市售炮制辅料醋中5-羟甲基糠醛含量的比较

目的 比较不同品种市售炮制辅料醋中5-羟甲基糠醛的含量。方法 采用高效液相色谱法测定5-羟甲基糠醛的含量,色谱条件为流动相甲醇-0.05%磷酸（8:92）,流速1.0 mL·min^-1,检测波长284 nm,进样量20 mL。结果 3批白醋中未检测到5-羟甲基糠醛,以黑糯米、小米等优质粮食为原料酿造的米醋中5-羟甲基糠醛含量相对较高,天立老醋、水塔老陈醋和恒顺镇江陈醋等有陈酿工艺的米醋中5-羟甲基糠醛含量高。结论 5-羟甲基糠醛含量的高低反映了米醋质量的优劣,5-羟甲基糠醛可作为米醋的质量控制指标。     

右旋糖酐40葡萄糖注射液中遗传毒性降解杂质含量测定及风险因素分析

目的 测定右旋糖酐40葡萄糖注射液中遗传毒性降解产物5-羟甲基糠醛和糠醛的含量并分析风险因素。方法 采用HPLC测定右旋糖酐40葡萄糖注射液及其原料药右旋糖酐40、葡萄糖中的5-羟甲基糠醛和糠醛含量，考察原料、工艺参数（温度、pH值）以及储存时间对杂质含量的影响。结果 5-羟甲基糠醛和糠醛在0.12~12.43 μg·mL^-1和0.03~8.60 μg·mL^-1内线性关系良好。右旋糖酐40葡萄糖注射液中相关杂质含量受工艺参数（温度、pH值）和存储时间影响，原料药基本不影响杂质含量。结论 应重点关注生产工艺中涉及原料药加热溶解温度和调节pH值的关键工艺参数，以提高制剂稳定性，同时应关注存储时间过长所引起的相关杂质增加。     

HPLC法测定化妆品原料2-羟乙基脲及杂质尿素的含量

目的 建立化妆品原料2-羟乙基脲的高效液相色谱（high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC）含量测定方法,并检测其杂质尿素的含量,以实现对2-羟乙基脲的质量控制。方法采用Capcell PAK ADME C_{18色谱柱（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）;以水为流动相;柱温30℃;流速为1.0 mL·min^-1;进样量10 μL;检测波长194 nm。结果 2-羟乙基脲和尿素分别在1.168～116.8 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 7）和1.032～206.5 μg·mL^-1（r=0.9992）范围内浓度与峰面积有良好的线性关系,平均回收率分别为98.0%和97.1%,检出限分别为0.12 μg·mL^-1和0.21 μg·mL^-1,定量限分别为0.36 μg·mL^-1和0.52 μg·mL^-1。结论 本方法准确度高,重复性好,检测灵敏度符合检测要求,可用于化妆品原料2-羟乙基脲及其杂质尿素的含量测定方法。}     

HPLC梯度洗脱法测定葡萄糖酸依诺沙星注射液的有关物质

摘 要 目的： 建立梯度洗脱的HPLC法测定葡萄糖酸依诺沙星注射液中有关物质。方法: 色谱柱：Diamonsil^TM C₁₈(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm);流动相A：0.025 mol·L^-1磷酸溶液（三乙胺调pH3.0）甲醇-乙腈（80∶10∶10）,流动相B：0.025 mol·L^-1磷酸溶液（三乙胺调节pH3.0）-甲醇-乙腈（350∶325∶325）,梯度洗脱;流速：1.1 ml·min^-1;检测波长：269 nm、284 nm;进样量：20 μl;柱温：40℃。结果:在该色谱条件下,供试品稳定性及分离度良好。5-羟甲基糠醛在19.80 ng·ml^-1～19.80 μg·ml^-1范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 9),检出限为0.18 ng,平均回收率为99.68%,RSD为0.12%(n=9)。结论: 本法结果准确、灵敏度高、专属性强、重复性好,可用于葡萄糖酸依诺沙星注射液有关物质的检测。     

UPLC法测定复方硫软膏的含量

摘 要 目的： 建立超高效液相色谱法测定复方硫软膏中水杨酸含量的方法。方法: 色谱柱 : Agilent ZORBAX SB C₁₈（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）;流动相：甲醇-0.1 mol·L^-1磷酸二氢钠（30∶70）;检测波长：231 nm,柱温：35℃;流速：1.0 ml·min^-1;进样量：10 μl。结果:水杨酸在11.96～59.80 μg·mL^-1的范围内呈良好线性关系,r=0.999 9,平均回收率为99.72%,RSD为1.28%（n=9）。结论: 建立的方法结果准确、稳定性好、专属性强,可用于复方硫软膏中水杨酸含量测定。     

