依达拉奉对慢性脑低灌注大鼠脑自由基代谢及海马CA1区HIF-1α表达的影响

目的:观察依达拉奉对慢性脑低灌注大鼠前脑组织SOD、MDA代谢变化及海马CA1区HIF-1α表达的影响,并探讨其意义。方法:实验分假手术组,模型组及依达拉奉组,后两组采用永久性大鼠双侧劲总动脉结扎术(2-vesselocclusion,2VO)制备慢性脑低灌注模型,各组在术后八周后行水迷宫试验后断头,取前脑组织制备成10%脑组织匀浆检测其SOD活性及MDA含量,并采用免疫组化技术观察海马CA1区HIF-1α表达变化。结果:模型组与假手术组相比水迷宫完成时间显著延长(P<0.05),前脑组织SOD活性降低,MDA含量增加(P<0.01),海马CA1区可见HIF-1α少量表达。依达拉奉组较模型组水迷宫结果显著改善(P<0.01),前脑组织SOD活性增加,MDA含量减少(P<0.01),且海马CA1区可见HIF-1α大量表达。结论:慢性脑低灌注可显著损害大鼠空间学习记忆能力,依达拉奉可能通过抑制黄嘌呤氧化酶和次黄嘌呤氧化酶活性,降低羟自由基的浓度,促进HIF-1α表达等多种途径改善血管性认知障。     

缬沙坦对自发性高血压模型鼠脑氧化应激的影响

目的 探讨缬沙坦对自发性高血压模型鼠脑氧化应激的影响.方法 以自发性高血压模型鼠为研究对象,通过缬沙坦干预,观察高血压鼠脑组织丙二醛(MDA)水平,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及P22PHOX基因表达状况.结果 自发性高血压组SOD较正常对照组显著降低(P<0.01),MDA水平及P22PHOX mRNA表达显著高于正常对照组(P<0.01);缬沙坦治疗组血清SOD高于高血压组(P<0.05),MDA及P22PHOX mRNA表达显著低于高血压组(P<0.01,P<0.05).结论 (1)自发性高血压鼠活性氧升高;(2)活性氧升高的机制可能与P22PHOX表达增强有关;(3)缬沙坦可能通过抑制P22PHOX mRNA的表达,发挥其抗氧化作用.     

铝诱导阿尔茨海默病模型大鼠的发病机制的实验研究

目的探讨铝诱导的阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)模型大鼠的发病机制。方法选择健康3月龄SD大鼠48只,随机分为对照组、模型组(分为低、中、高剂量铝饲料组),每组各12只。模型组在常规饲料中添加不同剂量A1C13.6H2O喂饲大鼠,持续染毒3个月,制做AD动物模型。实验结束后,麻醉大鼠、打开胸腔、右心室采血、分离血清保存、快速取大脑,分离海马并取一部分用以测定海马中AchE、ChAT的活性以及Ach含量,其余海马和其它脑组织称重并做脑匀浆,检测脑组织及血清SOD活性和MDA水平。结果中、高剂量铝饲料组大鼠海马中AchE的活性明显高于对照组(P<0.01),ChAT活性明显低于对照组(P<0.01),Ach含量亦显著减少(P<0.01);与对照组比较,中、高剂量铝饲料组大鼠脑组织及血清中SOD活性均明显降低(P<0.01),MDA含量显著增高(P<0.01)。结论铝的过多摄入使大鼠处于胆碱能系统失衡和氧化应激(oxidative stress,OS)状态,二者协同作用可能是AD发病的重要因素。     

