下颌前移矫治器治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的研究进展

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)是一种在临床上表现为睡眠中反复发生呼吸暂停或低通气的疾病,其发病率高且具有潜在致死危险。近年来该疾病日益受到重视,在众多治疗方法中,下颌前移矫治器作为一种非手术治疗方式,因其无创伤、便于摘戴、患者易于接受等独特的优点,是治疗轻、中度OSAHS的有效方法。本文就下颌前移矫治器分类、作用机制、与持续正压通气治疗的对比、对患者的影响等进行综述。     

下颌前伸矫治器对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征作用的研究进展

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)临床表现为夜间频发的上气道阻塞和呼吸障碍,伴发日间嗜睡、疲倦等。病因主要包括肥胖、神经肌肉、上气道结构的变化等因素。对于患者上气道阻塞程度和位点的研究方法有多种,如X线头影测量、多层螺旋CT成像等。通过多平面重建技术建立上气道的三维结构,可以精确显示上气道的细微变化。下颌前伸矫治器是治疗轻、中度OSAHS的有效方法,通过前移下颌而使上气道特别是口咽部间隙增宽。本文对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAHS)患者使用下颌前伸矫治器时上气道形状变化特点及其研究方法作一综述。     

Central and mixed sleep apnea related to patients treated with maxillomandibular advancement for obstructive sleep apnea: A retrospective cohort study

The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of maxillomandibular advancement (MMA) for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients with a percentage of central and mixed apnea index in the total apnea?hypopnea index (CMAI%) ≧25%.Patients treated with MMA for OSA were retrospectively evaluated for baseline and postoperative patient data and polysomnographic results. The pre- and postoperative obstructive, central and mixed apnea parameters were compared.Of the included 78 patients, 21 patients (27%) presented with CMAI% ≧25% (median CMAI%, 49.1%; 35.9–63.8) prior to MMA. In 67% of these cases, MMA resulted in CMAI% <25 (median CMAI%, 6.1%; 2.1–8.9) and significantly improved the apnea?hypopnea index (AHI) (p < 0.001), the lowest oxyhemoglobin saturation (p < 0.001), central and mixed apnea index (p < 0.001), percentage of central and mixed apneas of total AHI (p = 0.004), central apnea index (p < 0.001), and mixed apnea index (p < 0.001). CMAI% ≧25% emerged in 25% of patients after MMA (median CMAI%, 49.1%; 35.9–63.8).Within the undeniable limitations of the study, it seems that the presence of CMAI% ≧25% should not be regarded as a contraindication for MMA in OSA patients.     

下颌前伸矫治器治疗睡眠呼吸暂停综合征的三维影像学评估

目的:研究下颌前伸矫治器对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS)患者的疗效及机制.方法:采集80例OSAS患者应用下颌前伸矫治器治疗前、后的CT数据,利用三维影像重建技术测量上气道结构及容积变化,评价口腔矫治器(0A)的疗效及机制,采用SPSS17.0软件包对数据进行方差分析.结果:下颌前伸矫治器治疗OSAS多数患者主观症状缓解或消失,客观检测指标相应改善.OSAS患者存在上呼吸道的解剖性狭窄,戴入OA后,气道各分段截面积和容积均有变化,腭咽、喉咽段增大(P＜0.01),口咽段减小(P＜0.05).结论:OSAS存在形态学病因机制,下颌前伸矫治器通过前伸下颌骨,使上气道减小,内部变化而更平滑稳定,减小涡流和狭窄,进而发挥治疗效果.     

Maxillary, mandibular and chin advancement surgery for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea

The aim of this retrospective study was to determine the effectiveness of maxillary, mandibular and chin advancement (MMCA) surgery as a treatment for obstructive sleep apnoea and to determine the cephalometric parameters of this surgery. Twenty consecutive adult patients with obstructive sleep apnoea for whom other treatments (constant positive airway pressure, mandibular advancement splint and soft tissue surgery) had failed underwent MMCA surgery. Pre- and post-surgical polysomnography studies measuring the Respiratory Disturbance Index (RDI), minimum blood oxygen saturation (MinSaO2) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) were compared. Lateral cephalometric radiographs measuring the pre- and post-surgical posterior airway space (PAS) were also analysed. Regression analysis indicated that the change in PAS at the level of B point largely accounted for the change in the RDI, although it was not significantly related with the postoperative oxygen saturation. MMCA surgery was found to be effective as a treatment for obstructive sleep apnoea, and improved all postoperative measures in this study. There was a significant relationship between B point, the PAS and a reduction in RDI.     

