一期后路病灶清除椎间植骨融合内固定治疗胸腰椎结核

<正>骨关节结核是常见的肺外结核,其中脊柱结核所占的比例最高,约为47.287%~([1])。目前,随着对脊柱结核认识的不断深入,在规范抗结核药物治疗的基础上积极进行手术已成为共识~([2])。彻底病灶清除是外科治疗的前提和基本要求,但病灶清除后脊柱的稳定性将进一步被破坏,重建及维持脊柱稳定性具有重要的意义。目前对于胸腰椎结核的手术入路一直存在争议,因脊柱结核往往仅累及椎体、椎间盘等前方结构,经前路行病灶清除、植骨融合,同期前     

非典型性脊柱结核的影像学特征

目的：探讨成人非典型性脊柱结核的影像学特征。方法：1998年1月至2006年5月收治的成人脊柱结核的患者中资料者完整200例，其中19例为非典型性脊柱结核，椎间盘型2例，椎体型4例，椎弓型4例，全椎骨型2例，跳跃型4例，多发性骨结核型3例。回顾分析其影像学特征。结果：非典型性脊柱结核主要的影像学特征为：①椎体骨赘形成，主要见于椎间盘型及椎体型；②椎体前柱破坏，见于椎体型；③椎体终板虫蚀样破坏，见于椎间盘型和椎体型；④椎旁软组织影中脓液成分，见于各型；⑤连续单侧骨破坏，见于椎弓型；⑥影像学破坏重，面全身症状轻，即影像学表现与症状不对称，见于多发性骨结核型和跳跃型，根据上述影像学特征可以与脊柱转移癌相鉴别。结论：了解非典型性脊柱结核的影像学特征有助于临床诊断和鉴别诊断，减少或避免误诊误治。     

非典型性脊柱结核影像学分型与表现形式

 目的 探讨成人非典型性脊柱结核的影像学分型与表现形式。方法 回顾性分析并总结2000年2月至2012年10月经病理确诊的45 例成人非典型性脊柱结核患者资料,男29例,女16例;年龄20~71岁,平均46.2岁;25例有潮热、乏力及消瘦表现,20例无明显全身结核中毒表现;37例红细胞沉降率为25~107 mm/1 h,8例正常。所有患者均摄脊柱X 线片,并行CT扫描及MR检查, 其中12例辅加脊柱螺旋CT三维重建,2例辅加PET-CT检查。45例患者均行外科手术治疗,其中3例术前行CT引导下病灶穿刺活检;均经病理检查证实为脊柱结核。结果 非典型性脊柱结核的影像学分型包括,单椎体型（9例）,MRI T2WI示单一椎体病灶呈不均匀高信号,CT扫描示老年人病变椎体以虫蚀样、溶骨性破坏为主,青年人病变椎体内呈单个均匀透光的圆形溶骨性骨质破坏区;单脊椎椎体附件型（2例）,MRI T2WI示椎体附件呈高信号改变,CT扫描示椎板及椎弓根呈虫蚀样骨质破坏;单脊椎全椎骨型（8例）,CT扫描示单脊椎的椎体及附件均呈虫蚀样广泛骨质破坏;椎间盘型结核（5例）,MRI示椎间盘信号减低,团状的椎盘组织突入椎管压迫脊髓;多发性相邻型脊柱结核（14例）,螺旋CT示多个相邻椎体虫蚀样骨质破坏;多发性非相邻型（跳跃型）脊柱结核（7例）,MRI示非相邻多个椎体在T2WI上呈现椎体骨质结构破坏的混杂信号,其中个别病例T2WI示高信号的椎旁脓肿通过流注方式波及多个非相邻椎体。结论 非典型性脊柱结核有多种影像学表现形式且极不典型,但虫蚀样骨质破坏、骨髓水肿、前和（或）后纵韧带高信号等影像学改变均为非典型性脊柱结核影像学的特征性表现。
     

上颈椎结核外科手术诊疗的研究进展

正近年来,结核病的发生率呈增长趋势,骨关节结核约半数累及脊柱,上颈椎结核占脊柱结核的0.3%~1.0%~([1-2])。发生率虽低,但其部位特殊,造成该区域骨和韧带的广泛破坏,进而导致的压迫和不稳定严重威胁到延髓、脊髓,引起神经和呼吸功能障碍~([3])。但上颈椎漏斗结构对脊髓压迫容忍度较大,早期不易发现,出现严重神经症状时常需要手术治疗~([1-2])。手术治疗的目的主要是清除结核病灶,利于药物渗入,重建上颈椎稳定性,保留和恢复神经功     

儿童脊柱结核手术方式选择

<正>骨结核占全部结核病例的1%~2%,其中脊柱结核最为常见~([1])。由于儿童纤维化及终板软骨血管及淋巴管的存在,加上儿童椎前筋膜及骨膜与椎体相连疏松,儿童脊柱结核容易在不同节段间传播,易于在潜在腔隙扩散。所以,与成人相比,儿童脊柱结核累及节段常较多~([2])。此外,儿童脊柱结核容易产生畸形,出现神经损害症状。这主要茸儿童的生长特点有关,除了病变椎体即刻的骨质破坏造成畸形外,病变椎体的骨骺也遭到破坏或破坏不均匀,儿童脊柱在不断地生长中,脊柱的快速生长会加剧畸形的进展,大约39%的患     

