Endothelin-1 and platelet activating factor stimulate thromboxane A2 biosynthesis in rat vascular smooth muscle cells

The effect of endothelin-1 (ET-1) on the release of thromboxane A₂ (TXA₂) was examined in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). ET-1 (10⁻¹¹ to 10⁻⁶M) significantly stimulated the release of thromboxane B₂ (TXB₂), a stable metabolite of TXA₂. These effects of ET-1 were blocked by a cyclooxygenase inhibitor (indomethacin), a TXA₂ synthetase inhibitor (CV-4151) and a specific platelet activating factor (PAF) antagonist (CV-6209). Additionally, PAF (10⁻¹¹ to 10⁻⁶M) stimulated the TXB₂ release. Pretreatment with the phospholipase A₂ inhibitor dexamethasone potently inhibited both ET-1 and PAF-induced elevation of cytosolic free Ca²⁺ concentrations ([Ca²⁺]_i) in fura-2-loaded VSMC. These results clearly demonstrate that both ET-1 and PAF stimulate TXA₂ biosynthesis in cultured rat VSMC, and TXA₂ may contribute to the elevation of [Ca²⁺]_i induced by ET-1 or PAF in VSMC. Furthermore, the stimulation of TXA₂ biosynthesis may be a result of PLA₂ activation by not only ET-1 but also PAF.     

Endothelin-1-induced signaling pathways in vascular smooth muscle cells

Endothelin-1 (ET-1), a vasoactive peptide, is believed to contribute to the pathogenesis of vascular abnormalities such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, hypertrophy and restenosis. ET-1 elicits its biological effects through the activation of two receptor subtypes, ET-A and ET-B that belong to a large family of transmembrane guanine nucleotide-binding protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). ET-1 receptor activation results in the stimulation of several signaling pathways including mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) and protein kinase B (PKB). An intermediary role of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaMK), protein kinase C (PKC) as well as receptor and non-receptor protein tyrosine kinases in triggering the activation of MAPK and PI3-K/PKB signaling in response to ET-1 has been suggested. Activation of these pathways by ET-1 is intimately linked with the regulation of cellular hypertrophy, growth, proliferation and cell survival. Here we provide an overview of these signaling pathways in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) with an emphasis on their potential role in vascular pathophysiology.     

Receptor-mediated mitogenic effect of thromboxane A2 in vascular smooth muscle cells

The effects of thromboxane A2 (TXA2) on the proliferation of vascular smooth muscles cells (VSMC) were examined using primary cultures of VSMC from rat aorta. U46619, a stable TXA2 mimetic, stimulated DNA synthesis of VSMC only in the presence of insulin. The effect was concentration-dependent with a half-maximal effect obtained at approximately 1 x 10(-8) M. The mitogenic effect of U46619 was larger than that of endothelin, another mitogen derived from endothelium. Among several TXA2/PGH2 analogs, the proliferative activity was detected only in the agonists, and not in the antagonists or in the metabolite of TXA2. A series of TXA2/PHG2 receptor antagonists completely suppressed the U46619-stimulated DNA synthesis as well as the [3H]SQ29,548 binding to the TXA2/PGH2 receptors in VSMC. The rank order of binding affinities to the receptors among the respective antagonists correlated well with the potencies for suppression of the proliferative effects of U46619. The mitogenic effects of U46619 were also attenuated by the presence of calcium antagonists. U46619 caused activation of phospholipase C with the production of inositol trisphosphate, leading to increases in the intracellular free Ca2+ concentration as measured with the fluorescent indicator fura-2. These results suggest that TXA2 induces mitogenic effects on VSMC through binding to its specific receptors. This effect of TXA2 on the proliferation of VSMC may be related to the development of atherosclerosis.     

PC12 cells stimulate vascular smooth muscle growth

Sympathetic nerves stimulate vascular growth. The mechanisms underlying this stimulation have not been fully elucidated. PC12 cells and cultures of vascular smooth muscle were used to study sympathetic stimulation of vascular smooth muscle growth. Media conditioned by undifferentiated and differentiated PC12 cells stimulated the growth of vascular smooth muscle (446 +/- 47%). Differentiated PC12 cells produced more growth-stimulatory activity (61.5 +/- 9.6 per 10(6) cells) than undifferentiated PC12 cells (28.5 +/- 8.8 per 10(6) cells). PC12 stimulation of vascular smooth muscle growth was not inhibited by adrenergic receptor antagonists but was reduced by an endothelin antagonist, suramin, and an antibody that neutralized the activity of platelet-derived growth factor. These data suggest that endothelin and platelet-derived growth factor, but not catecholamines, play a role in sympathetic stimulation of vascular smooth muscle growth.     

