房颤介入治疗前经食管超声心动图对左房及左房耳血栓检出的临床意义

目的:探讨房颤(atrialfibrillation,Af)射频消融术前经食管超声(transesophageal echocardiography,TEE)对左房及左房耳内血栓检出的临床意义。材料与方法:对23例拟行射频消融术的患者同时进行经胸超声心动图(transthoracic echocardiography,TTE)和经食管超声心动图检查,分析左房和左心耳血栓检出情况。结果:23例房颤患者经胸超声心动图未检出左房及左房耳血栓,TEE在23例患者中发现3例左心耳血栓,占13%,左房耳自发显影(spontaneous echo contras,SEC)2例(8.7%)。结论:TEE在房颤介入治疗前检出左心耳血栓具有重要的临床意义。     

经食道超声对射频消融术前房颤患者左房及左心耳血栓的诊断价值分析

目的:探讨射频消融术前经食管超声对房颤患者左房及左心耳血栓的诊断价值。方法:选取在2016年7月至2019年3月期间来我院就诊并治疗的射频消融术前房颤患者80例作为本次研究的观察对象,按照检查方式的不同均分为两组,对80例接受射频消融术治疗的房颤患者分别行经胸超声检查(TTE)(对照组)和经食道超声检查(TEE)(观察组)。比较两组患者的左房血栓、左心耳血栓、左房自发声学显影(SEC)和左心耳自发声学显影的检出率。结果:对照组患者中:左房血栓检出4例(10.0%),左心耳血栓检出6例(15.0%),左房自发声学显影检出6例(15.0%),左心耳自发声学显影检出4例(10.0%),总检出率为50.00%(20/40);观察组患者中,左心房血栓检出8例(20.0%),左心耳血栓检出9例(22.5%),左房自发声学显影检出9例(22.5%),左心耳自发声学显影检出7例(17.5%),总检出率为82.5%(33/40);两组患者差异明显(P<0.05),在统计学方面有意义。结论:经食道超声检查射频消融前房颤患者左心房和左心耳血栓检出率高,对消融治疗有一定的临床价值。     

经食管超声心动图对心房颤动患者右心耳自发显影回声和血栓发生的研究

目的探讨经食管超声心动图(TEE)观察慢性心房颤动(房颤)时右心房、右心耳自发显影(SEC)和血栓发生情况。方法选取26例房颤患者和13例窦性心律患者，常规经胸超声心动图资料留取后，采用TEE充分清楚显示左、右心耳图像并采集血流流速曲线和其他相应指标。结果26例房颤患者左心耳内均可测及SEC，共测及血栓形成者10例；房颤患者右心耳内有SEC者共17例，共测及右心耳血栓形成者1例。结论房颤时右心耳内可有血栓发生，TEE检查在房颤抗凝治疗中和复律前后具有重要意义。     

经食管及经胸超声心动图对风湿性心脏病左房血栓诊断的对比研究

目的研究多平面经食管超声心动图(TEE)及经胸超声心动图(TTE)对风湿性心脏病左房及左心耳血栓诊断价值比较。方法对临床欲行二尖瓣球囊扩张术及房颤复律的256例风心病患者TTE检查后行TEE检查,对左房血栓(LAT)、左心耳血栓(LAAT)的检出情况进行总结分析。结果TTE:检出血栓者17例,检出率6.64%,血栓位于左房腔内12例,单纯位于左心耳部2例,左房与左心耳部并存3例,有自发云雾状回声者2例。TEE:新增检出血栓者32例,检出率12.5%,血栓位于左房腔内3例,单纯位于左心耳部28例,左房与左心耳部并存1例,有自发云雾状回声者13例。结论TEE对左心耳部血栓的检出率显著高于TTE,特别是新鲜血栓及左房云雾状回声优于TTE。     

经食管超声心动图在风心病二尖瓣狭窄手术方式选择中的应用

目的：评价经食管超声心动图(TEE)在风心病二尖瓣狭窄手术方式选择中的应用价值。方法：67例风心病二尖瓣狭窄患者术前作经胸超声(TTE)和TEE检查，重点探查左房血栓、左心耳血栓、左房雾影、瓣膜返流和瓣膜病变等情况。结果：TTE检查拟行二尖瓣置换术21例，球囊成形术46例。46例球囊成形术者又经TEE检查后，新发现左心耳血栓12例，改二尖瓣置换术；10例二尖瓣轻度返流，TEE证实为中度返流，改二尖瓣置换术。结论：TEE在风心病二尖瓣狭窄手术方式选择中有决定性的作用，对左房血栓、左心耳血栓、左房雾影检出及二尖瓣返流的定量判断较准确、可靠。     