脊柱结核规范化外科治疗:争议与共识

正人类感染结核分枝杆菌的历史可以追溯到铁器时代,经过数世纪的探索,人类对结核分枝杆菌的控制能力得到了显著的提高~([1])。作为最常见的肺外结核病灶,骨与关节结核占所有结核病例的1%~2%,其中脊柱结核约占骨与关节结核的50%~([2])。脊柱结核常导致寒性脓肿形成、脊柱骨质破坏、脊柱畸形和瘫痪等严重并发症,这也是脊柱结核目前治疗的重点和难点~([3])。从治疗角度,脊柱结核历经抗结核药物治疗、病灶清除术、病灶清除并     

相隔单椎体跳跃性椎体结核的手术治疗

目的探讨前路病灶清除植骨融合内固定治疗相隔单椎体跳跃性椎体结核的临床疗效。方法2002年3月至2005年3月,对21例相隔一个正常椎体的跳跃性胸腰椎椎体结核患者施行前路病灶清除植骨融合椎体钉棒内固定治疗,植骨采用自体髂骨-肋骨或钛网-肋骨植骨。男14例,女7例;年龄22～67岁,平均43岁。病变范围：T4～L3,胸椎12例,胸腰段6例,腰椎3例。两处跳跃病变破坏2个椎体1例、3个椎体7例、4个椎体10例;三处跳跃病变破坏5个椎体2例,6个椎体1例。病变节段后凸角：胸椎30°～50°,胸腰段15°～30°,腰椎10°～20°。4例伴不完全截瘫。术前强化抗痨2～4周,术后规则抗痨1年。结果21例患者随访2.1～5.1年,平均3.4年。切口均一期愈合,术后早期肺不张2例,腹胀1例,经保守治疗1周内恢复。术后1～3个月红细胞沉降率、C-反应蛋白逐渐恢复正常。手术矫正后凸畸形10°～30°,末次随访畸形矫正角度丢失≤5.1°。植骨于术后3个月开始出现融合,随访期间无植骨块移位和内固定松动、折断。4例不完全截瘫患者术后6个月神经功能基本恢复正常。结论前路病灶清除植骨融合内固定治疗相隔单椎体跳跃性椎体结核可彻底清除病灶、矫正后凸畸形、重建和维持脊柱稳定性。     

核素全身骨显像在脊柱结核诊治中的临床价值

[目的]评价核素全身骨显像在脊柱结核诊治中的价值。[方法]对175例脊柱结核采用99Tcm—MDP（亚锡亚甲基二膦酸盐）核素全身骨显像，了解脊柱病灶的显影情况和全身其他骨关节是否并存病灶的情况。[结果]175例患者全部显像为阳性，其中伴有多节段椎体结核者146例，其中2个椎体者78例，3个椎体者26例，4个椎体以上者42例。伴有四肢骨关节结核者22例，伴骶髂关节结核者29例。[结论]核素全身骨显像在脊柱结核诊治中有重要价值，可以发现全身骨与关节多个结核病灶，对制定脊柱结核的治疗方案有指导作用。     

多椎体结核的影像学诊断价值及手术治疗进展

脊柱结核在全身骨关节结核中发病率最高，占全身骨关节结核50％左右。单椎体结核比较少见，病灶常涉及多个椎体，但多椎体结核在早期诊断中往往被漏诊。近年来，由于影像学的发展，特别是CT、MRI的检查，使多椎体结核的早期诊断及病灶涉及椎体范围有了更明确的证据。在诊断脊柱结核过程中，合理应用X线片、CT、MRI就显得比较重要，可以提高结核病灶的早期诊断水平。     

儿童脊柱嗜酸性肉芽肿的影像学诊断

目的探讨儿童脊柱嗜酸性肉芽肿的影像学表现。方法回顾性分析深圳市儿童医院2007年1月至2013年12月经手术病理证实的12例儿童脊柱嗜酸性肉芽肿的影像学资料,男性5例,女性7例;年龄1~13岁,平均年龄为5岁3个月。12例均行常规X线检查,6例行CT检查,11例行MRI检查。结果 12例脊柱嗜酸性肉芽肿中,10例单发病灶,2例多发病灶,共15个病灶,其中颈椎2个,胸椎5个,腰椎8个。15个病变均位于椎体,2个同时累及椎体附件。X线表现为不同程度的椎体变扁,椎间隙正常或增宽。CT表现为椎体骨质破坏,部分病灶周围可见骨质硬化。MRI表现为破坏的椎体T1WI呈等信号或稍低信号,T2WI呈等信号或稍高信号。椎体变扁呈楔形或呈盘状改变。3个病灶椎旁软组织肿块形成,其信号特点与病变椎体相仿,其中2个突向椎管内压迫硬膜囊及脊髓。3例引起脊柱不同程度后凸畸形。病灶邻近椎间盘信号正常。4例MRI增强扫描显示受损椎体及椎旁软组织肿块不同程度强化。结论儿童脊柱嗜酸性肉芽肿影像学表现具有一定特征性,MRI表现最具诊断价值,可为临床诊治提供可靠的影像学依据。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.