大学生毕业前心身障碍及其个性特征研究

目的探讨大学毕业生心身障碍的患病情况及其个性特征,为针对高校毕业生的健康教育提供依据。方法按不同专业分层抽样,采用中国心身健康量表(CPSHS)和艾森克个性问卷(EPQ),在毕业前对457例大学生进行测试。以CPSHS各因子至少有1项T分≥70和L量表T分<70为心身障碍的筛查标准。结果457例中符合心身障碍诊断标准者62例,占13.6%,且女生的检出率(20.13%)较男生高出1倍(10.26%),并以皮肤疾病的检出率最高(5.0%),其余依次为呼吸系统(3.7%)、神经系统(3.5%)、焦虑(2.8%)、消化系统(2.6%)、生殖内分泌(2.4%)和精神病性(2.4%)等;心身障碍组EPQ的精神病质和神经质分均显著高于正常对照组(P<0.01),并有较低的掩饰分(P<0.01);神经质与焦虑、抑郁、精神病性、神经系统、生殖内分泌系统、呼吸系统和心血管系统有显著相关性(r=0.306～0.755);精神病质与精神病性症状、焦虑、生殖内分泌、抑郁、呼吸系统和消化系统呈显著正相关(r=0.251～0.748);内外向和掩饰均与精神病性症状呈显著负相关(r=-0.256和-0.424)。结论在大学毕业生中,女生比男生更易出现各种心身障碍,心身障碍的大学毕业生具有明显的个性缺陷,其中神经质和精神病质与心身障碍的关系最密切。     

不同性别中学生焦虑影响因素分析

目的 研究中学生焦虑性别差异及造成差异的原因.方法 采用焦虑自评量表(SAS)、特质焦虑问卷(STAI)、父母教养方式评价量表(EMBU)、艾森克个性问卷(EPQ)和自拟调查表对4030名中学生进行调查.结果 男女生焦虑平均得分分别为(41.74±13.34),(41.15±12.20)分,2者差异无统计学意义;但男女生焦虑发生率差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),男生(37.3%)高于女生(33.8%).影响因素中,个性中的神经质以及父母亲负面教育方式对男生的影响大于女生.特质焦虑、精神质、神经质、父亲过度保护是共同影响因素.除特质焦虑外,父亲过度保护对女生影响较大,而对男生影响较大的因素为母亲惩罚严厉.结论 不同性别学生焦虑状况发生率不同,并与多种因素有关.     

某高等师范院校一年级女大学生心理健康状况调查

目的了解师范院校一年级女大学生的心理健康状况。方法采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)对2003级2715名大学新生(其中女生1651人)和2004级2866名大学新生(其中女生1851人)进行调查。结果女生人际敏感、抑郁、焦虑、恐怖因子分显著高于男生(P<0.05)。结论目前高等师范院校女生心理问题检出率高于男生,高等师范院校应重视女生的心理健康教育并有针对性的开展工作。     

私立学校初一新生焦虑和抑郁状况

目的探讨私立学校初中新生的情绪状况及性别差异,为开展心理健康教育提供依据.方法采用Zung氏焦虑自评量表(SAS)和抑郁自评量表(SDS),对青岛市某私立学校初一新生228人进行整群抽样测查,匹配市区公立学校初一新生239人作同期对照,并做统计分析.结果观察组有15.79%处于焦虑状态(女生检出率较高),高于对照组(9.21%),差异有显著性(χ2=4.65,P＜0.05);观察组SAS均分高于对照组及常模,其中独生子女SAS均分高于对照组(P＜0.05).观察组中23.25%处于抑郁状态(男生检出率高),明显低于对照组(32.22%)(χ2=4.67,P＜0.05),但SDS均分不低于对照组.焦虑和抑郁同时存在率也以观察组较高(12.28%),与对照组差异有显著性(χ2=4.27,P＜0.05).结论私立学校初一新生存在以女生为主的较高焦虑检出率、以独生子女为主的较高焦虑水平以及以男生为主的抑郁检出率和较高抑郁水平,社会、学校和家庭要根据中学生的年龄和性别特点开展心理健康教育工作.     