NADPH oxidase 1 mediates upregulation of thromboxane A2 synthase in human vascular smooth muscle cells: inhibition with iloprost

We have previously reported that selective blockade of brain dopamine D(3) receptors by SB-277011A significantly attenuates cocaine self-administration and cocaine-induced reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior. In the present study, we investigated whether SB-277011A similarly inhibits methamphetamine self-administration and methamphetamine-induced reinstatement to drug-seeking behavior. Male Long-Evans rats were allowed to intravenously self-administer methamphetamine (0.05 mg/kg/infusion) under fixed-ratio 2 (FR2) or progressive-ratio (PR) reinforcement conditions, and some rats were tested for methamphetamine-induced reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior after extinction of self-administration. The effects of SB-277011A on each of these methamphetamine-supported behaviors were then tested. Acute intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of SB-277011A failed to alter methamphetamine self-administration under FR2 reinforcement, but significantly lowered the break-point for methamphetamine self-administration under PR reinforcement. SB-277011A also significantly inhibited methamphetamine-triggered reinstatement of extinguished drug-seeking behavior. Overall, these data show that blockade of dopamine D(3) receptors by SB-277011A attenuates the rewarding and incentive motivational effects of methamphetamine in rats, supporting the development of selective dopamine D(3) antagonists for the treatment of methamphetamine addiction.     

Endothelin-1-induced arachidonic acid release by cytosolic phospholipase A2 activation in rat vascular smooth muscle via extracellular signal-regulated kinases pathway

The present study investigates whether endothelin-1 (ET-1), like noradrenaline (NA), stimulates the release of arachidonic acid (AA) via cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) in rat tail artery. In tail artery segments labelled with [3H]AA, ET-1-induced AA release in a concentration-dependent manner with an EC50 of 1.3 nM. The effect of ET-1 was inhibited by bosentan and was insensitive to BQ788, suggesting the involvement of ETA receptor. The stimulation of AA release induced by ET-1 was prevented by arachydonyl trifluoromethyl ketone (AACOCF3), a selective inhibitor of cPLA2 and not by RHC80267, a diacylglycerol lipase inhibitor. Furthermore, PD98059, inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) cascade and calphostin C, a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, prevented the stimulation of AA release induced by ET-1 and NA. Immunoblotting of the cytosolic fraction of rat tail arteries stimulated with ET-1 or NA showed an increase in extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) phosphorylation and this effect was abolished by calphostin C treatment. These findings show that in rat tail artery ET-1 and NA induce a sequential activation of protein kinase C and extracellular signal-regulated kinases that results in stimulation of AA release via cPLA2 activation. This may represent a general pathway by which G-proteins coupled receptors stimulate AA release and its metabolites in vascular smooth muscle.     

Endothelin-1 enhances vascular permeability in conscious rats: role of thromboxane A2.

The purpose of the present experiments was to study the effects of endothelin-1 (ET-1) on vascular permeability and the involvement of the cyclooxygenase metabolites in the vascular responses to ET-1. Bolus intravenous injection of ET-1 (0.1-1.0 nmol/kg) into conscious rats induced immediate hypotension lasting for 30 s followed by sustained dose-dependent hypertension. A low dose of ET-1 (0.1 nmol/kg) did not modify the hematocrit value but the 1.0-nmol/kg dose increased the hematocrit value from 39.7 to 44.4%. Pretreatment of the animals with BM-13505 (1 mg/kg), a thromboxane A2 (TxA2) receptor antagonist, prolonged the duration of the hypotensive response to ET-1 (1.0 nmol/kg) but had no effect on the pressor response. Pretreatment with OKY-046 (10 mg/kg), a TxA2 synthesis inhibitor, or indomethacin (10 mg/kg), a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, had no significant effect on ET-1-induced changes in blood pressure. Evans blue dye extravasation, a marker of vascular permeability, increased up to 235% over control levels in specific vascular beds including the upper and lower bronchi, stomach, duodenum and kidney of ET-1 (1.0 nmol/kg)-treated animals. Pretreatment of the animals with BM-13505, OKY-046 or indomethacin reduced by 60-100% the Evans blue extravasation in these tissues. These results suggest that the effect of ET-1 on vascular permeability is partly mediated and/or modulated by the secondary release of TxA2, whereas its action on arterial blood pressure appears to be independent from prostanoid release in conscious rats.     

