目的建立灵敏、快速的水中五氯酚的测定方法。方法在色谱柱、色谱条件和定量方法等方面对现行的国家标准检测方法进行改进和优化,并对实际水样进行分析。结果建立以毛细管柱替代填充柱,以三溴苯酚(TBP)作为内标物的水中五氯酚的气相色谱分析方法。方法线性范围为0.1~10μg/L,r=0.9999;方法检出限为4.5ng/L;样品加标回收率为90.1%~98.4%,相对标准偏差(RSD)小于4.1%。结论本法灵敏度高、准确度好,适用于环境水样中五氯酚的痕量分析。     

人体五氯酚环境接触量的研究

对血吸虫病流行区人群五氯酚(PCP)的接触量进行了研究,结果表明,在PCP使用区,各种农产品均受到不同程度的污染,成人每天的暴露量为0.57μg,婴儿暴露量达1.7μg.成人尿中PCP含量为0.05μg/L,体脂中含量为253μg/kg.表明环境中PCP已经过食物链进入人体,并在体内产生蓄积.     

人体五氯酚环境接触量的研究

为了解人体对五氯酚环境的影响暴露情况，对五氯酚使用区人群五氯酚环境接触量进行了调查研究。结果发现，使用区中各种食物，饮水无受到不同程度的污染，成人日平均接触量 ０．５７μｇ，母乳喂婴儿为１．７μｇ，成人尿中五氯酚含量是０．０５μｇ／Ｌ，体内脂肪中含量２５３．４μｇ／ｋｇ。提示污染区人群对五氯酚有一定程度的暴露。     

人体五氯酚环境接触量的研究

对血吸虫病汉行区人群五氯酚的接触量进行了研究，结果表明，要ＰＣＰ使用区，各种农产品均受到不同程度的污染，成人每天的暴露量为０．５７μｇ，婴儿暴露量达１．７μｇ，成人尿中ＰＣＰ含量为０．０５μｇ／Ｌ，体脂中含量为２５３μｇ／ｋｇ。表明环境中ＰＣＰ已经过食物链进入人体，并在体内产生蓄积。     

高效液相色谱法测定人尿中五氯酚的研究

尿样加盐酸于沸水浴中加热使五氯酚水解,碱性下用二氯甲烷提取除去部分干扰物,然后在酸性条件下用乙醚提取尿中PCP,浓缩后进HPLC分离测定。用反相C_(18)柱,UV254nm及313nm同时检测,流动相为MeOH/0.0075mol/L(NH_4)_2HPO_4 最低检出限0.4mg/L,回收率≥85％。     

鱼组织中氯酚及其共轭物的分离与测定

鱼组织中氯酚及其共轭物的分离与测定＊王芳１林少彬陈亚妍（中国预防医学科学院环境卫生监测所，北京１０００５０）含氯酚废水是当今世界上危害大、污染范围广的一种工业污染，对生活在此水域的鱼类造成严重危害。本文建立了一种简单、可靠的方法测定鱼组织中不同形式的...     

复合对氯间二甲苯酚消毒剂消毒效果研究

目的观察复合对氯间二甲苯酚消毒剂对细菌繁殖体的杀灭效果,为其消毒应用提供科学依据。方法采用悬液定量杀菌试验方法进行消毒相关性能观察。结果用含900 mg/L对氯间二甲苯酚的消毒剂作用1.5 min,对悬液内金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌和铜绿假单胞菌平均杀灭率对数值〉5.00;作用3 min,对悬液内白色念珠菌平均杀灭率对数值〉4.00;用含对氯间二甲苯酚2 200 mg/L的消毒液擦拭消毒3 min,对手臂上自然菌的平均杀灭对数值为1.76,对木质油漆表面上的自然菌平均杀灭对数值为1.71,浸泡消毒3 min,对棉质白平纹布上自然菌的平均杀灭对数值为1.28;浸泡4种金属片72 h,对不锈钢、铝为基本无腐蚀,对铜、碳钢为轻度腐蚀。结论对氯间二甲苯酚与乙醇复配的消毒剂具有良好的杀菌效果,可用于物体表面及衣物等的消毒。     