大学新生入学初心身健康水平及其相关因素

目的 了解大学机关报生入学3个月后的心身健康水平。方法 采用中国心身健康量表、艾森克个性问卷（FPQ）、防御方式问卷（DSQ）、生活事件量表（LES）,在入学3个月后对大学生进行测试。结果 男生精神质（P）、内外向（E）量表分显高于女生,而女生的神经质（N）量表分、心身健康总分、消化系统、生殖内分泌、神经系统和掩饰（L）量表分均显高于男生;在各专业中,数学系和法学专业学生的不成熟因子（F1）分最高。结论 经过大学生活3个月后,女生似较男生有更多的心身问题,数学和法学两系的学生倾向于采用不成熟防御机制。新生的心身健康水平分别与N量表分、P量表T分、F1均分、家庭人口、工作学习中的问题成正比,而与掩饰和E量表分成反比。强调有关大学新生的心理干预和指导应给予足够的重视。     

某高等学校乙型肝炎表面抗原阳性大学生心理健康状况调查

[目的]了解乙肝表面抗原(HBsAg)阳性大学生的心理健康状况,为促进学生心理健康教育和心理咨询工作提供依据.[方法]2007年10月,采用心理测量工具对广东海洋大学部分HBsAg阳性新生和毕业班学生进行测评.[结果]人际敏感、抑郁、焦虑3项因子分,新生高于全国常模,毕业生人际敏感、抑郁、焦虑、精神病性4项因子分均高于全国常模(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);毕业班学生精神病性因子分高于新生(P＜0.01),毕业班HBsAg阳性女生精神病性因子均分高于男生(P＜0.05).[结论]HBsAg阳性大学生存在较多的心理健康问题,毕业班女生精神病性方面的心理问题尤其严重.     

大学新生心理健康和人格特征的关系：心理适应能力的中介作用

目的探讨心理适应能力在大学新生心理健康与人格特征间的中介作用。方法采用90项症状自评量表（SCL-90）、艾森克人格问卷（EPQ）、大学生心理适应能力测量问卷对重庆某高校的4846名新生进行测试。结果新生的SCL-90得分显著低于全国常模,男生得分显著低于女生。新生在EPQ的内外向上的得分显著高于全国常模,在神经质、精神质和说谎上的得分显著低于全国常模;男生在内外向、精神质上的得分显著高于女生,男生在神经质和说谎上的得分显著低于女生。男生新生心理适应能力的得分显著高于女生。心理适应能力对新生人格特征和心理健康关系有中介作用。结论心理适应能力在人格特征和心理健康之间的部分中介效应显著。     

野战部队军人焦虑、抑郁情绪状况及其影响因素研究

目的　研究野战部队军人焦虑、抑郁情绪的状况及其影响因素 ,为心理教育提供依据。方法　应用焦虑自评量表 (SAS)、抑郁自评量表 (SDS)、艾森克个性问卷 (EPQ)及自编相关因素调查表 ,对 83 3名男性军人进行心理测试。结果　①受测军人SAS、SDS评分显著高于中国常模 (P <0 0 0 1) ;83 3名军人中 641人 (76 9% )无焦虑情绪 ,168人 (2 0 2 % )有轻度焦虑 ,2 4人 (2 9% )有中重度焦虑 ;487人 (58 5% )无抑郁情绪 ,2 66人 (3 1 9% )有轻度抑郁 ,80人 (9 6% )有中重度抑郁。②受测军人SAS、SDS评分与EPQ的精神病质、神经质维度分呈显著正相关 (P <0 0 1) ,与效度量表分呈显著负相关 (P <0 0 1) ;与军人焦虑、抑郁情绪显著相关 (P <0 0 5或P <0 0 1)的因素有 :人际关系、休息情况、气候适应、文体活动、饮食、是否理解军训意义、兄弟个数及受表彰情况。③经多元逐步回归分析 ,焦虑情绪的直接影响因素是人际关系、神经质维度分、精神病质维度分、是否理解军训意义及文体活动 ,抑郁情绪的直接影响因素是人际关系、精神病质维度分、神经质维度分及受表彰情况。结论　驻南方野战部队军人中存在焦虑和抑郁者约占 2 3 %及 42 % ,情绪不稳定及病理性人格倾向、人际关系不良、文体活动单一等是造成负性情绪的主     

