目测法比色与比色仪测色准确性的比较研究

在金瓷修复中 ,长期采用目测法比色。近年来仪器测色逐渐应用于牙科修复。本项研究采用标准比色片为测色样本 ,比较目测法比色和电脑比色仪测色准确性之间的差异。一、材料与方法1 目测法比色 :测试者为 15名有 4～ 7年金瓷修复经验的修复科医生 ,经检查均无色盲。选用新的Ｓｈｏｆｕ比色板和Ｖｉｔａ比色板各 2块。Ｓｈｏｆｕ比色板和Ｖｉｔａ比色板各一块做为测色样本。用另 2块比色板对每一个测色样本逐一比色。均采用自然光源。2 比色仪测色 :将ＳｈａｄｅＥｙｅ电脑比色仪校正至零 ,把测量探头平放在比色片中 1/ 3处 ,连续测定 15次 ,…     

口腔修复科医师目测法比色误差分析

目的评估口腔修复科医师目测法比色的误差。方法从1副Vita LuminVacuum比色板中抽取临床常用的9个比色片,14名口腔修复科医师按临床使用方法与另1副完整的Vita比色板比色。结果比色正确95次（75.4%）,错误31次（24.6%）,色度误差△E在1.24～4.56之间,平均为2.58。结论口腔修复科医师目测比色的准确性有待提高。     

电脑比色仪比色结果的可重复性研究

目的研究Shade Eye NCC电脑比色仪比色结果的可重复性以及与目测比色结果的差异性。方法10名自愿者参加试验,由两名测试者使用Shade Eye NCC电脑比色仪对测试对象的右上颌中切牙进行测试．记录比色仪推荐的Vita比色板色号。3周后进行重复测量并记录结果。另外两名测试者对相同测试对象进行目测比色。计算电脑比色法同一测试者前后两次比色和不同测试者之间比色结果的一致性,以及目测比色法不同测试者比色结果的一致性。结果电脑比色法两位测试者前后两次比色结果的一致性分别为90％和80％．两位测试者之间比色结果的一致性为80％。目测比色法两位测试者D、E之间比色结果的一致性为80％。结论使用Shade Eye NCC电脑比色仪进行比色,其结果具有很高的可重复性。可将其用于辅助临床比乜．以及牙齿漂白过程中的疗效判定。     

电脑比配色仪与比色板之间的相近性分析

目的：通过对比色记录的分析，比较Vita比色板、松风Vintage Halo比色板和电脑比配色仪之间的相近性和差异性。方法：随机抽取100名年龄在21～24岁的本地在校大学生，由男女两位测试者使用电脑比配色仪、Vita比色板和松风Vintage Halo比色板对被测试者的左上中切牙进行比色分析。结果：三种比色方法均以A色调最为集中，占总数的55％以上。其次是D色调占总数20％以上。男女测试者的选色在A、R、VR．系列中无明显差异。结论：电脑比配色仪、Vita比色板、松风Vintage Halo比色板均不能完全覆盖本地区青年天然中切牙的色度特征，只在A色调系列中重复率较高。     

Vita比色板色度分析

为了解Ｖｉｔａ比色板在临床应用的可靠性及合理性，进行了以下实验：从北京地区应用Ｖｉ－ｔａ瓷粉的各家医院随机选取临床常用比色板三套，采用ｃｓ－５型分光光度计及ＣＩＥ１９７６ＬＡＢ色度系统，对其进行色度测试及数值分析并与中国人牙冠色度范围进行比较。结果表明：各比色板比色片的颜色稳定性较好，各板之间同名比色片的平均色差多小于１．５个ＮＢＳ色差单位；比色板各色度值范围比中国人牙冠各色度值范围窄，缺乏亮度值在６９．５６～８６．５４范围及饱和度较高的红、黄色调的比色片。本结论可直接应用于临床，口腔修复科医生了解掌握比色板的色度规律，可依实际情况更合理地应用，制作更理想的修复体。     

电脑比色仪测色准确性的评价

目的：评价Shade Eye电脑比色仪测色的准确性。方法：测试样本为Shofu比色片和Vita比色片。用Shade Eye电脑比色仪对两种比色片从A1至D4逐一测色。结果：对Shofu比色片测色调配对率为53．75％,对Vita比色片测色的色调配对率为56．25％。经x^2检验,两组之间无差异。对Shofu比色片测色错配色调多为B色调和C色调,对Vita比色片测色错配色调多为B色调和D色调。结论：Shade Eye电脑比色仪的测色准确性有待改进。     