五氯酚的类雌激素效应初探

目的 研究五氯酚(PCP)的类雌激素活力对MCF-7细胞增殖的影响.方法 采用离体MCF-7细胞增殖试验检测PCP的类雌激素活力,并用生长曲线对其作用机制进行初步探讨.结果 PCP在7.5×10-7～7.5×10-5 mol/L有明显刺激MCF-7细胞增殖的类雌激素活力,在7.5×10-6 mol/L增殖效应最大.细胞周期分析PCP组细胞增殖指教均明显高于溶剂对照组.结论 PCP在7.5×10-7 ～7.5×10-5 mol/L具有刺激MCF-7细胞增殖的类雌激素活力.     

对氯间二甲苯酚消毒液杀菌效果的检测

对氯间二甲苯酚类消毒剂毒性较低、刺激性较小。为了探讨该消毒液的杀菌效果，笔者进行了实验观察，现将结果报告如下：     

Chemical exposure in manufacture of phenoxy herbicides and chlorophenols and in spraying of phenoxy herbicides

Exposure patterns are reported for manufacturing and sprayer cohorts incorporated in the “IARC International Register of Workers exposed to Phenoxy Herbicides and Contaminants.” Information was based on company questionnaires, company reports, plant visits, and serum 2,3,7,8-TCDD measurements. In addition to phenoxy herbicides and chlorophenols, workers in manufacturing plants may have been exposed to raw materials, process chemicals, other agents synthesized or formulated, and impurities of all these agents. Sprayers also had a complex exposure pattern, including phenoxy herbicides and some other pesticides, their carriers and additives, and residues of chemicals formed during manufacture. Occurrence of agents, including dioxins, varied between countries. Biological monitoring and industrial hygiene data were rarely available, most since the late 1970s. Exposure of workers depended mainly on the jobs they performed, but several factors influenced level of exposure. A quantitative exposure classification is not feasible in this study. Semiquantitative exposure estimates may be derived through a critical interpretation of biological monitoring and industrial hygiene data together with individual work histories. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

微囊藻毒素的毒性以及水生生物的富集作用

微囊藻毒素是微囊藻等淡水藻类产生的一类具有生物活性的环状七肽物质 ,它能抑制蛋白磷酸酶 1和蛋白磷酸酶 2A的活性 ,打破细胞内蛋白磷酸化 脱磷酸化的平衡 ,引起肝损伤甚至肝坏死。而且它是强促癌剂。然而 ,其毒性及富集作用很少受到人们的重视。本文拟综述微囊藻毒素的毒性及其生物富集作用     

Toxicity and bioaccumulation of chlorophenols in earthworms, in relation to bioavailability in soil

The acute toxicity of five chlorophenols for two earthworm species was determined in two sandy soils differing in organic matter content and the results were compared with adsorption data. Adsorption increased with increasing organic matter content of the soils, but for tetra- and pentachlorophenol was also influenced by soil pH. Earthworm toxicity was significantly higher in the soil with a low level of organic matter. This difference disappeared when LC50 values were recalculated to concentrations in soil solution using adsorption data. Eisenia fetida andrei showed LC50 values lower than those of Lumbricus rubellus although bioaccumulation was generally higher in the latter species. Toxicity and bioaccumulation based on soil solution concentrations increased with increasing lipophilicity of the chlorophenols. The present results indicate that the toxicity and bioaccumulation and therefore the bioavailability of chlorophenols in soil to earthworms are dependent on the concentration in soil solution and can be predicted on the basis of adsorption data. Both the toxicity of and bioaccumulation data on chlorophenols in earthworms demonstrated surprisingly good agreement with those on chlorophenols in fish.     