青少年应对方式与抑郁焦虑情绪的关联

目的 了解青少年应对方式与抑郁、焦虑情绪的关系和相互作用,为实施心理健康教育提供有效支持.方法 采用分层整群抽样方法,选取绍兴市1所大学、2所高中、2所初中2 348名学生作为研究对象.采用特质应对方式问卷( TCSQ)、Zung抑郁自评量表( SDS)、Zung焦虑自评量表(SAS)进行调查.结果 学生抑郁、焦虑症状的检出率分别为42.0％,12.3％.男生抑郁检出率(44.7％)高于女生(39.4％),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);女生焦虑的检出率(15.0％)高于男生(9.4％),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).积极应对方式与抑郁、焦虑呈负相关,而消极应对方式与抑郁、焦虑呈正相关.结论 绍兴市青少年抑郁、焦虑流行情况不容乐观,应对方式与负性情绪之间存在关联.     

医学新生的心理健康状况及与应对方式的相关研究

目的探讨医学新生的心理健康状况及与应对方式的关系,为提高医学新生的心理健康水平提供参考。方法采用心理健康量表(SCL-90)和特质应对方式量表,对1 561名医学新生进行调查,用差异检验、相关进行分析。结果医学新生的心理问题检出率为18%,医学新生的强迫、焦虑、精神病性的得分高于全国常模,在人际敏感、抑郁、敌对、偏执方面低于全国常模;不同性别中,男生的敌对、偏执得分高与女生,女生的恐怖、抑郁和焦虑得分显著高于男生;医学新生SCL-90各因子与积极应对方式呈显著正相关,与消极应对方式呈显著负相关。结论医学新生存在心理问题,不同性别的大学新生在心理健康状况上有差异;特质应对方式与心理健康显著相关。     

Does the frequency of anxiety and depressive disorders differ between diagnostic subtypes of anorexia nervosa and bulimia?

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present work is to determine whether the prevalence of depressive and anxiety disorders varies in subgroups of eating disorders (ED) according to age, ED duration, mode of care provision, and body mass index (BMI). METHOD: Using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), the frequency of anxiety and depressive disorders was evaluated in 271 ED participants. Their prevalence was compared in subgroups of anorexics (AN-R and AN-BN) and bulimics (BN), both before and after controlling for potential confounding variables. RESULTS: Current or lifetime comorbidity of anxiety and depressive disorders did not differ between AN-R and AN-BN groups. Social phobia, panic disorders, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) were significantly more frequent in AN-BN and AN-R groups. Panic disorder was more frequent in the BN group. CONCLUSION: Several confounding factors, in particular those identified in the present study, may explain previous conflicting results on the frequency of anxiety and depressive disorders in ED. Nevertheless, the study confirmed that OCD is more frequent in AN, even after controlling for confounding factors.     

抽动障碍患儿的临床共病研究

【目的】探讨抽动障碍（Tourette syndrome，TS）的两种主要临床类型伴发共病的差异，为临床诊治提供科学依据。【方法】采用量表、心理测试、观察及谈话法综合判断，确认TS和慢性抽动症（chronic tic disorders，CTD）共569例患儿共病的发生情况。【结果】①363例TS患儿伴共病者308例，占84．85％；206例CTD患儿伴共病者147例，占71．36％，两者差异有显著性（P〈0．01）。②TS和CTD的共病均以ADHD、焦虑、强迫症、学习困难最常见，但焦虑、学习困难TS明显多于CTD（P％0．01）。未见学习困难、对立违抗、品行障碍、抑郁、自残等共病单独存在者。③TS和CTD患儿的多种共病共存多以ADHI）、焦虑、强迫症、学习困难为中心所组合。同伴3种以上共病（含3种）者，TS患儿80例、占22．04％，cTD23例、占11．16％，两者差异有非常显著性（P〈0．01）。同伴2种共病者，其发生率无差异。【结论】TS患儿共病发生率明显高于CTD患儿，伴3种以上共病TS患儿较CTD患儿为多见，说明TS的病情较CTD复杂。     