葛根素通过Nrf2-ARE信号通路抵抗氧化应激对创伤性脑损伤的神经保护作用

目的 探讨葛根素对创伤性脑损伤(TBI)模型大鼠的神经保护作用及脑组织红系衍生的核因子相关因子2(Nrf2)一抗氧化反应原件(ARE)信号通路参与的机制。方法 选择健康成年雄性大鼠体重250～300 g构建TBI模型,将大鼠分为4组:创伤组(A组)、假手术组(B组)、葛根素治疗的创伤组(C组)和葛根素治疗的假手术组(D组); 通过采用改良的神经功能缺损评分(mNSS)评价神经功能,脑组织干湿重称量法评价脑水肿,Nissl染色,TUNEL染色评价脑损伤体积和神经元的凋亡,使用酶活试剂盒检测损伤48 h后抗氧化酶SOD,GSH,和GSSG的活性以及氧化应激产物MDA和NO的水平,最后使用western blot和RT-PCR的方法检测Nrf2-ARE信号通路及其下游分子HO-1,NQO1的表达水平。结果 TBI手术后损伤组mNSS评分明显增高(P<0.05),葛根素治疗组能够明显降低mNSS评分(P<0.05)。TBI手术后损伤组脑水肿加重及神经元凋亡增加(P<0.05),葛根素治疗组能够明显挽救脑水肿及神经元凋亡(P<0.05)。TBI手术12 h后损伤组脑内抗氧化酶SOD,GSH,和GSSG的活性增加及氧化应激产物MDA和NO的水平升高(P<0.05),葛根素治疗组能够明显降低抗氧化酶SOD,GSH,和GSSG的活性以及氧化应激产物MDA和NO的水平(P<0.05)。western blot和RT-PCR显示葛根素不改变Nrf2的翻译和表达,但是RT-PCR显示葛根素能够明显促进Nrf2-ARE信号通路下游分子HO-1,NQO1的表达。结论 葛根素可能通过Nrf2-ARE信号通路抵抗氧化应激对创伤性脑损伤发挥神经保护作用。     

白藜芦醇对阿尔茨海默病合并糖尿病大鼠的氧化应激作用

目的观察白藜芦醇对阿尔茨海默病合并糖尿病大鼠模型脑内氧化应激的作用。方法动物随机分为对照组、阿尔茨海默病合并糖尿病模型组、白藜芦醇对照组和白藜芦醇治疗组。模型组采用链脲佐菌素腹腔内注射诱导出糖尿病的大鼠模型,在脑立体定位仪的指导下把凝聚态的Aβ_(1-40)注射到糖尿病大鼠脑内的双侧海马内,白藜芦醇对照组和白藜芦醇治疗组从术后1周开始每天给予25mg/kg的白藜芦醇灌胃,持续4周。采用Morris水迷宫试验检测大鼠学习记忆水平,同时测定大鼠脑皮质和海马组织乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)和胆碱乙酰转移酶(ChAT)的活性以及与氧化应激有关的丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及谷胱甘肽(GSH)活性的变化情况。结果与对照组相比,阿尔茨海默病合并糖尿病模型组大鼠的学习记忆能力明显下降(P0.05),且脑皮质和海马组织内AchE活性明显升高(P0.05),而ChAT的活性却明显降低(P0.05);阿尔茨海默病合并糖尿病模型组脑皮质和海马组织内MDA的活性与对照组相比明显升高(P0.05),而SOD及GSH活性却明显降低(P0.05)。与阿尔茨海默病合并糖尿病模型组相比,白藜芦醇治疗组上述指标的变化程度均明显减轻(P0.05)。结论白藜芦醇可明显提高阿尔茨海默病合并糖尿病大鼠的学习记忆能力,其作用机制通过调节脑组织内乙酰胆碱代谢以及氧化应激反应实现。     