顶空固相微萃取气相色谱法测定饮水中氯酚

目的建立顶空固相微萃取(HSSPME)气相色谱法测定水中氯酚(CPs)的方法。方法采用SPME前处理技术,用毛细色谱柱分离,电子捕获检测器检测。结果2氯酚(MCP),2,4二氯酚(DCP),2,4,6三氯酚(TCP),五氯酚(PCP)的最低检出浓度分别为60.0、2.64、0.15和0.84μgL;标准曲线的相关系数分别为0.999、0.997、0.997、0.995;样品低、中、高三种浓度的加标后回收率分别为95.3%～107%、93.6%～102%、92.4%～102%、91.5%～99.1%;相对标准偏差(n=6)分别为1.0%～8.1%、1.6%～6.6%、2.9%～8.6%、2.0%～8.2%。结论该法简便、灵敏,不使用有机溶剂,是测定氯酚类化合物的理想方法。     

Toxicity and bioaccumulation of lead and cadmium in marine protozoan communities

The behavior of lead and cadmium in a protozoan community was studied in order to obtain new data regarding the toxicity and bioaccumulation of these heavy metals. For this purpose, microcosms with different concentrations of the pollutants (without metals, 500 microg Cd and Pb x L(-1) 1,000 microg Cd and Pb x L(-1)) were used. Protozoans bioaccumulated 7.03-207.00 microg Pb x g(-1) dry weight (dw) and 0.05-332.75 microg Cd x g(-1) dw, representing an accumulation capacity of up to 161.45 microg Pb x g(-1) dw and 310.75 microg Cd x g(-1) dw more than that of the bacteria. The addition of both metals caused a significant reduction in the density of protozoans. These data were compared with those obtained previously in treatments that used these metals separately.     

Pentachlorophenol and cancer risk: focusing the lens on specific chlorophenols and contaminants

OBJECTIVE: Pentachlorophenol, a fungicide widely used as a wood preservative, was classified in 1999 by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as a possible human carcinogen. We reviewed currently available data to determine the extent to which recent studies assist in distinguishing the effect of pentachlorophenol from that of its contaminants (e.g., dioxins and other chlorophenols). DATA SOURCES AND EXTRACTION: We performed a systematic review of published studies pertaining to cancer risk in relation to pentachlorophenol exposure, focusing on results pertaining specifically to all cancer sites and specific hematopoietic cancers, and data pertaining to risks associated with other types of chlorophenols, dioxins, or furans. SYNTHESIS: The pentachlorophenol studies presented considerable evidence pertaining to hematopoietic cancers, with strong associations seen in multiple studies, in different locations, and using different designs. There is little evidence of an association between these cancers and chlorophenols that contain fewer than four chlorines. The extension of a large cohort study of sawmill workers, with follow-up to 1995, provided information about risks of relatively rare cancers (e.g., non-Hodgkin lymphoma, multiple myeloma), using a validated exposure assessment procedure that distinguishes between exposures to pentachlorophenol and tetrachlorophenol. In contrast with dioxin, pentachlorophenol exposure has not been associated with total cancer incidence or mortality. CONCLUSIONS: The updated cohort study focusing on pentachlorophenol provides increased statistical power and precision, and demonstrates associations between hematopoietic cancer and pentachlorophenol exposure not observed in earlier evaluations of this cohort. Contaminant confounding is an unlikely explanation for the risks seen with pentachlorophenol exposure.     

Toxic effects and bioaccumulation of cadmium in the aquatic oligochaete Tubifex tubifex

Although Tubifex tubifex (Oligochaeta, Tubificida) has been proposed as a test organism for ecotoxocological studies, very few data concerning sublethal toxicity and bioaccumulation are available on this worm. The aims of this work were to assess the toxicity of cadmium, one of the most toxic metals frequently encountered in polluted areas, on T. tubifex and the ability of the worm to accumulate this metal. Acute toxicity was analyzed by measurement of the 96-h LC(50) and daily survival rates. Results indicated that T. tubifex undergoes an adaptation period to Cd, the duration of which decreases with increasing Cd concentration. The various parameters affecting toxicity are discussed. Sublethal toxicity was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Observations revealed that Cd induced autotomy of the caudal region and mucus production. Autotomy is proposed as a criterion for sublethal toxicity. The results of bioaccumulation studies revealed that Cd is highly and rapidly taken up by the worm, suggesting involvement of efficient detoxification mechanisms. Consequently, the ability to accumulate large amounts of Cd may represent a potential toxicological risk to predators of the worm if Cd is accumulated in bioavailable forms.     

