戒烟教育干预对吸烟者运动心肺功能影响的观察

目的:观察戒烟教育干预对吸烟者运动心肺功能的影响。方法:采用运动心肺功能检测仪对自愿戒烟,接受个性化戒烟教育干预并成功戒烟的吸烟者12例进行运动心肺功能测评,并比较戒烟前后不同时间节点最大做功能力(Wmax)、氧耗量(VO2max)、无氧阈氧耗量与最大预计氧耗量比值(VO2AT/VO2max)、二氧化碳排出量(VCO2max)、氧脉搏(VO2/HRmax)、每分通气量(VEmax)和呼吸储备(BRmax)水平的变化。结果:戒烟3个月后,戒烟者的Wmax、VO2/HRmax和BRmax水平均显著高于戒烟前水平(P<0.05);6个月后,戒烟者的Wmax、VCO2max、VO2max、VO2AT/VO2max、VEmax和BRmax水平显著或非常显著高于戒烟前水平(P<0.05,P<0.01);9个月后,戒烟者所有心肺功能指标均显著或非常显著高于戒烟前水平(P<0.05,P<0.01),其中VO2max、VCO2max、VO2AT/VO2max和VEmax水平显著高于6个月时的水平(P<0.05);12个月后,戒烟者所有心肺功能指标均显著或非常显著高于戒烟前水平(P<0.05,P<0.01),其中VEmax水平显著高于9个月时的水平(P<0.05)。结论:戒烟可显著改善戒烟者运动心肺功能。     

飞行员运动心肺功能评价指标研究

目的比较分析不同机种飞行员运动心肺功能的差异, 以及不同心肺功能指标间的相关性。方法本研究为回顾性研究。选取68名航空医学鉴定均为飞行合格的空军飞行员, 使用意大利科时迈运动心肺功能测试仪, 按照25 W/min功率递增速率进行运动心肺功能测试。将研究对象按照飞行机种分为歼击机组和其他机种组, 比较两组飞行员运动心肺功能差异;分析最大摄氧量与年龄、BMI的相关性, 以及心率恢复与运动耐量的相关性。结果歼击机组飞行员(32人)与其他机种组飞行员(36人)的最大心率、呼吸商、运动结束后1 min心率恢复值差异有统计学意义(t=2.28、2.50、2.37, P=0.026、0.049、0.021), 其他指标差异无统计学意义。最大摄氧量与年龄、BMI呈负相关(r=-0.329、-0.339, P均<0.001)。运动结束后2、3 min心率恢复值均与最大摄氧量、最大运动功率呈正相关(r=0.284、0.290、0.306、0.268, P=0.001、0.026、0.002、0.002)。结论运动心肺功能指标在不同机种飞行员间差异有统计学意义, 随年龄及体重增加相关指标存在显著变化。...     

有指导的家庭运动训练康复治疗对心肌梗死患者运动心肺功能的影响

目的探讨有指导的家庭运动训练康复治疗对心肌梗死患者心肺功能的影响。方法急性ST段抬高心肌梗死(AMI)患者50例,有意愿参与心脏运动训练康复治疗方案者26人入选为运动组,无意愿者24人入选为对照组。所有患者于出院前进行运动心肺功能测试。运动组患者由康复医师根据测试结果,制定运动处方,患者进行有指导的家庭运动训练;对照组患者不给予运动处方,不作特殊的运动要求和指导。在AMI后约4个月对两组患者再次进行运动心肺功能测试。结果运动组及对照组患者的年龄及出院前首次运动心肺功能测试的各项指标在两组间均无显著性差异。运动组及对照组再次进行运动心肺功能测试时平均运动时间,峰值及无氧阈时的耗氧量、代谢当量、氧脉搏,峰值心率收缩压乘积均较出院时显著增加,且运动组较对照组增加更为显著。结论根据AMI患者出院前运动心肺功能测试的结果制定适合患者个人的运动处方,使中低危心肌梗死患者安全地进行家庭运动训练,可以有效地提高患者的运动心肺功能。     

长期太极拳运动对中老年女性心肺机能影响的跟踪研究

动态观察长期太极拳运动过程中中老年女性心血管功能、呼吸机能和有氧工作能力的变化,探讨长期有规律的太极拳运动对中老年女性心肺机能的影响.采用递增负荷运动实验方法,对参加为期6个月太极拳运动的50-65岁的中老年女子在太极拳练习前、练习4个月、练习6个月后心率、血压、VO2max、PWC130和肺通气功能进行了测试,实验结果表明长期太极拳运动后,中老年女性安静时血压显著性下降,VC、FEV1、FEV1/FVC均显著性提高;机体有氧工作能力提高, 表现为递增负荷运动后心率、血压恢复速度加快,VO2max、PWC130显著升高.     