Regulation of endothelin-1 production in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells

Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is secreted from all rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) examined, in addition to endothelial cells (ECs). An average secretion rate of ET-1 from rat VSMCs was determined to be 10% that excreted from ECs. We examined the effects of 22 substances on ET-1 secretion from VSMCs and compared them with those from ECs. Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta), acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors, epidermal growth factor, angiotensin II, and adrenaline stimulated ET-1 secretion from VSMCs, whereas forskolin, thrombin, and platelet-derived growth factor-BB reduced it. Only TGF-beta and phorbol ester elicited consistent effects on ET-1 secretion from VSMCs and ECs. Regulation of ET-1 and adrenomedullin secretion from VSMCs was distinctly different. These data suggest that ET- 1 production in VSMCs is regulated by a mechanism separate from that in ECs and from adrenomedullin production in VSMCs. Chromatographic analysis showed immunoreactive ET-1 secreted from VSMCs was mainly composed of big ET- 1, whereas approximately 90% of that from ECs was ET-1. By TGF-beta stimulation of VSMCs, the ratio of big ET-1 to ET-1 was further increased. Because big ET-1 is converted into ET-1 only on the surface of the ECs in the culture system, big ET-1 secreted from the VSMCs may function as a mediator transmitting a signal from VSMCs to ECs in vivo.     

Endothelin-1 modulates vascular smooth muscle structure and vasomotion: Implications in cardiovascular pathology

Endothelin-1 modulates vascular smooth muscle tone by exerting potent vasoconstrictor actions through the ET_A receptor subtype located on the membranes of vascular smooth muscle cells. This receptor subtype also mediates the growth-promoting actions of this peptide in vascular smooth muscle cells. The ET_A receptor is distinct, however, from the endothelin receptor subtype located on the endothelium; the anatomically and functionally distinct ET_B receptor mediates the release of the endothelium-derived factor nitric oxide, a labile substance which not only produces potent vasodilation but also possesses anti-mitogenic activity. This report describes the interaction between these two vasoactive factors in the control of cardiovascular function. Under normal conditions the endothelium serves to modulate the contractile and proliferative actions of endothelin-1. However, many cardiovascular disorders (e.g., hypertension, atherosclerosis, vascular restenosis, subarachnoid hemorrhage, etc.) are associated with both abnormal endothelial cell function, resulting in an inability to synthesize and/or release nitric oxide, and elevated circulating levels of endothelin-1. Since the resultant loss/inhibition of nitric oxide will augment both the contractile and proliferative actions of endothelin-1, this has the potential to promote vasoconstriction and smooth muscle hyperplasia/hypertrophy at the site of any such lesion. Since evidence is accumulating that both endothelin-1 and nitric oxide play pivotal roles in the control of both vascular smooth muscle tone and growth, any imbalance between these two counter-regulatory systems is likely to have profound pathological consequences within the cardiovascular system. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

大鼠血管平滑肌细胞的贴块法培养

目的:探讨大鼠血管平滑肌细胞的原代培养方法与生长特性,为中药研究提供实验材料。方法:采用组织贴块法培养,倒置显微镜观察形态,电镜鉴定,台盼蓝染色活力检测。结果:倒置显微镜和电镜观察培养的血管平滑肌细胞生长状态良好,呈现平滑肌细胞特征性的“峰—谷”状结构,台盼蓝染色约有95%以上的细胞为活细胞。结论:本培养方法简单、经济,经过一定时间的操作训练,即可成功培养出平滑肌细胞。     

Endothelin-1 and IP3 induced Ca2+ sparks in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells

Endothelin-1 has been implicated as an important modulator or mediator of acute and chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. It has been shown that endothelin-1 increases [Ca2+]i and contraction in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells. Recently, we have identified local Ca2+ release transients or Ca2+ sparks, which represent Ca2+ release from clusters of ryanodine receptors on the sarcoplasmic reticulum, in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells. These pulmonary Ca2+ sparks were associated with membrane depolarization, and activated specifically by endothelin-1 via endothelin-A receptor activation of phospholipase C and inositol trisphosphate production, possibly through local Ca2+ signaling between inositol trisphosphate receptors and ryanodine receptors. To test this hypothesis, we measured Ca2+ sparks in intralobar pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells using laser scanning microscopy, and compared the spatiotemporal properties of Ca2+ sparks activated by endothelin-1 and by photorelease of inositol trisphosphate. We found that both endothelin-1 and inositol trisphosphate had similar effects on Ca2+ sparks. They both increased spark frequency, elevated spark amplitude and prolonged duration, without any significant effect on the spatial spread or size of Ca2+ sparks. These results provide further support to the suggestion that inositol trisphosphate production stimulated by endothelin-1 can account for the activation of Ca2+ sparks in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells.     

Endothelin-1 limits vascular smooth muscle beta-adrenergic receptor sensitivity by a PKC-dependent pathway

Endothelin-1 reduces the chronotropic and inotropic effects of the beta-adrenoceptor agonist isoproterenol in rabbit isolated atria. Vascular interactions between endothelin-1 and isoproterenol have not been reported. Rings of the rabbit aorta without endothelium were mounted on myographs to measure isometric tension. Vessels were precontracted to similar levels with phenylephrine (30 micromol/L) or endothelin-1 (30 nmol/L). Relaxation to isoproterenol and forskolin were obtained. Vascular sensitivity (pD2) to isoproterenol was not different in the presence of endothelin-1 (7.6 +/- 0.3; n = 13) and phenylephrine (7.5 +/- 0.3; n = 11). The maximal relaxation (Emax) however, was doubled (P < 0.05) by endothelin-1 (42 +/- 5%), as compared with phenylephrine (23 +/- 4%). In the presence of endothelin-1, chelerythrine (protein kinase C inhibitor; 10 micromol/L) increased (P < 0.05) vascular sensitivity to isoproterenol (8.6 +/- 0.4, n = 7), but had no influence on the Emax. In contrast, in the presence of phenylephrine, pD2 was unaffected by chelerythrine, whereas the Emax to isoproterenol was increased (P < 0.05; 50 +/- 4%, n = 8). Vascular sensitivity and Emax to forskolin were similar in the presence of endothelin-1 and phenylephrine. In conclusion, endothelin-1 reduces vascular sensitivity to isoproterenol in a PKC-dependent pathway. The permissive effect of endothelin-1 appears to directly target the beta-adrenoceptor/G protein complex upstream of adenylate cyclase.     

Endothelin-1 activation of JAK2 in vascular smooth muscle cells involves NAD(P)H oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species

Endothelin-1 (ET-1) and JAK2 are both implicated in diabetic complications. Therefore, we investigated whether ET-1 differentially activates JAK2 under conditions of normal (5 mM) and high (25 mM) glucose. We tested the hypothesis that reactive oxygen species mediate the activation of JAK2 in response to ET-1. In rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), ET-1 (10 (- 7) M, 5 min) stimulated the activation of JAK2, which was further enhanced under high glucose conditions. Allopurinol (xanthine oxidase inhibitor, 1 microM) and l-NAME (nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, 1 mM) had no effect on ET-1-induced JAK2 activation, while apocynin (NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor 100 microM) resulted in a significant inhibition of ET-1-induced JAK2 and MAPK activation. Overexpression of SOD did not inhibit ET-1-induced activation of JAK2, but catalase (50 units/mL) treatment resulted in complete inhibition. In vivo administration of apocynin (1.5 mM) resulted in a significant decrease ( 50%), while the ETA receptor antagonist ABT-627 completely inhibited phosphorylation of JAK2 in aortae from STZ-induced diabetic rats. Additionally, DHE staining of aortic sections was significantly reduced in diabetic rats treated with ABT-627. These data suggest that in VSMC, ET-1 via the ETA receptor, utilizes NAD(P)H oxidase to activate JAK2.     