两种Vita比色板目测比色的准确性及稳定性比较

目的 探讨应用Vitapan Classical比色板和Vitapan 3D-Master比色板进行目测比色的准确性及稳定性.方法 从1副Vitapan Classical比色板和1副Vitapan 3D-Master比色板中抽取临床常用的比色片,由7名医生按临床方法与另1副完整的相同比色板比色. 2周后再比色一次.结果 两种Vita比色板目测比色的稳定性好,两次比色差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).应用Vitapan Classical比色板比色的准确率为75%,应用Vitapan 3D-Master比色板比色的准确率为84%.应用Vitapan 3D-Master较Vitapan Classical比色板比色更准确.结论 Vitapan 3D-Master比色板的准确性优于Vitapan Classical比色板,值得推广.     

两种常用比色板的临床色度学研究

目的从临床角度探讨两种比色板色度学的变化。方法用Shade Eye EX电脑比色仪分别测试Shofu16色比色板和Vita16色比色板的比色片，获得比色片的色调、彩度、明度、色相和瓷粉配方。结果两组比色片的B色调全测为A系列，大多数比色片的色相测为R系列；多数Vita比色片的彩度高于Shofu比色片；两组比色片的明度排列次序不符合Vita 16色比色板的明度排列次序指示，Shofu比色片的明度普遍高于Vita比色片；绝大多数比色片的颜色复制需用偏红色调瓷粉，或需添加偏红色调及红色瓷粉。结论用Shofu 16色比色板或Vita 16色比色板比值和配色，需添加其他系列或特殊颜色的瓷粉。     

烤瓷修复中有关比色问题的探讨

本文选用三种比色光源，在四个时期，用比色板直接比色法，配色比色法，染色比色法，由不同数目观察者对１２６颗上前牙烤瓷全冠修复进行比色，用目测法比色调，色度，明度几方面评定比色效果，结果表明，理想的比色法源是太阳光，Ａｍ１０：００－１２：００和Ｐｍ３：００－５：００两个时段内比色较为准确；比色板直接比色法配比色，染色比色法，比色的准确性高；１个以上观察者比１个观察者比色效果好。     

4340例烤瓷修复体选色调查

探讨Ｖｉｔａ比色板与中国人牙冠颜色的适合性,并总结临床比色技巧。方法１９９４年４月－１９９８年４月国内１８个省市１３８家口腔门诊或诊所制作的烤瓷修复体的比色记录进行调查统计,共计４３４０例患者１５８３６颗粒牙。用统计方法分析以Ｖｉｔａ比色板的１６个色标进行比色的烤瓷修复体颜色分布频率,比较地区,性别对选择牙冠颜色的影响。结果：Ａ色调占６４．４７％,Ｂ色调占１５．８５％,Ｃ和Ｄ色调共占１９．６８％。     

A simple screening test for color matching in dentistry

This study compared a simple and readily available shade guide color-matching test with the general industry standard test for color discrimination. This study indicates that a simple screening test for color defective vision and color discrimination skills in dentistry can be performed by matching two Vita-Lumin shade guides. Those dental office personnel who score a low number of matches in the Vita test (that is, seven or fewer correct matches) should have additional color discrimination testing and refer shade matching to other personnel with higher scores.     

一种数码图像比色法准确性的实验性研究

目的探讨一种数码图像比色方法的准确性。方法建立一种数码比色方法:自行设计一封闭的拍摄环境,从拍摄参数、光源、图像的校正、色度数据的转换计量等方面加以控制,以Vitapan 3D-master比色板为研究对象,在恒定拍摄条件下分别对比色片摄片,数码图像经调整后读取比色片中1/3色度值。在Excel中进行色差计算并筛选获得比色结果,与目测法和色度计法相比较。应用卡方检验对结果进行统计处理。结果数码图像比色法准确率(53.45%)高于目测法(41.61%)和色度计法(36.55%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论该数码图像比色法的准确性高于目测法和色度计法。     

Online colour training system for dental students: a comprehensive assessment of different training protocols