12周不同强度运动干预对大鼠心肺耐力的改善效果

目的:探究12周不同强度的运动干预对心肺耐力的提升效果,为改善心肺耐力的有效运动负荷评价提供理论支持。方法:40只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为安静组、小强度组(50%VO2max)、中强度组(65%VO2max)、大强度组(80%VO2max),每组10只。安静组不运动,运动组适应性训练3天后测试最大摄氧量,之后每隔两周测试1次。运动组大鼠每天训练1h,每周5天。12周运动干预后,进行超声心动测试,测试各组大鼠心脏形态学及功能学指标。结果:(1)经过12周训练后,小强度组和大强度组大鼠体重显著低于安静组(P<0.05,P<0.01)。(2)12周运动干预后,3个运动组大鼠VO2max都显著高于安静组(P<0.01)。中强度组和大强度组VO2max提升效果较快,分别在第8周末和第6周末达到峰值。而小强度组在第10周末明显提升,并于12周末达到峰值。(3)大强度组左室收缩末内径显著低于小强度组(P<0.05),而射血分数和左室短轴缩短率则显著高于小强度组(P<0.05)。结论:(1)不同强度的运动都可以改善大鼠的心肺耐力,但相比中强度和大强度运动,小强度运动对心肺耐力的改善所需的运动干预时间更长。(2)只有大强度运动可以改善心脏泵血功能。     

长期运动对小鼠运动功能年龄变化的影响──Ⅱ．平衡木试验

本文采用一种新型的平衡木试验定量平衡、协调运动功能来研究Ｃ５７ＢＬ／６Ｊ小鼠小脑运动功能的年龄变化以及长期适量运动（跑转笼）对运动功能年龄变化的影响。结果显示、１３、２４月龄鼠通过平衡木的“总时间”和“停留时间”均明显长于５月龄鼠（Ｐ＜０．０５，Ｐ＜０．０１），以２４月龄鼠的延长更显著。８和１９个月运动后，和同龄对照组比较，运动组通过平衡木的“总时间”和“停留时间”均显著缩短（Ｐ＜０．０１）。表明长期的运动训练能够改善小脑的平衡和协调运动功能。慢性运动对运动功能的改善可能是运动对中枢肾上腺素能系统和多巴胺系统保护作用的结果。     

补充益生菌改善运动应激及其机制研究进展

长时间、大强度运动可引发机体包括心肺、胃肠道、骨骼肌、神经内分泌系统等在内的多器官的应激反应,影响其物质能量代谢、免疫、氧化应激和内分泌等功能,从而降低运动机能。益生菌作为一种天然、安全、方便的营养补充剂,是近年来生物医学健康领域的研究热点。大量研究表明,补充益生菌通过脑-肠轴和肌-肠轴改善机体健康,也可能改善运动机体的应激反应和运动机能。本文综述补充益生菌对运动机体物质能量代谢、肠道屏障、免疫、氧化应激、神经内分泌功能和健康状态的作用及其机制的研究进展。     

戒烟对筛查人群中易患肺癌的高危吸烟者定量CT表现的影响

正摘要目的纵向评估一组烟龄在4年以上的重度吸烟者的肺癌筛查人群在戒烟后定量CT(QCT)的变化特点。方法4年后对314名既往长期的吸烟者(ES)、404名持续吸烟者     

平原进入云南亚高原士兵与本地同年入伍士兵运动强度及耐力比较

目的了解平原进入云南亚高原地区士兵一年后与本地同年入伍士兵训练强度及耐力差异及变化情况。方法采用极量运动试验，测定运动不同时期心肺功能指标及血乳酸含量变化，了解两组间运动耐力和强度差异。结果平原入伍的士兵进入亚高原地区生活、训练一年后，其运动强度和耐力与世居亚高原的士兵无明显差异。结论平原士兵进入亚高原地区一年后，可与世居当地士兵进行同样强度和耐力的训练。     