双颌前徙术治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征及长期稳定性的研究

目的采用双颌前徙术治疗中度到重度的中国阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（obstructivesleepapnea-hypopneasyndrome,OSAHS）患者,评估术后效果、治病机理及长期稳定性。方法应用双颌前徙术治疗的中度到重度OSAHS患者共9人。患者分别于T1（术前3个月内）、T2（术后3～6个月）及T3（术后最长随访期,至少1年以上）分别进行多导睡眠图仪检查、拍摄头颅定位侧位x线片进行x线头影测量及三维螺旋CT上气道重建。结果9名患者睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数（apneaandhypopneaindex,AHI）在T1为49．5次／／l,时,T2为7．8次／小时,T3为8．5次／11,时;睡眠时最低血氧饱和度（10westoxygensaturation,I。SAT）在T1为70．2％,T2为91．8％,T3为90．3％。通过术后长期随访,患者颌骨的位置及上气道各层面的测量值相对稳定,主观症状的改善也表现出很好的稳定性。结论双颌前徙术非常适用于治疗上下颌骨发育不足的OSAHS患者,术后长期随访显示双颔前徘术治疗OSAHS具有较好的长期稳宁件．     

下颌前移矫治器辅助腭咽成形术治疗睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征

目的:对经腭咽成形术(UPPP)后的睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)患者辅以下颌前移器治疗,探讨UPPP手术后口腔矫治器前移下颌辅助治疗的作用机制。方法:10例OSAHS患者接受UPPP手术后,辅以下颌前移矫治器治疗。所有患者在戴用矫治器后1个月再次进行多导睡眠监测(PSG)。同时,按标准头颅定位片拍摄方法分别拍摄戴用口腔矫治器前、后的头颅定位侧位片,由作者应用正颌外科模拟预测系统(CASSOS 2001)进行头影测量分析。头影测量数据应用SPSS10.0软件包进行配对t检验,各个测量项目的差值分别与呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)的差值作相关分析。结果:戴用矫治器后,X线头影测量显示颅中窝和上颌骨后部的相对位置(MCF)有显著改变(P<0.05),而舌骨的上、下位置(∠C3-Rgn-H)以及前颌间高度(Ant In Mx.Ht)有非常显著的变化。各个测量项目的差值分别与AHI的差值作相关分析,结果显示AHI值的变化与前颌间高度(Ant In Mx.Ht)以及正中矢状面上舌面积和颌间面积的比例(T/In Mx.Area)的变化有显著相关性(P<0.05)。结论:经UPPP手术后戴用口腔矫治器的患者,其下颌前移的作用机制主要不是发生在口咽腔,而是由于下颌骨本身的位置改变而产生的一系列效应,从而导致AHI的改变。     

Risk factors for the efficacy of oral appliance for treating obstructive sleep apnea: A preliminary study

Objective: To identify potential risk factors of response to oral appliance in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).

Methods: Fifteen OSA patients were enrolled. Clinical characteristics, cephalometric measurements, and the results of home sleep testing were retrospectively obtained at baseline, and a sleep test was done again at the end of treatment.

Results: Twelve subjects were responders and three were non-responders. The diastolic blood pressure, minimum pulse rate, SNA (Angle between sella-nasion and nasion-A point), ANB (Anteroposterior maxilla/mandible discrepancy), and facial convexity of non-responders was higher than those of responders. Unlike AHI, non-responders showed a lower lowest oxygen saturation (%) than responders.

Discussion: Elevated diastolic pressure and minimal pulse rate, higher skeletal convexity and lowered lowest oxygen saturation might be risk factors to oral appliance efficacy in the OSA patients. More research in a large sample is needed to verify the results of the current study.     