Endothelin-1 is induced by cytokines in human vascular smooth muscle cells: evidence for intracellular endothelin-converting enzyme

Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is the predominant endothelin isopeptide generated by the vascular wall and therefore appears to be the most important peptide involved in regulation of cardiovascular events. Many pathologic conditions are associated with elevations of ET-1 in the blood vessel wall. Because these conditions are often cytokine driven, we examined the effects of a mixture of cytokines on ET-1 production in human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) derived from internal mammary artery and saphenous vein (SV). Incubation of IMA and SV VSMCs with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (10 ng/ml) and interferon-gamma (1000 U/ml) in combination for up to 48 h markedly elevated the expression of mRNA for prepro-ET-1 and the release of ET-1 into the culture medium. This cytokine-stimulated release of ET-1 was inhibited by a series of dual endothelin-converting enzyme (ECE)/neutral endopeptidase inhibitors, phosphoramidon, CGS 26303, and CGS 26393, with an accompanying increase in big ET-1 release but with no effect on expression of mRNA for prepro-ET-1. These same compounds were 10 times more potent at inhibiting the conversion of exogenously applied big ET-1 to ET-1. ECE-1b/c mRNA is present in SV VSMCs, however no ECE-1a is present in these cells. Thus VSMCs most probably contain, like endothelial cells, an intracellular ECE responsible for the endogenous synthesis of ET-1. Under the influence of pro-inflammatory mediators the vascular smooth muscle can therefore become an important site of ET-1 production, as has already been established for the dilator mediators nitric oxide, prostaglandin I2, and prostaglandin E2.     

Differences in activities of thromboxane A2 receptor antagonists in smooth muscle cells.

Thromboxane A2/prostaglandin H2 (TXA2/PGH2) receptors were characterized in rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). The specific binding of [3H]SQ 29,548 was inhibited by KW-3635, a novel non-prostanoic TXA2 antagonist, SQ 29,548 and BM-13505 (daltroban). SQ 29,548 showed a single class of binding sites with a Ki value of 1.6 nM. The inhibition patterns were better fit to two-component curves for KW-3635 (Ki values of 0.45 nM and 42 nM) and BM-13505 (2.3 nM and 20 nM). U46619, a TXA2 agonist, induced an increase in intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i), which was inhibited by these antagonists. KW-3635 and SQ 29,548 did not induce any increase in [Ca2+]i, whereas BM-13505 was found to induce a smaller increase in [Ca2+]i. The BM-13505-induced increase in [Ca2+]i was also inhibited by pretreatment with KW-3635, SQ 29,548 and BM-13505. The results demonstrate that BM-13505 has partial agonistic activity on TXA2/PGH2 receptors, and KW-3635 and SQ 29,548 do not. SQ 29,548 and BM-13505 inhibited both U-46619- and BM-13505-induced increases in [Ca2+]i to a similar degree. Alternatively, KW-3635 inhibited a U46619-induced increase in [Ca2+]i more effectively than a BM-13505-induced increase. These results suggest the heterogeneity of functional binding sites or subtypes of TXA2/PGH2 receptors present in VSMC.     

阿托伐他汀对肌细胞增强因子2A基因突变型血管平滑肌细胞的作用

目的 观察阿托伐他汀对肌细胞增强因子2A (MEF2A)基因突变型血管平滑肌细胞(VSMC)的作用.方法 将人主动脉血管平滑肌细胞分为3组:①WT组,转染野生型(WT) MEF2A质粒;②△21组,转染21碱基缺失突变型(△21) MEF2A质粒;③阿托伐他汀组,转染MEF2A△21质粒,并在实验前向该组细胞培养基中加入阿托伐他汀溶液至终浓度100 μmol·L-1.通过溴化噻唑基蓝四唑(MTT)法和Millicell小室观察VSMC的增殖和迁移变化,免疫印迹(Western blotting)检测VSMC内平滑肌α肌动蛋白、SM22α、骨桥蛋白、p38和ERK1/2丝裂素活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)信号通路表达差异.结果 MEF2A基因△21突变可促进VSMC增殖、迁移和表型转化.而阿托伐他汀可抑制这些变化,并且明显下调磷酸化p38和ERK1/2信号通路表达.结论 阿托伐他汀通过作用于p38和ERK1/2 MAPK信号通路,以抑制MEF2A基因突变诱导的VSMC增殖、迁移和表型转化.     