毛细管柱气相色谱法测定养阴清肺糖浆中薄荷脑的含量

摘 要 目的:建立毛细管柱气相色谱法测定养阴清肺糖浆中薄荷脑含量的方法。方法: 采用气相色谱法(GC)。色谱条件：DM-WAX毛细管柱(30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm);载气：氮气,流速2.0 ml·min^-1;进样口温度130℃;FID温度250℃;柱温：程序升温。结果:薄荷脑与内标物萘分离效果理想,薄荷脑浓度在0.051～0.306 mg·ml^-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 7),加样回收率为100.18%(RSD=2.26%,n=6)。测得的11个厂家养阴清肺糖浆中薄荷脑含量差异明显,同一厂家不同批次产品薄荷脑含量无明显差异。结论:本方法简单、准确、重复性好,可用于测定养阴清肺糖浆中薄荷脑的含量。     

HPLC法同时测定不同产地生白术中阿魏酸和咖啡酸的含量

摘 要 目的： 建立同时测定不同产地生白术中阿魏酸和咖啡酸的高效液相含量测定方法。方法: 采用Agilent-C₁₈(150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm)色谱柱,流动相：0.2%甲酸水-乙腈（70∶30）,检测波长：320 nm,流速：1.0 ml·min^-1,柱温：35 ℃。结果: 阿魏酸进样量在0.040～0.500 μg、咖啡酸进样量在0.060～0.750 μg 范围内线性关系良好。r均为0.999 8。阿魏酸和咖啡酸的平均加样回收率分别为98.10%（RSD=1.08%）、98.66%（RSD=0.61%）（n=6）。结论:该方法简便、准确,适用于生白术中阿魏酸和咖啡酸的含量测定。     

清热安宫丸质量标准研究

摘 要 目的: 研究完善清热安宫丸的质量标准。方法: 薄层色谱法鉴别制剂中的黄连、黄芩,HPLC法测定制剂中黄芩苷的含量,采用Waters C₁₈色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm);流动相为甲醇-0.2%磷酸(45∶55),流速为1.0 ml·min^-1;检测波长为315 nm,柱温为30℃,进样量为10 μl。用滴定法测定朱砂的含量。结果:鉴别阴性对照均无干扰;含量测定方法中黄芩苷的线性范围为0.029～0.870 μg（r=0.999 9）,回收率为99.2%（RSD=0.67%,n=6）,朱砂的含量测定平均回收率为100.5％（RSD=0.45%,n=6）。结论:所建方法简单、可靠,可作为清热安宫丸的质量控制标准。     

HPLC法同时测定复方紫灵胶囊中补骨脂素、异补骨脂素、大黄素和丹参酮ⅡA的含量

摘 要 目的: 建立高效液相色谱法同时测定复方紫灵胶囊中补骨脂素、异补骨脂素、大黄素和丹参酮ⅡA的含量。方法: 采用汉邦Phecda C₁₈色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相为0.1%甲酸-乙腈（40∶60）,检测波长246 nm,流速为1.0 ml·min^-1,柱温;30℃,进样量:20 μl。结果:补骨脂素在5～80 mg·L^-1范围内有良好线性关系（r=0.999 3）,平均加样回收率为98.73%（RSD=2.22%）;异补骨脂素在5～80 mg·L^-1范围内有良好线性关系（r=0.999 2）,平均加样回收率为99.94%（RSD=2.59%）;大黄素在5～80 mg·L^-1范围内有良好线性关系（r=0.999 7）,平均加样回收率为100.63%（RSD=1.48%）;丹参酮Ⅱ_A在10～200 mg·L^-1范围内有良好线性关系（r=0.999 9）,平均加样回收率为99.18%（RSD=1.03%）。结论:本方法测定复方紫灵胶囊中补骨脂素、异补骨脂素、大黄素和丹参酮Ⅱ_A的含量,方法简便、准确,结果稳定,可为复方紫灵胶囊的质量评价提供科学依据。     

HPLC法测定尿石通丸中夏佛塔苷和橙皮苷的含量

摘 要 目的： 建立HPLC法分离和测定尿石通丸中夏佛塔苷和橙皮苷的含量。方法: 以Agilent Zobrax SB C₁₈柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）为色谱柱,流动相为乙腈 甲醇 0.4%甲酸溶液,梯度洗脱,检测波长为272 nm,流速为1.0 ml·mim^{-1,进样量:10 μl。结果: 夏佛塔苷在0.000 6 ～0.277 2 mg·ml-1范围内线性关系良好（r=1.000 0）;橙皮苷在0.002 1～0.856 8 mg·ml-1范围内线性关系良好（r=1.000 0）。夏佛塔苷平均回收率为101.83%,RSD=0.27%,橙皮苷平均回收率为98.35%,RSD=0.41%(n=6)。结论: 本方法可用于测定尿石通丸中夏佛塔苷和橙皮苷的含量。}     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.