Difficult-to-treat OSAS: Combined continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and mandibular advancement devices (MADs) therapy. A case report

ABSTRACT

Background: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and is characterized by recurrent episodes of partial or complete upper airway collapse during sleep with consequent oxygen desaturations and cardiovascular, neurological, and metabolic impairment.

Clinical presentation: The authors report the case of a 66-year-old male presenting “metabolic syndrome” (obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia, multi-drug treated arterial hypertension), atopy, mouth breathing due to turbinate hypertrophy, and pathological daytime sleepiness. As patient’s compliance to standard continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy was poor, he was treated using low-pressure CPAP combined with a mandibular advancement device (MAD).

Conclusion: In selected patients, a treatment combining CPAP and MAD might be a more tolerable alternative to CPAP alone. The improved pharyngeal patency, promoted by mandibular advancement and stretching of the pharyngeal muscles, allows operating the CPAP at lower pressures when the MAD alone is not sufficient to induce a safe sleep profile.     

A randomized cross over study comparing the efficacy of two mandibular advancement appliances in the treatment of mild-moderate obstructive sleep apnea

Objective: To compare efficacy, side effects, patient compliance, and preference between two types of custom-made mandibular advancement appliances (MAAs) in the treatment of patients with mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).

Methodology: This prospective, randomized, crossover study of 12 patients with mild to moderate OSA compared a titratable and a non-titratable MAA. Each patient was fitted with both appliances in a random order with a washout period of two weeks. Efficacy, side effects, compliance, and preference were evaluated by a questionnaire. All patients underwent overnight home sleep recordings prior to and after the use of each appliance in order to objectively assess sleep quality in terms of the apnea and hypopnea index (AHI), snoring frequency and oxygen desaturation index.

Results: Treatment successes (relief of symptoms and/or reduction of AHI to <10/h) were reported with both types of appliances. No compliance failure was reported, and in most patients, the side effects were mild, and improved with time.

Conclusion: Both types of oral appliances were effective treatments for patients with mild to moderate OSA, with fewer side effects and higher patient satisfaction.     

Use of a mandibular advancement device in obstructive sleep apnoea

The present study investigated the effectiveness of an intra-oral mandibular advancement device in the treatment of patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) who could not tolerate or who had failed to comply with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Thirty-five patients diagnosed by sleep study as suffering from OSA, who had either been unable to tolerate or had been non-compliant with CPAP treatment, were included in the study. The subjects completed an Epworth sleep questionnaire. The subjects then had an oral appliance made. After using the appliance for 3 months, the patients repeated the questionnaires and had a repeat sleep study performed with the oral appliance in situ. Thirty-one subjects completed the investigation. Mean AHI pre- and post-study were 26.64 and 24.06, respectively (P > 0.05). Mean Epworth scores pre- and post-study were 16.32 and 14.64, respectively (P > 0.05). Those patients with a pre-study AHI < 20 (n = 23), however, did significantly better with the appliance (P < 0.0001). Those patients with a pre-study AHI > 20 did not benefit from this device (P > 0.05). The main problems encountered were initial jaw discomfort in 18 patients and dry mouth in 11 patients (both of which improved with continued usage). It was concluded that the type of appliance used in this study can be recommended for those with mild OSA who are unable to tolerate CPAP.     

Segmental mandibular advancement for moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnoea: a pilot study

Segmental mandibular advancement (SMA) consists of a combination of bilateral sagittal split osteotomy, anterior subapical osteotomy with extraction of the first premolars, and genioplasty, to allow an extended advancement of the mandible for the improvement of tongue base obstruction in moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and to minimize any unfavourable aesthetic change due to the large jaw advancement. The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the surgical outcomes and complications following SMA in OSA patients. Twelve patients (nine male, three female) underwent SMA as part or whole of their skeletal advancement procedure for OSA. The apnoea–hypopnoea index (AHI) improved from a mean± standard deviation 42.4 ± 22.0/hour preoperatively to 9.0 ± 17.4/hour at 1 year postoperative. Surgical success (50% reduction in AHI) was achieved in 11 of the 12 patients (91.7%) at 1 year postoperative, while seven patients (58.3%) attained surgical cure (AHI<5/hour). The lowest oxygen saturation (LSAT) increased from a mean 73.3% preoperatively to 78.7% at 1 year postoperative. The airway volume increased from a mean 2.4 ± 1.7 cm³ at baseline to 6.7 ± 3.5 cm³ at 1 year postoperative (P < 0.001). No major complication occurred. This pilot study showed that SMA appears to be safe and effective as part or whole of the skeletal advancement surgery for moderate-to-severe OSA.     