室内噪声的危害与控制

室内噪声来源于室外噪声辐射和室内声源.室内噪声对人的听力、语言交流、休息睡眠、心脏功能、心理、工效、儿童发育等方面产生不良影响.应采取多种措施如监督监测、评价、制定标准、噪声控制技术等来降低室内噪声,保护人群健康.     

Do eating disorders co‐occur with personality disorders? Comparison groups matter

OBJECTIVE: To assess and compare lifetime rates of occurrence of eating disorders (ED) with four Axis II personality disorders (PD) and with major depressive disorder (MDD) without PD. The eating disorders met criteria outlined in the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). METHOD: Six hundred sixty-eight patients recruited for the Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study (CLPS) were reliably assessed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders and the Diagnostic Interview for DSM-IV Personality Disorders. The distribution of ED diagnoses was compared among four PD study groups (schizotypal, borderline, avoidant, obsessive-compulsive) and a fifth study group with MDD without any PD. RESULTS: The distribution of lifetime diagnoses of anorexia nervosa (N = 40), bulimia nervosa (N = 56), and eating disorder not otherwise specified (N = 118) did not differ significantly across the five study groups, between the MDD group versus all PD groups, and among the four PD study groups. CONCLUSIONS: ED diagnoses did not differentially co-occur significantly across common Axis I and II disorders. The pattern of ED lifetime co-occurrence rates demonstrates the powerful influence of base rates and highlights that declarations of comorbidity demand significant variations from base-rate patterns.     

上海市精神卫生专科医院门诊患者人格病理现况调查

目的 调查上海市精神卫生专科医院门诊就诊者人格病理的分布及其相关因素.方法 采用系统抽样法,在上海市精神卫生中心设抽样点,对就诊于精神科门诊和心理咨询门诊的3075例就诊者进行随机抽查.以DSM-Ⅳ为诊断标准,以人格障碍诊断问卷(PDQ-4+)为人格障碍筛查工具进行初筛,对筛查阳性者应用轴Ⅱ人格障碍临床访谈(SCID-Ⅱ)进行临床诊断,采用logistic回归模型分析与人格障碍相关的危险因素.结果 在所有就诊者中,自评的人格障碍检出率为71.3%,经临床医生结构式访谈后确认符合人格障碍诊断标准的共计982例(31.9%).低年龄群体(OR=1.8,95%CI:1.5～2.1)、未婚或离异者(OR=1.6,95%CI:1.4～1.9)、心理咨询门诊患者(OR=1.2,95%CI:1.1～1.3)、心境障碍和神经症性障碍患者(OR=1.7,95%CI:1.4～2.0)中符合人格障碍诊断标准的患者比例更高.logistic回归分析提示:年龄小、童年时并非由父母抚养以及病前性格内向是人格障碍的相关危险因素.结论 人格障碍在精神卫生服务的对象中并不少见,特别是在就诊于心理咨询的心境障碍、神经症性障碍患者中,提示需要对该群体的人格病理进行积极的识别和干预.     