步行运动康复训练联合持续性心理护理对心力衰竭患者心肺功能及生活质量的影响

目的探讨步行运动康复训练联合持续性心理护理对心力衰竭患者心肺功能及生活质量的影响。方法将2018年5月-2018年12月行单纯步行运动康复训练的40例心力衰竭患者纳入对照组,将2019年1月-2019年12月行步行运动康复训练联合持续性心理护理的45例心力衰竭患者纳入观察组。观察两组干预前及干预3个月后心肺功能及生活质量。结果干预后,两组LVEF、FVC、FEV1水平均较干预前升高,LVEDD水平均较干预前降低,且观察组上述指标变化显著;两组WHOQOL-100评分均较干预前升高,且观察组高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论心力衰竭患者采用步行运动康复训练联合持续性心理护理可有效改善其心肺功能,提升患者生活质量。     

大气污染对户外体育锻炼人群心肺功能的影响

目的:探讨大气污染对户外体育锻炼人群心肺功能的影响。方法:在空气污染区选取经常参加户外体育锻炼的人群为实验组(EG),不参加体育锻炼的健康人群为阳性对照组(CG1);在洁净区选取不参加体育锻炼的健康人群为阴性对照组(CG2)。每组15人。采用运动心肺功能检测系统对受试者不同状态心肺功能水平进行测试。结果:安静状态EG组HR显著低于CG1组和CG2组,而肺活量和舒张压显著高于CG1组和CG2组(P<0.01,P<0.05)。AT时,CG1组VO2、VO2/kg、O2P(氧脉搏)、METs(代谢当量)均显著低于CG2组(P<0.01,P<0.05)。VO2max时,EG组和CG1组VO2max、VO2max/kg、O2P、METs均显著低于CG2组(P<0.05,P<0.01)、氧通气当量显著高于CG2组(P<0.05)。结论:大气污染给人体心肺功能和有氧代谢能力均带来不良影响,且大气污染对运动人群呼吸系统的危害明显大于普通人群。     

Analyses of maximum cardiopulmonary performance during exposure to acute hypoxia at simulated altitude--sea level to 5000 meters (760-404 mm Hg)

The maximum cardiopulmonary performance of seven healthy male subjects was studied repeatedly in graded hypoxia at ambient pressures ranging from 760 to 404 mm Hg (sea level to 5000 m of simulated altitude). Using this approach it has been possible to not only establish a reproducible value for VO2max, but to determine an equation which may be used to predict the VO2 at altitude for healthy, unacclimatized males exercising to exhaustion. Moreover, we have attempted to explain the limits to pulmonary ventilation at decreasing levels of PO2 by comparing a given VO2max (STPD) to the corresponding VEmax (BTPS), showing that any further increase in the latter is impossible when a certain level of altitude has been reached. Finally, our series of experiments indicates that the HRmax falls at altitude. Although statistically significant, this decrement is not conspicuous. Thus, when used with the VO2max to calculate the number of ml of O2 consumed per beat of the heart, the "oxygen pulse" turns out to be more sensitive to the fall in VO2max at altitude than to the corresponding decrease in the HRmax.     

有氧训练强度与G耐力的研究

目的 为我军歼（强）击机飞行员有氧耐力训练方案的制定提供试验依据。方法 采用“训练心率法”控制训练强度，在跑步机上对20名健康男性进行12周定时定量的有氧耐力训练，依训练强度不同，分为2组，比较训练前后相关生理参数的变化。结果 训练后受试者的运动最大心率明显减少，最大耗氧量明显增加，且训练强度越大，效果越显著；体重、体脂、立位耐力及基础G耐力的变化不大。结论 训练强度为心率储备的60％－90％能够有效改善心肺功能，且不降低＋Gz耐力；经常性的有氧耐力训练能够保持良好的心肺功能。     