增强CT与经食管超声心动图诊断房颤患者左心房／左心耳内血栓的比较

目的比较多层螺旋CT（MSCT）与经食管超声心动图（TEE）诊断房颤患者左心房／左心耳内血栓的准确性,同时探讨二者发生差别的可能原因。方法119名阵发性或持续性房颤患者于射频消融术前行16排增强螺旋CT（16CCT）及TEE检查,排除左心房／左心耳内血栓。结果16CCT发现3例患者存在左心耳血栓,而TEE则诊断7例患者存在左心耳血栓（其中2例患者与16CCT结果相符,另外5例患者,TEE诊断新鲜血栓形成者为3例,其余2例患者血栓位于左心耳入口靠近左上肺静脉处）。以经食管超声心动图为金标准,16排增强螺旋CT诊断左心房／左心耳内血栓的敏感性为28．6％,特异性为99．1％,阳性预测值及阴性预测值分别为66．7％和95．7％,Kappa值为38．8％。结论16CCT与TEE诊断左心房／左心耳内血栓的符合率较低。     

经食管超声心动图检查的重症并发症

目的 探讨经食管超声心动图（TEE）检查中的重症并发症.方法 回顾分析我院13年来,门诊和住院经食管超声心动图检查的855例患者,其中单平面TEE 417例,多平面438例.结果 TEE引起重症并发症3例,可疑1例.其中严重心绞痛和呼吸困难各1例,1例左房黏液瘤患者检查中发生急性脑栓塞.1例可疑病例为风湿性心脏病,TEE检出左房及左心耳血栓,检查后24 h发生脑栓塞.结论 本组病例TEE的重症并发症发病率为0.35%.笔者建议将心房黏液瘤及心房血栓等心脏占位病变,列为TEE的相对适应证.如经胸超声心动图（TTE）检查能确诊时,应慎行TEE检查.TTE检出有穗状分叶、蒂长、活动度大的黏液瘤应为TEE禁忌证.     

经食管与经胸超声心动图诊断风湿性心脏病左房血栓的对比研究

目的对比研究经食管超声心动图（TEE）与经胸超声心动图（TTE）对风湿性心脏病患者左房及左心耳血栓的诊断价值。方法对162例风湿性心脏病患者先后行TTE和TEE检查,对左房血栓、左心耳血栓的检出情况进行总结分析。结果TTE检出血栓者15例,检出率9．26％,血栓位于左房腔内9例,单纯位于左心房耳部5例,左房与左房耳部并存1例,有自发云雾状回声者2例。TEE检出血栓者42例,检出率25．9％,血栓位于左房腔内21例,耳部17例,左房与左心耳部并存4例,有自发云雾状回声者11例。结论TEE对左心房、耳部血栓的检出率显著高于TTE,且可降低TTE误诊率。     

经胸及经食管超声评价高血压病患者左心耳功能

目的 应用经胸及经食管超声心动图（TTE,TEE）技术评价高血压病患者左心耳功能。方法 测定26例健康人和28例高血压病患者左心耳最大容积、最小容积、左心耳容积变化率和充盈血流速度峰值,排空血流速度峰值,并将高血压病患者按左房内径和左室射血分数分为2组。结果 随高血压病患者左房和左心耳逐渐扩大,其容积变化率下降,血流频谱形态改变及血流峰速降低。经TEE虽然较TTE检查图像清晰,但TTE更方便、易行。结论 应用TTE及TEE技术评价高血压病患者左心耳功能可预测高血压病病情,判断血栓形成的危险程度。     

经胸及经食道超声评价二尖瓣狭窄患者左心耳功能

应用经胸及经食道超声心动图（TTE,TEE）技术评价风湿心脏病二尖狭窄患者左心耳功能。方法：测定36例健康人和40例二尖瓣狭窄患者左心耳最大容积、最小容积、左心耳容积变化率和充盈流速度峰值、排空血流速度峰值,并将二尖瓣狭窄患者按左房内径和是否伴有心房纤颤分为2组。结果：随患者左室和械心耳渐扩大,其容积变化率下降,血流频谱形态改变及血流峰速降低。经TEE虽然较TTE检查图像清晰,但TTE更方便、易行。结论：应用TTE及TEE技术评价二尖瓣狭窄患者左心耳功能,可预测病情判断血栓形成的危险程度。     

Echocardiography

Echocardiography occupies a unique place as an investigative tool in cardiology. This introduction to the technique reviews the basic principles and outlines the diagnosis of common cardiac lesions. Being entirely noninvasive, echocardiography can be repeated to ascertain the severity and observe the progression of cardiac lesions.     