阿托伐他汀对Aβ1-40诱导AD模型的氧化应激及凋亡的影响

目的观察阿托伐他汀对Aβ1-40诱导AD大鼠模型的氧化应激和凋亡的影响。方法雄性SD大鼠40只,体质量250～300g,随机分为空白对照组、假手术组、Aβ组、Aβ+生理盐水组、Aβ+阿托伐他汀组,每组8只。后3组在大鼠双侧海马CA1区立体定向注射Aβ造AD模型,假手术组注射生理盐水,正常对照组不做任何处理。Aβ+阿托伐他汀组在造模1周前开始给予阿托伐他汀20mg/(kg.d)灌胃,Aβ+生理盐水组给予等量生理盐水灌胃。造模4周后,测定大鼠脑皮质、海马组织MDA、SOD及GSH活性的变化;蛋白印迹技术检测大鼠海马区Bcl-2及Caspase-3的表达。结果与空白对照组相比,Aβ组大鼠脑皮质、海马组织内MDA活性明显升高(P<0.05),SOD、GSH活性明显降低(P<0.05),Caspase-3的表达升高(P<0.05),Bcl-2的表达降低(P<0.05),与Aβ组相比,Aβ+阿托伐他汀组大鼠的大脑皮质、海马组织内MDA明显减低(P<0.05),SOD、GSH活性明显升高(P<0.05),Caspase-3的表达下降(P<0.05),Bcl-2的表达升高(P<0.05)。结论阿托伐他汀对Aβ1-40诱导AD大鼠模型有一定的脑保护作用,其机制与抑制氧化应激及抗凋亡有关。     

缬沙坦对慢性脑缺血大鼠认知障碍及MDA、SOD的影响

目的　研究缬沙坦对慢性脑缺血大鼠认知障碍、丙二醛 (MDA)及超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)的影响。方法　采用双侧颈总动脉永久性结扎制备慢性脑缺血模型 ,3 0只大鼠随机分为 3组 ,A组 :假手术组 ;B组 :缺血组 ;C组 :缬沙坦治疗组。术后 12周测定其认知能力及脑组织MDA、SOD含量。结果　C组较B组认知障碍明显改善 (P <0 0 1) ,MDA含量明显降低 (P <0 0 1) ,SOD明显升高 (P <0 0 1)。结论　缬沙坦能有效清除自由基 ,并能改善慢性脑缺血大鼠的认知障碍。     

原花青素对2型糖尿病局灶性脑缺血大鼠脑组织SOD和NO的影响

目的 探讨原花青素（procyanidin，PC）对2型糖尿病局灶性脑缺血大鼠脑组织中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和一氧化氮（NO）表达的影响。方法 将60例大鼠随机分为假手术组、2型糖尿病单纯脑缺血组及PC低剂量组（50 mg/kg）、中剂量组（100 mg/kg）及高剂量组（200 mg/kg），于脑缺血后24小时进行神经功能评分及HE染色，应用黄嘌呤氧化酶法测定脑组织SOD活性，硝酸还原酶法测定脑组织NO含量。结果 假手术组大鼠脑组织SOD活性为（60.37±2.04）U/mg，NO含量为（13.55±1.43）μmol/L。与之相比，模型组SOD活性[（46.53±1.00）U/mg]减少（P<0.01），NO含量[（22.66±3.07）μmol/L]增多（P<0.01）；与模型组相比，PC低剂量组大鼠脑组织中SOD活性[（48.75±0.98）U/mg]升高（P<0.05）；与PC低剂量组相比，PC中剂量组和PC高剂量组大鼠脑组织中SOD活性分别为（56.20±1.47）U/mg，（56.73±1.14）U/mg，差异均有统计学意义（P<0.01）。与模型组相比，PC低剂量组大鼠脑组织中NO含量[（20.03±1.21）μmol/L]升高，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）；与PC低剂量组相比，PC中剂量组和PC高剂量组大鼠脑组织中NO含量下降，分别为（17.34±0.61）μmol/L，（16.97±0.46）μmol/L，差异均有统计学意义（P<0.01）。结论 原花青素可能通过增加SOD的活性和降低NO的含量对2型糖尿病局灶性脑缺血大鼠起到一定的保护作用。     