开封医专护理系女大学生的心理健康状况

目的 了解护理系女大学生心理健康状况,为心理健康教育提供依据,方法 运用SCL-90量表,对310名护理系女生进行调查研究。结果 护理系女大学生人际敏感、抑郁、焦虑、强迫症状和恐怖5个因子得分高于常模,心理问题检出率为23.88%,阳性项目数随年级升高而增加,阳性症状均分基本稳定,结论 对护理系女大学生应加强心理健康教育,教育的重点为消除人际敏感、抑郁和焦虑症状。     

母体铅暴露对大鼠子代学习和记忆的影响

目的 研究母体铅暴露对大鼠子代学习和记忆的影响。方法 孕鼠随机分为4组,从孕期第1天至仔鼠出生第20天断乳分别饮用双蒸水、50、100和200 mg,/L醋酸铅溶液。水迷宫测试20 d龄仔鼠学习能力;Y迷宫测试20、40、60 d龄仔鼠主动学习和记忆能力。结果 仔鼠水迷宫错误次数随母鼠铅暴露剂量增加而增加,100和200 mg/L组明显高于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01),逃避潜伏期只有高剂量组长于对照组(P<0.05)。各剂量组仔鼠Y迷宫0 min、10 min和24 h逃避达标率20 d龄时最低,停止接触铅以后有所恢复,到60 d龄时达最高;在60 d龄时各剂量组仔鼠的10 min逃避达标率与对照组差异无显著性(P>0.05),而100和200mg,/L组0 min、24 h逃避达标率仍显著低于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论 母体铅暴露先损伤仔鼠的学习和记忆能力,其次损伤运动能力。停止铅暴露后短时记忆能力恢复较好,学习、长时记忆能力恢复较差。     

An empirical analysis of eating disorders and anxiety disorders publications (1980-2000)--part II: Statistical hypothesis testing

OBJECTIVE: The current study compared the eating disorder literature and the anxiety disorder literature in terms of statistical hypothesis testing features in 1980, 1990, and 2000. METHOD: Computer literature searches were conducted using PubMed and PsychInfo databases to identify relevant eating disorder and anxiety disorder articles published at each of the three time points. A total of 456 articles were randomly selected, including 228 articles each from the fields of eating disorders and anxiety disorders. Within each field, one third (76) of the articles were selected from each of the three time points. Two raters, from a team of eight trained raters, were randomly assigned to independently rate each article in terms of 75 separate methodologic features. In the current article, we will emphasize the findings about hypothesis testing and statistical analysis. Disagreements in ratings were resolved via consensus. Ratings were tabulated separately by field across the three time points. RESULTS: Few differences were observed between eating disorder and anxiety disorder publications in terms of statistical hypothesis testing features. Although increases were observed in both fields in a number of areas from 1980 to 2000, there remains a pervasive absence of many of the statistical hypothesis testing features recommended by the American Psychological Association Task Force on Statistical Inference. CONCLUSION: These results are discussed in terms of their implications for the fields of eating disorders and anxiety disorders, for researchers, for reviewers, and for professional journals and editorial boards.     

An empirical analysis of eating disorders and anxiety disorders publications (1980-2000)--part I: Research methods

OBJECTIVE: The current study compared the eating disorder and anxiety disorder literature in terms of research design and methodologic features in 1980, 1990, and 2000. METHOD: Computer literature searches were conducted using PubMed and PsychInfo databases to identify relevant eating disorder and anxiety disorder articles published at each of the three time points. A total of 456 articles were randomly selected, including 228 articles from the eating disorder literature and the anxiety disorder literature. Within each specific literature, one third (76) of the articles were selected from each of the three time points (1980, 1990, 2000). Two raters, from a team of eight trained raters, were randomly assigned to independently rate each article in terms of 75 separate methodologic features. Disagreements in ratings were resolved via consensus. Ratings were tabulated separately for eating disorders and anxiety disorders across the three time points. RESULTS: Although there were some differences between anxiety disorders and eating disorders, most of the variables did not substantially differ between these two fields. There was a consistent trend for both fields to show increases in more rigorous methodologies over time. However, both the eating disorder literature and the anxiety disorder literature were characterized by a pervasive absence of many recommended methodologic procedures across the past two decades. CONCLUSION: Although the eating disorder literature and the anxiety disorder literature are increasingly characterized by improved reporting of rigorous methodologic procedures, there is still a pervasive absence of such procedures in both literatures, which limits the strength of inference in these studies.