Echocardiography

Advancement of echocardiography has been remarkable recently and has been useful to diagnose and manage chronic heart failure. Tissue Doppler echocardiography can measure myocardial motion velocity thereby enabling us to assess global and regional myocardial function. Mitral annular velocity in early diastole has been reported to correlate with left ventricular diastolic relaxation. The ratio of pulsed Doppler mitral flow velocity to the mitral annular velocity in early diastole is used to assess pulmonary capillary wedge pressure or left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. Comparison of time to peak of myocardial systolic velocity among various segments provides us important information on ventricular dyssynchrony, which is crucial for the success of cardiac resynchronization therapy. Finally, real-time three-dimensional echocardiography has emerged as a new modality to assess cardiac anatomical abnormalities. It is also promising to measure ventricular volume accurately.     

Intracardiac Echocardiography

Intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) uses a catheter‐based steerable ultrasound probe that is passed into the right heart chambers to image intracardiac structures. The transducer can be variably positioned for optimal imaging: in the inferior vena cava to visualize the abdominal aorta; in the right atrium for the interatrial septum, aortic, mitral, and tricuspid valves, and pulmonary veins; or in the right ventricle for the left ventricular function, outflow tract, or pulmonary artery. Intracardiac echocardiography is primarily used for imaging during an invasive cardiac procedure using conscious sedation, when transthoracic image quality would likely be inadequate, and transesophageal imaging would require general anesthesia. Intracardiac echocardiography is generally well tolerated and provides adequate images and sufficient information for the procedure performed. In the cardiac catheterization laboratory, ICE is routinely used for patent foramen ovale, atrial septal defect, and ventricular septal defect closures, allowing adequate percutaneous placement of septal occluders. It is now being considered in the current era of transcatheter aortic valve implantation necessitating improved imaging approaches for accurate placement. It is also routinely used for trans‐septal punctures during mitral valvuloplasty and, more recently, with the advent of left atrial appendage closure devices. This article provides a comprehensive review of the current technology for ICE and its growing applications in the realm of interventional cardiology.     

超声心动图评估右室心肌梗死与心肌灌注造影的对比研究

目的研究右室心肌梗死（RVI）的超声心动图表现特征及与心肌灌注造影（MCE）的对比研究。 方法9条麻醉开胸犬,均结扎右冠状动脉近端,致急性右室心肌梗死。超声心动图记录梗死前后右室短轴和四腔切面,于左室腔内团状注射5%白蛋白微气泡悬浮液,通过负性显影的方法,确定右室梗死的范围和侧支血流状态,红四氮唑磷酸缓冲液（ETT）染色心肌标本。 结果阻断右冠状动脉后,右室横径增大,右室游离壁室壁变薄,右室游离壁及室间隔矛盾运动,右室射血分数下降,P〈0.05。MCE显示右室游离壁灌注缺损,负性显影区弧长（5.57±0.32）cm,占右室壁总弧长70%。梗死区边缘延迟显影。ETT心肌染色显示右室游离壁呈非透壁性、密集点状灶性坏死,其间有存活心肌。 结论右室腔扩大、梗死区室壁变薄及运动异常、室间隔矛盾运动、右室心功能减低是右室心肌梗死的超声心动图表现特征。MCE能准确地评估心肌梗死的范围和侧支的血供情况,与病理研究结果相一致。     

Echocardiography and the Aging Heart

Improved understanding of changes in cardiac structure and function related to the aging process is critical to design strategies to reduce the high mortality and morbidity related to cardiovascular disease in the growing elderly population. Echocardiography, as a noninvasive, easily portable imaging technique not requiring radiation or contrast media is an ideal method of imaging the aging heart. Echocardiography has provided important insights into changes in cardiac structure and function occurring with aging. These changes include increased wall thickness and LV mass, increased myocardial fibrosis with resulting changes in diastolic and longitudinal systolic function and degenerative calcification of the left-sided valves. In addition, echocardiography has shown the prognostic importance of elevated LV mass, elevated LA volume and decreases in systolic function in the elderly as well as changes in cardiac structure associated with diseases in the elderly such as dementia and functional disability.