Aerobic high-intensity intervals improve VO2max more than moderate training

PURPOSE: The present study compared the effects of aerobic endurance training at different intensities and with different methods matched for total work and frequency. Responses in maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), stroke volume of the heart (SV), blood volume, lactate threshold (LT), and running economy (CR) were examined. METHODS: Forty healthy, nonsmoking, moderately trained male subjects were randomly assigned to one of four groups:1) long slow distance (70% maximal heart rate; HRmax); 2)lactate threshold (85% HRmax); 3) 15/15 interval running (15 s of running at 90-95% HRmax followed by 15 s of active resting at 70% HRmax); and 4) 4 x 4 min of interval running (4 min of running at 90-95% HRmax followed by 3 min of active resting at 70%HRmax). All four training protocols resulted in similar total oxygen consumption and were performed 3 d.wk for 8 wk. RESULTS: High-intensity aerobic interval training resulted in significantly increased VO2max compared with long slow distance and lactate-threshold training intensities (P<0.01). The percentage increases for the 15/15 and 4 x 4 min groups were 5.5 and 7.2%, respectively, reflecting increases in V O2max from 60.5 to 64.4 mL x kg(-1) x min(-1) and 55.5 to 60.4 mL x kg(-1) x min(-1). SV increased significantly by approximately 10% after interval training (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS:: High-aerobic intensity endurance interval training is significantly more effective than performing the same total work at either lactate threshold or at 70% HRmax, in improving VO2max. The changes in VO2max correspond with changes in SV, indicating a close link between the two.     

不同海拔高度对移居者心肺功能和作业工效影响的研究

采用现场直接法测试最大摄氧量评价心肺功能,用WHO—NCTB评价行为功能和作业工效。共观察257例,18项基础生理指标。结果显示,平原人移居3680m高原后,早期体力下降明显,经7月—15月适应后,体力可逐步恢愎,达到稳定。4350m移居者各项指标均较3680m移居者低,7月后可达稳定,但最大摄氧量仍比平原下降21％。低氧对3680m移居者作业工效的影响,表现在反应速度变慢,工效下降,而4350m移居者已开始累及记忆功能,提示低氧的蓄积效应。     

Evaluating the reproducibility and validity of the Aerobic Adaptation Test

PURPOSE: To examine the reproducibility and validity of a new submaximal, ramped cycle ergometer testing methodology known as the Aerobic Adaptation Test (AAT), which attempts to detect changes in submaximal work capacity and minimize participant discomfort. METHODS: 36 sedentary men (mean age = 48.1 +/- 10.2 yr [SD]) and 22 sedentary women (mean age = 51.9 +/- 10.2 yr [SD]) participated in the study. To test reproducibility, participants were tested twice with an average of 20 d between tests (+/-15 d). To test validity, participants were tested before and after a 6-month physical activity intervention, and outcomes were compared with standard measures of fitness (exercise time and oxygen consumption at 70% max heart rate). The main outcome variable of the AAT was work output (W) over a period of 3 min after reaching 70% maximal heart rate. RESULTS: The average work output at 70% HRmax was highly reproducible, with a test-retest reliability of rho = 0.85 (P < 0.001). Average work output at 70% HRmax significantly increased after 6 months of physical activity intervention (87.8 +/- 32.9 W vs 95.5 +/- 37.9 W, P = 0.002), and changes in average work output at 70% HRmax correlated with changes in exercise time to elicit 70% HRmax (r = 0.87, P < 0.001) as well as changes in VO2 at 70% HRmax (r = 0.75, P < 0.001). Thus, the AAT appears to be a valid measure of submaximal work capacity. CONCLUSIONS: The AAT is a reproducible and valid measure of submaximal work capacity that can serve as an effective means to evaluate physical activity interventions.     