氯代苯酚化合物对鱼类毒性的构效关系

为寻找氯代苯酚化合物对鱼类毒性的构效关系 ,应用 CNDO/ 2量子化学方法计算得到了 14个氯代苯酚类化合物的电子结构参数 ,结合相关分析和逐步回归分析 ,讨论了化合物电子结构对翻车鱼(Bluegill)、花鱼 (Guppy)半数致死量之间的关系。结果得到二个氯代苯酚化合物对鱼类毒性的定量构效方程 :(1)对于翻车鱼 L C5 0 =- 12 2 .493+2 0 .334 ΣQπR;(2 )对于花鱼 DL C5 0 =- 10 0 .2 6 3+16 .6 39ΣQπR。提示随氯代苯酚类化合物苯环上碳原子的π电荷之和 (ΣQπR)增大 ,化合物对 Bluegill和 Guppy的毒性增大。     

Influence of metal exposure history on the bioaccumulation and subcellular distribution of aqueous cadmium in the insect Hydropsyche californica

The influence of metal exposure history on rates of aqueous Cd accumulation, elimination, and subcellular distribution was examined in the aquatic insect Hydropsyche californica. Specimens were obtained from a reference site and a metal-contaminated site and returned to the laboratory where they were continuously exposed to aqueous Cd (518 ng/L, nominal) for 6 d, followed by 9 d of depuration. Rates of Cd accumulation and elimination were similar in insects from the two sites. Efflux rate constants, k((e), ranged from 0.20 to 0.24/d (t 1/2 approximately 3 d). Immediately following exposure, the cytosol accounted for 40% of the body burden in insects from both sites; however, 89 +/- 2% of the cytosolic Cd was associated with metallothionein-like proteins (MTLP) in insects from the contaminated site, compared to 60 +/- 0% in insects from the reference site. The concentration of Cd bound to non-MTLPs (representing potentially Cd-sensitive proteins) was significantly greater in the insects from the reference site (134 +/- 7 ng/g) than in those from the contaminated site (42 +/- 2 ng/g). At the end of the depuration period, 90% of the accumulated Cd body burden had been eliminated, and Cd concentrations in MTLPs and non-MTLPs were similar between the sites. Results suggested that differences in exposure history had no influence on the bioaccumulation of Cd, but did affect the concentrations of Cd bound to MTLP during Cd exposure in these insects.     

Tissue-dependent distribution and bioaccumulation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in vegetation samples collected from Dongting Lake, China

The concentration of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) were determined in soils and different species of vegetation collected from the Dongting Lake region, China. Use of sodium pentachlorophenate (Na-PCP) was the main contamination source of PCDD/Fs for soil/sediment and vegetation in the Dongting Lake region. Reed (Phragmitas communis Trin), Polygonum orientale L., and Artemisia selengensis Turcz ex Bess were selected as model plants to explore the pathway of PCDD/Fs transfer from contaminated soil to vegetation. In the vegetation tissue samples, the total international toxic equivalency values ranged from 0.14 to 1.64 pg international toxic equivalency/g dry weight with a mean value of 0.67 pg international toxic equivalency/g dry weight. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans congener distribution and bioaccumulation varied among vegetation species. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofuran levels in the leaves were found to be higher than those in the root and stem, which were affected considerably by volatilization from contaminated soil. Volatilization from polluted soil and subsequent sorption to leaves may be a significant pathway for contamination of vegetation in Dongting Lake region.