Changing practice: Trends in skeletal surgery for obstructive sleep apnea

Objectives/HypothesisThe objective of this study was to systematically review the English literature for articles that have described skeletal surgeries in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in both adults and children. From these articles trends and patterns in the treatment of OSA with skeletal procedures are described.Study designThree databases including MEDLINE, Google Scholar and the Cochrane Library were searched through May 1, 2018.MethodsThe systematic and independent literature reviews were performed and the determination of included studies was made by consensus. Relevant studies were examined based on six categories of skeletal surgery: 1) Hyoid Advancement 2) Genioplasty/Genioglossus Advancement 3) Maxillary Expansion 4) Maxillomandibular Advancement 5) Mandibular Distraction and 6) Maxillomandibular Expansion.Results1875 studies were analyzed for inclusion of which 414 were ultimately included in our analysis. A steady increase in the publication of articles pertaining to maxillary expansion and maxillomandibular advancement was identified. Research interest in hyoid advancement and genioplasty/genioglossus advancement has declined in the past decade.ConclusionsChanging trends in skeletal surgery for OSA offer exciting and efficacious therapeutic surgical modalities. MMA is the most widely studied and efficacious multi-level surgery for OSA today. Newer modalities such as adult maxillary expansion offer encouraging early results with minimal complication rates, and further study should be directed in this area.     

下颌前移矫正器治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者的疗效分析

目的　分析下颌前移矫正器治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征 (OSAS)的临床疗效及与颅面结构、上气道的关系。方法　对 4 0例轻、中度OSAS患者进行治疗前X线头影测量 ,睡眠时戴用下颌前移矫正器治疗 ,用多导睡眠图监测评价疗效 ,并与颅面结构、上气道各指标进行相关分析。结果　下颌前移矫正器治疗OSAS患者的客观有效率为 88.6 %。治疗前、后睡眠呼吸暂停的通气指数 (AHI)减少百分比 (△AHI)与颅面结构中的SNB角 (r =- 0 4 97) ,ANB角 (r=0 .5 36 )及下颌平面角MP -FH(r=- 0 2 5 2 )相关 ,亦与舌骨高度H -MP(r=- 0 35 1)及软腭的长度SPL(r=- 0 36 6 )相关。结论　下颌前移矫正器通过前移下颌间接扩大上气道达到治疗效果     

双侧拉杆式口腔矫治器治疗OSAHS前后上气道容积变化及相关因素分析

Objective To investigate the morphologic change of upper airway induced by oral appliance(OA) of double-pull rods in obstructive sleep apnea and hypopnea syndrome(OSAHS) and analyze relevant factors, subsequently investigate treatment mechanism of OA for OSAHS. Methods Nine OSAHS patients (male, 25-43yeas old), diagnosed by polysomnography, successfully treated with OA. After 3 months treatment, each patient received Helical computed tomography in central relation with and without OA respectively. Upper airway structures were reconstructed at threedimension and measured by VG Studio. Results The volume of the upper airway of all 9 patients were increased when patients with OA. A significant negative relationship was found between △volume and BMI(r=-0. 70,P=0. 03). No significant relationship is found between△volume and FH-MP(r=-0. 43,P=0. 25), between△volume and AHI (without OAs)(r=0. 30,P=0. 43), and between△volume and△AHI(r= 0. 39, P=0. 29). Conclusions OSAHS patients can be effectively treated with mandibular advancement devices (MAD), with increased volume of upper airway which is influenced by BMI. The degree of volume increase is not consistent with improvement induced by treatment in patients with OSAHS.     