Effects of alpinetin on rat vascular smooth muscle cells

The object of this work was to study the effects of alpinetin on cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells. It was observed that H2O2 (100 micromol L(-1)) induced increase of LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) leakage in the medium of VSMC by 7.4% (p < 0.01) and 10(-7) mol L(-1) alpinetin significantly decreased LDH leakage induced by H2O2 (p < 0.01). Alpinetin had the effects of inhibiting VSMC proliferation in a dose-dependent manner under the condition of serum stimulation for 24 and 48 h, but with serum stimulation for 72 h adverse effects on VSMC proliferation appeared. 10(-7) and 10(-8) mol L(-1) alpinetin had significantly inhibitory effects on VSMC migration by 67.9% (p < 0.001) and 34.1% (p < 0.01) respectively. It was also found that alpinetin (10(-7)-10(-9) mol L(-1)) could significantly inhibit the production of NO in cultured VSMC induced by TNFalpha (200 U ml(-1)). At 10(-7), 10(-8) and 10(-9) mol L(-1) the modulation of NO was by 22.6% (p < 0.001), 20.6% (p < 0.01) and 13.9% (p < 0.05), respectively. In summary, the data show that alpinetin has, to some extent, protective effects on VSMC.     

四氢吡喃类药物对血小板激活因子诱导的脑微血管平滑肌细胞DNA合成及增殖的拮抗作用

研究了血小板激活因子（ＰＡＦ）对兔血小板聚集，牛脑微血管平滑肌细胞ＤＮＡ合成及增殖的影响及四氢吡喃类药物ｔｒａｎｓ－２，６－ｂｉｓ－（３，４－ｄｉｍｅｔｈｏｘｙ－ｐｈｅｎｙｌ）－ｔｅｔｒａｈｙｄｒｏ－（４Ｈ）ｐｙｒａｎ（ＳＺ－１）和ｔｒａｎｓ－２－（３，４，５－ｔｒｉｍｅｔｈｏｘｙｐｈｅｎｙｌ）－６－（２，４－ｄｉｆｌｕｏ－ｒｏｐｈｅｎｙｌ）－ｔｅｔｒａｈｙｄｒｏ－（４Ｈ）ｐｙｒａｎ（ＤＦＴＭ）的拮抗作用．结果表明：ＰＡＦ强烈刺激兔血小板聚集，在１．９１μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１时，刺激的百分率为７１．７％．ＳＺ－１和ＤＦＴＭ剂量依赖性地抑制ＰＡＦ刺激的兔血小板聚集，ＩＣ５０分别为０．３９和０．８４ｎｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１．ＰＡＦ还刺激牛脑微血管平滑肌细胞增殖，在０．１ｎｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１时作用４８ｈ达最大效应．ＳＺ－１和ＤＦＴＭ显著抑制血小板激活因子的上述作用，在１ｎｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１时抑制率分别为２５．９％和３０．７％．ＳＺ－１和ＤＦＴＭ还抑制ＰＡＦ刺激的牛脑微血管平滑肌细胞ＤＮＡ合成，在１ｎｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１时抑制率分别为２９．１％和２４．４％．实验结果表明：ＰＡＦ可能通过促进血小板聚集，刺激脑血管平滑肌细胞增殖及ＤＮＡ合成而参与?     

IGF对大鼠平滑肌细胞骨桥蛋白表达的影响

目的　研究胰岛素样生长因子 (IGF)对培养的大鼠胸主动脉平滑肌细胞骨桥蛋白表达的影响。方法　大鼠平滑肌细胞被随机分为对照组 ,IGF I不同浓度 (5、10、2 0、3 0μg·L-1)及时间 (3、2 4、48h)干预组 ,用RT PCR及Western blotting技术结合光密度扫描分析 ,观察IGF I对培养的大鼠胸主动脉平滑肌细胞内骨桥蛋白基因表达的影响。结果　IGF I 2 0 μg·L-1即能刺激平滑肌细胞内骨桥蛋白的表达 ,RT PCR结果分析骨桥蛋白与 β actinmRNA比值 3h干预组 1 0 2 9± 0 0 60 ,2 4h干预组 1 0 3 2± 0 0 71和 48h干预组1 13 2± 0 190分别较对照组提高了 3 9 70 % ,40 44 %和5 4 0 5 % ;Western blotting分析 3h干预组骨桥蛋白量 19 5 1± 16 983 ,2 4h后 167 98± 15 780和 48h后 175 64±9 913分别较对照组提高 5 3 3 0 %、1 15倍和 1 2 5倍。结论　说明IGF I能在基因水平上刺激大鼠平滑肌细胞内骨桥蛋白的表达