NADPH氧化酶在ATP7Btx-J小鼠脑损伤氧化应激过程中的作用

目的 探讨还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(NADPH)氧化酶是否通过干扰氧化应激过程参与ATP7Btx-J纯合型小鼠脑损伤. 方法 50只ATP7Btx-J小鼠分为3组:(1)20周野生型(WT)小鼠,共18只;(2)20周ATP7Btx-J纯合型小鼠,共18只;(3)NADPH氧化酶抑制剂干预小鼠(即apo-ATP7Btx-J纯合型小鼠),共14只.其中apo-ATP7Btx-J纯合型小鼠于16周开始灌胃给予apocynin,200 mg/(kg·d),至20周.其余2组给予等体积生理盐水.采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪检测纹状体铜含量;比色法测定其纹状体NADPH氧化酶的活性;二氢乙啶(DHE)染色法检测超氧阴离子的含量;Western blotting检测凋亡蛋白活化caspase-3的表达;TUNEL法检测神经元凋亡情况. 结果 (1) 20周ATP7Btx-J纯合型小鼠脑组织纹状体中的铜含量显著高于20周WT小鼠,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).(2) ATP7Btx-J纯合型小鼠脑组织纹状体中的NADPH氧化酶活性和超氧阴离子水平高于同周龄同品系的WT小鼠及apo-ATP7Btx-J纯合型小鼠,差异均具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).(3) 20周ATP7Btx-J纯合型小鼠脑组织纹状体活化caspase-3蛋白表达水平和凋亡神经元数较WT小鼠及apo-ATP7Btx-J纯合型小鼠明显增高(多),差异均具有统计学意义(P＜0.05). 结论ATP7Btx-J纯合型小鼠纹状体神经元凋亡与NADPH氧化酶存在一定联系,apocynin可通过抑制NADPH氧化酶发挥神经保护作用.     

肉苁蓉多糖对阿尔茨海默病大鼠学习记忆及氧化应激影响的实验研究

目的 观察肉苁蓉多糖(Cistanche Deserticola,CDPS)对阿尔茨海默病(Alzhemer's disease,AD)模型大鼠学习记忆及氧化应激的影响,并探讨其可能治疗机制.方法 采用Aβ1～40侧脑室注射复制AD大鼠模型,并随机分为正常组、假手术组、模型组、肉苁蓉多糖低中高剂量组(50,100,200mg/kg-1d-1),每日予以相应药物灌胃治疗后检测大鼠学习记忆能力及脑组织中自由基代谢指标(SOD、MDA),并检测NO和ROS的变化.结果 肉苁蓉各剂量组均能显著降低大鼠实际逃避潜伏期(P＜0.01),明显提高SOD活性,降低MDA含量(P＜0.01);各剂量组均显著降低NO和ROS含量(P＜0.01).结论 肉苁蓉多糖治疗AD的机制可能与提高抗氧化能力、加速自由基清除实现的.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

Release of endogenous catecholamines from slices of hypothalamus of rats

The release of endogenous catecholamines from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus was studied under basal conditions and during release evoked by 40 mM K⁺. Catecholamines in superfusates, and in extracts of the tissue after stimulation, were isolated by column chromatography and quantitated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Norepinephrine (NE) was not consistently demonstrable in superfusate collected under basal conditions, but 40 mM K⁺ caused the release of from 2 to 4 ng/g of tissue per min. The addition of cocaine to the superfusate caused increases in basal and evoked release of NE. Epinephrine (E) could be measured in superfusates of slices from male but not female rats and then only when cocaine was added to the superfusate. Accordingly, the concentration of E in hypothalamus was greater in male rats than in female rats. Dopamine (DA) was not consistently measurable in the spontaneous overflow from slices either in the presence or absence of cocaine. K⁺-evoked release of DA could be demonstrated in slices from female rats. The addition of cocaine increased the evoked release of DA from slices from both sexes. Corticosterone, added to cocaine, had no effects on the efflux of any of the catecholamines. The experiments suggest that neuronal reuptake of all catecholamines is very efficient in the hypothalamus both under basal conditions and during evoked release.     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的:比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法:60例精神分裂患者随机平分为两组各30例,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗。疗程8周。用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:阿立哌唑与利培酮均能显著提高精神分裂症患者生活质量,但阿立哌唑在改善GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康及社会功能维度优于利培酮。结论:阿立哌唑治疗有利于提高精神分裂症患者生活质量。