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the training effect and to determine the optimal training protocol for a recently developed online colour training system. Seventy students participated in the evaluation. They first completed a baseline test with shade guides (SGT) and the training system (TST), and then trained with one of the three system training methods (Basic colour training for group E1, Vitapan Classical for E2, and Vitapan 3D‐Master for E3) or shade guides (group C1) for 4 days. The control group (C2) received no training. The same test was performed after training and they finally completed a questionnaire. The correct matches after training increased in three experimental groups and group C1. Among experimental groups, the greatest improvement of correct matching number was achieved by group E3 (4·00 ± 1·88 in SGT, 4·29 ± 2·73 in TST), followed by E2 (2·29 ± 2·73 in SGT, 3·50 ± 3·03 in TST) and E1 (2·00 ± 2·60 in SGT, 1·93 ± 2·96 in TST). The difference between E3 and E1 was statistically significant (P = 0·036 in SGT, 0·026 in TST). The total average training time was shorter in group E2 (15·39 ± 4·22 min) and E3 (17·63 ± 5·22 min), with no significant difference between them. Subjective evaluations revealed that self‐confidence in colour matching were improved greater in group C1 and E3. In conclusion, all tested sections of the system effectively improved students' colour‐matching ability. Among system training methods, Vitapan 3D‐Master showed the best performance; it enabled greater shade‐matching improvement, it saved time and was superior in subjective evaluations.     

Shade Matching Assisted by Digital Photography and Computer Software

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of digital photographs and graphic computer software for color matching compared to conventional visual matching.
Materials and Methods: The shade of a tab from a shade guide (Vita 3D-Master Guide) placed in a phantom head was matched to a second guide of the same type by nine observers. This was done for twelve selected shade tabs (tests). The shade-matching procedure was performed visually in a simulated clinic environment and with digital photographs, and the time spent for both procedures was recorded. An alternative arrangement of the shade tabs was used in the digital photographs. In addition, a graphic software program was used for color analysis. Hue, chroma, and lightness values of the test tab and all tabs of the second guide were derived from the digital photographs. According to the CIE L*C*h* color system, the color differences between the test tab and tabs of the second guide were calculated. The shade guide tab that deviated least from the test tab was determined to be the match. Shade matching performance by means of graphic software was compared with the two visual methods and tested by Chi-square tests (α= 0.05).
Results: Eight of twelve test tabs (67%) were matched correctly by the computer software method. This was significantly better ( p < 0.02) than the performance of the visual shade matching methods conducted in the simulated clinic (32% correct match) and with photographs (28% correct match). No correlation between time consumption for the visual shade matching methods and frequency of correct match was observed.
Conclusions: Shade matching assisted by digital photographs and computer software was significantly more reliable than by conventional visual methods.     

The use of digital imaging for colour matching and communication in restorative dentistry

OBJECTIVE: To develop a shade matching method based on digital imaging and to compare observers' ability using this method with the conventional one set against a spectrophotometric 'gold standard'. METHODS: Two Vita Lumin shade guides were used in this study, nine shades being selected from the first Vita Lumin shade guide, A2, A3, A3.5, B2, B3, B4, C1, C2 and C3. A second shade guide was used to match the selected shades. A Nikon Coolpix 990 digital camera with Nikon SB21B ring flash was used to record the digital images of the shade tabs of the two shade guides and the images were processed using Adobe Photoshop software. A total of 27 samples (three replicates of each shade of the nine tabs selected) were matched with a digital shade guide prepared from the digital images of the second shade guide by 10 observers on a computer screen (computerised matching method). The 10 observers also matched the same shade tabs using the conventional matching method simulated in a phantom head. In addition, colour values were obtained from the digital images using Adobe Photoshop and quantified according to an internationally recognised scale as CIELAB colour values, L*,a*,b*. The relationship of the digitally derived CIELAB values to the CIELAB values obtained using a reflectance spectrophotometer was investigated. RESULTS: The cross tabulation statistical analysis showed a statistically significant difference (p<0.001) between the conventional method and the computer method with a 43% and 61.1% correct match respectively. There was also a statistically significant difference between observers in both methods (p<0.001 and p<0.04 for the conventional and computer methods respectively). A statistically significant high correlation of the CIELAB colour values were found between both colour measurement methods (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The observers' shade matching performance was significantly better with the computer method compared with the conventional one. There was a large variation in the observers' matching ability. The digital camera can be used as a means of colour measurements in the dental clinic.     