Oral appliance–generated malocclusion traits during the long-term management of obstructive sleep apnea in adults:: A systematic review and meta-analysis

ObjectivesTo identify malocclusion characteristics generated after using oral appliances (OAs) for at least 5 years for the management of snoring and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in adults.Materials and MethodsPubMed, MEDLINE (Ovid), Scopus, CINAHL, and Informit were searched without language restrictions through January 20, 2021. Unpublished literature was searched on ClinicalTrials.gov, the National Research Register, and the Pro-Quest Dissertation Abstracts and Thesis database. Authors were contacted when necessary, and reference lists of the included studies were screened. Risk of bias was assessed through the revised Cochrane Risk of Bias tool for randomized controlled trials (RoB2) and Non-Randomized Studies of Interventions for non-RCTs and uncontrolled before–after studies (ROBINS-I). A random-effects meta-analysis was conducted only on studies that used the same OAs to exclude biomechanical differences. Risk of bias across studies was assessed with the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation tool.ResultsA total of 12 studies were included in the final qualitative synthesis. Eight included studies had high, one had moderate, and three had low risks of bias. Significant progressive decreases of overjet (OJ; −1.43 mm; 95% confidence interval [CI], −1.66 to −1.20) and overbite (OB; −1.94 mm; 95% CI, −2.14 to −1.74) associated with maxillary incisor retroclination and mandibular incisor proclination were reported long term. Although most studies showed no sagittal skeletal changes, some degree of vertical skeletal changes were noted.ConclusionsBased on a very low evidence level, inevitable anterior teeth positional changes seem to be a common long-term adverse effect of OAs. The magnitude of those changes could be considered clinically irrelevant for most pretreatment occlusions, but in occlusions with limited OJ and OB, it may be worth clinical consideration.     

双侧拉杆式口腔矫治器治疗OSAHS前后上气道容积变化及相关因素分析

目的 通过计算机体层摄影观察轻、中度阻塞型睡眠呼吸暂停、低通气综合征患者戴用双侧拉杆式口腔矫治器前后上气道形态变化及其相关因素分析.方法 经夜间多导睡眠仪监测确诊为OSAHS的男性患者9名,年龄25～43岁,平均37岁（中位数）,戴用口腔矫治器治疗有效.3个月后分别行CT扫描,三维重建后行定量分析.结果 所有患者戴用矫治器后上气道各段容积及总容积均增大.总容积的增加百分比与患者体重指数成负相关（r=-0.70,P=0.03）,与患者下颌平面角（MP-SN）没有显著相关性（r=-0.43,P=0.25）.上气道容积的增加与患者睡眠呼吸障碍的严重程度及改善程度无明显相关关系（r=0.30,P=0.43;r=0.39,P=0.29）.结论 双侧拉杆式口腔矫治器使OSAHS患者上气道大小、形态趋于正常.体重指数影响气道大小改善的程度.同时气道大小改善的程度与患者的睡眠呼吸状况改善并不一致.     

Craniofacial characteristics of successful responders to mandibular advancement splint therapy: a pilot study

Cephalometric variables that can be used to identify patients with obstructive sleep apnoea who are suitable for mandibular advancement splints and surgical maxillomandibular advancement are lacking. The aim of this pilot study was to describe the craniofacial characteristics of patients whose symptoms of obstructive sleep apnoea were successfully treated with mandibular advancement splints and who were subsequently considered for maxillomandibular advancement. We retrospectively compared the craniofacial characteristics of our patients with data from 2 previously published studies. There were significant differences between the 2 groups for ANB (p < 0.000), overjet (p < 0.0001), Go–Me (p < 0.0002), and ANS–PNS (p < 0.0009). Patients, whose symptoms improve with the use of mandibular advancement splints and are potential candidates for maxillomandibular advancement, may have unique craniofacial features consisting of bimaxillary retrusion characterised by a shorter maxilla and mandible, and a greater class II skeletal tendency. The results of this study should be viewed as a pilot. Further research is required.