Accuracy of polar S410 heart rate monitor to estimate energy cost of exercise

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the accuracy of the Polar S410 for estimating gross energy expenditure (EE) during exercise when using both predicted and measured VO2max and HRmax versus indirect calorimetry (IC). METHODS: Ten males and 10 females initially had their VO2max and HRmax predicted by the S410, and then performed a maximal treadmill test to determine their actual values. The participants then performed three submaximal exercise tests at RPE of 3, 5, and 7 on a treadmill, cycle, and rowing ergometer for a total of nine submaximal bouts. For all submaximal testing, the participant had two S410 heart rate monitors simultaneously collecting data: one heart rate monitor (PHRM) utilized their predicted VO2max and HRmax, and one heart rate monitor (AHRM) used their actual values. Simultaneously, EE was measured by IC. RESULTS: In males, there were no differences in EE among the mean values for the AHRM, PHRM, and IC for any exercise mode (P > 0.05). In females, the PHRM significantly overestimated mean EE on the treadmill (by 2.4 kcal x min(-1)), cycle (by 2.9 kcal x min(-1)), and rower (by 1.9 kcal x min(-1)) (all P < 0.05). The AHRM for females significantly improved the estimation of mean EE for all exercise modes, but it still overestimated mean EE on the treadmill (by 0.6 kcal x min(-1)) and cycle (by 1.2 kcal x min(-1)) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: When the predicted values of VO2max and HRmax are used, the Polar S410 HRM provides a rough estimate of EE during running, rowing, and cycling. Using the actual values for VO2max and HRmax reduced the individual error scores for both genders, but in females the mean EE was still overestimated by 12%.     

Interaction of test protocol and inclined run training on maximal oxygen uptake

Twenty-two men, 17 to 27 years of age, volunteered to participate in an inclined terrain running program. Men were randomly assigned to a control (N = 10) or an experimental (N = 12) group. The experimental group ran on inclined terrain 4 times/wk for 35 min a session at an intensity of 65 to 85% of maximal aerobic power for 12 wk. The purpose of this study was to analyze the interaction between a subject's VO2max on an inclined protocol (IP) vs a horizontal protocol (HP) before and after training on incline terrain. VO2max, HRmax, VEmax, Rmax, and maximum treadmill time were evaluated on both treadmill protocols (IP and HP). Prior to training, results indicated no difference in VO2max values between protocols. Following training, VEmax, maximum treadmill time, and VO2max increased 8.7, 9.1, and 8.5%, respectively, on the IP and 5.8, 6.8, and 5.3% on the HP respectively. All increases were statistically significant at the 0.05 level. The post-training VO2max on the IP was significantly greater than the value on the HP. These results support the concept of specificity of training and indicate the importance of careful selection of both the test protocol as well as the test mode.     

Is determination of exercise intensities as percentages of VO2max or HRmax adequate?

Often exercise intensities are defined as percentages of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) or heart rate (HRmax). PURPOSE: The purpose of this investigation was to test the applicability of these criteria in comparison with the individual anaerobic threshold. METHODS: One progressive cycling test to exhaustion (initial stage 100 W, increment 50 W every 3 min) was analyzed in a group of 36 male cyclists and triathletes (24.9 +/- 5.5 yr; 71.6 +/- 5.7 kg; VO2max: 62.2 +/- 5.0 mL x min(-1) x kg(-1); individual anaerobic threshold = IAT: 3.64 +/- 0.41 W x kg(-1); HRmax: 188 +/- 8 min). Power output and lactate concentrations for 60 and 75% of VO2max as well as for 70 and 85% of HRmax were related to the IAT. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between the mean value of IAT (261 +/- 34 W, 2.92 +/- 0.65 mmol x L(-1)), 75% of VO2max (257 +/- 24 W, 2.84 +/-0.92 mmol x L(-1)), and 85% of HRmax (259 +/- 30 W, 2.98 +/- 0.87 mmol L(-1)). However, the percentages of the IAT ranged between 86 and 118% for 75% VO2max and 87 and 116% for 85% HRmax (corresponding lactate concentrations: 1.41-4.57 mmol x L(-1) and 1.25-4.93 mmol x L(-1), respectively). The mean values at 60% of VO2max (198 +/- 19 W, 1.55 +/- 0.67 mmol x L(-1)) and 70% of HRmax (180 +/- 27 W, 1.45 +/- 0.57 mmol x L(-1)) differed significantly (P < 0.0001) from the IAT and represented a wide range of intensities (66-91% and 53-85% of the IAT, 0.70-3.16 and 0.70-2.91 mmol x L(-1), respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In a moderately to highly endurance-trained group, the percentages of VO2max and HRmax vary considerably in relation to the IAT. As most physiological responses to exercise are intensity dependent, reliance on these parameters alone without considering the IAT is not sufficient.