Evaluation of a newly developed online color training system

This study evaluated a newly developed online color training system. The system incorporated basic color training, shade guide matching, and clinical shade selection simulation exercises. Thirty-seven dental students went through baseline Vita-Vita testing with VITA Classical shade guides and then practiced color training exercises with the system for 4 days; the same test was performed after the training program. The average correct match increased from 6.7 (41.88%) to 11.38 (71.13%) using the shade guides (P < .001) and from 9.67 (60.42%) to 13.06 (81.63%) using the color training system (P < .001). The effectiveness of the color training system in improving color-matching quality was confirmed.     

自制四环素牙比色板的临床应用初探

目的 通过比较普通比色板和自制四环素牙比色板对四环素牙比色后制作的修复体与天然牙的颜色差异,探讨四环素牙比色板的实用性,以期为其临床应用提供参考.方法 对42例四环素牙患者的53颗牙行镍铬合金基底烤瓷冠修复,分别使用19色比色板(Shofu)和自制四环素牙比色板进行比色,设计两套配色方案,制作两组修复体(A组和B组).使用ShadeEye NCC比色仪测量,计算两组修复体与天然牙的色差.同时请医师与患者对两组修复体进行主观评价.结果 使用四环素牙比色板比色后制作的修复体(B组)与天然牙的色差为(7.80±4.70),使用19色比色板比色后制作的修复体(A组)与天然牙的色差为(10.68±4.70),两组差异有统计学意义(t=7.328,P＜0.001).医师和患者对B组修复体的主观评价均优于A组.结论 四环素牙比色板可为四环素牙的颜色再现提供有益的参照,是对临床19色比色板的补充.     

OlympusCrystaleye比色仪比色结果可重复性及准确性研究

目的评价Olympus Crystaleye分光光度计比色仪测色结果的可重复性及准确性。方法使用Crystal-eye分光光度计对固定在模拟暗盒的VITAPAN classical比色板A1色片、VITAPAN 3D 1M1色片、1颗离体左中切牙以及常规测试条件下1名志愿者的左中切牙的切端、体部、颈部3个部位进行重复测色20次,分别记录其L＊、a＊b、＊值,并计算L＊、a＊、b＊平均值。次日用相同方法再重复测量20次,同一测试对象再次测量结果与前次计算的L＊、a＊、b＊平均值进行比较,计算各组平均色差值△E,评价比色仪的可重复性。用两种比色片3个部位、40次重复测量得到的120个测色结果与实际比色片色调间的符合率来评价比色仪的准确性。结果模拟暗盒的VITAPAN classical比色板A1色片、VITAPAN 3D 1M1色片、1颗离体左中切牙以及常规测试条件下1名志愿者的左中切牙的切端、体部、颈部3个部位平均色差值△E范围为0.45～0.82,均小于可辨色差1.70。VITAPANclassical比色板A1色片、VITAPAN 3D 1M1色片颜色匹配的准确率分别为95.85%、97.50%,差异无统计学意义（χ2=0.517,P〉0.05）。结论 Crystaleye分光光度计比色仪具有较高的可重复性及准确性。     

The linear shade guide design of Vita 3D‐master performs as well as the original design of the Vita 3D‐master

Summary Visual tooth colour assessment by use of the Vita 3D‐Master^® (3D; Vita Zahnfabrik, Bad Säckingen, Germany) is well documented. To improve handling, a new linear arrangement of the shade tabs has been introduced (LG; Linearguide 3D‐Master^®). The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the linear design has an effect on shade matching. Fifty‐six students underwent identical, theoretical and practical training, by use of an Internet learning module [Toothguide Training Software^® (TT)] and a standardised training programme [Toothguide Training Box^® (TTB)]. Each student then matched 30 randomly chosen shade tabs presented in an intra‐oral setting by a standardised device [Toothguide Check Box^® (TCB)]; 15 matches were made using the 3D and 15 using the LG shade guide system, under a daylight lamp (840 matches for each guide). It was recorded to what extent the presented and selected shade tabs, or the lightness group of the tabs, matched, also the needed time for colour matching. The results showed that 35% of perfect matches were observed for the 3D and 32% for the LG. The lightness group was correct in 59% of cases for 3D and 56% for LG. Mean time needed for matching of tabs and lightness group was no different between groups (no significant difference for any assessment). Within the limitations of the study design, the colour assessment with regard to performance and time needed in shade matching was not different with the LG or the 3D. Therefore, the user should choose which shade tab arrangement is more applicable.