Proinflammatory cytokines in cerebrospinal fluid and serum in patients with disc herniation and sciatica

Proinflammatory cytokines have been identified in herniated intervertebral discs in humans, and such cytokines have experimentally been demonstrated to be important in the pathophysiological mechanisms of disc herniation. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1beta IL-6, IL-8, interferon (IFN)-gamma and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha were investigated using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique in 39 patients with lumbar disc herniation and sciatica. Pain duration and pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) were recorded at inclusion, and a clinical examination was performed evaluating neurological findings. The extent of disc herniation (protrusion or extrusion/sequestration) was evaluated perioperatively. Normal concentrations of IL-1beta, IL-6, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha were present in CSF and serum in almost all patients with lumbar disc herniation. The concentrations of IL-8 in CSF were increased in 12 out of 39 patients, and these increased levels of IL-8 correlated to a short duration of pain and to more pronounced herniation (extrusion or sequestration). No relationship between IL-8 concentrations in CSF and pain intensity, positive neurological findings or a positive straight leg-raising (SLR) test was found. The observation of increased concentrations of IL-8 in CSF in patients with a short duration of symptoms supports the concept of the initial involvement of inflammatory mechanisms after a disc herniation. The finding that most of the patients with increased concentrations of IL-8 in CSF had an extrusion or a sequestration may suggest that the increase in IL-8 is related to mechanical nerve root compression, but may also indicate a biochemical effect exerted by the herniated disc on the surrounding tissue. Further studies on the potential role of IL-8 as a biomarker for disc herniation are warranted.     

Elevated cerebrospinal fluid proteins in sciatica caused by disc herniation

Summary We carried out a study of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteins in 180 patients with sciatica caused by lumbar disc herniation to elucidate further the degree and mechanisms of protein elevations. The 63 controls were patients with tension headache or migraine without aura. The CSF/serum albumin ratios were higher in the patients (mean 8.84, SD 5.16) than in the controls (mean 5.60, SD 2.33). Similar differences were found for the CSF/serum IgG ratios and the CSF-total proteins. The CSF/serum albumin ratios, CSF/serum IgG ratios and the CSF-total protein concentrations were higher in men than in women among the patients. We suggest that the significant difference in ratio parameters between patients and controls indicates a leak of plasma albumin, most likely IgG, into the CSF in patients with sciatica. The leak was more pronounced in men. Also in the control group the CSF/serum albumin and CSF/serum IgG ratios were higher in men.     

腰椎间盘突出所致坐骨神经痛发病机制

目前研究认为腰椎间盘突出导致坐骨神经痛发病机制为突出椎间盘组织对邻近神经根造成机械性压迫损害,主要包括牵张和压迫两种机制;退变、突出的椎间盘组织是一种发生炎性改变的组织,表达多种炎症细胞因子,这些细胞因子刺激邻近神经根,诱发坐骨神经疼痛性改变;突出椎间盘组织还可诱发自身免疫反应,临床疼痛程度与自身免疫反应程度密切相关;退变椎间盘组织中出现多种神经生长因子表达和神经纤维长入,神经生长因子促进神经纤维生长,神经纤维在诱发坐骨神经疼痛传导中具有重要作用;患者心理和社会因素与坐骨神经痛之间也存在相关性。腰椎间盘突出所致坐骨神经痛发病机制的研究,有助于指导临床合理治疗。     

腰椎间盘手术并发神经损伤的原因分析及预防

目的：提出预防腰椎间盘手术并发神经损伤的措施。方法：对近年来遇到的１０例腰椎间盘手术并发神经损伤的原因作了分析总结。结果：１例因腰骶神经要解剖异常而误切神经;１例切除黄韧带时损伤神经根,２例有钳撕裂硬脊膜;２例切椎间盘时,部分切断神经根;髓核钳误伤２例,２例因静脉丛出血而误伤神经。结论：熟悉腰骶神经根异常叫唤手术操作过程中失误,是预防腰椎间盘手术并发神经损伤的有效方法。     

模特征对伴单侧坐骨神经痛的腰椎间盘突出症的诊断价值

目的：介绍与验证一种反映腰椎间盘突出伴单侧坐骨神经痛的体征——模特征。方法：选取72例经腰椎MRI证实有腰椎间盘突出（L4，532例，L5／S1 40例）并伴单侧坐骨神经痛的患者，男49例，女23例，年龄32～68岁，平均50．7岁。每例患者人院当日由两位医师间隔2h分别检查，患者背对检查者，嘱其取最能缓解坐骨神经痛的站立姿势，若患者出现患侧屈髋屈膝、骨盆倾向患侧的姿势，记为“模特征阳性”，否则记为“模特征阴性”。同时行直腿抬高试验（SLR），阳性患者记录诱发下肢放射痛的最小角度。结果：70例患者两检查者结果完全相同，其中阳性60例，阴性10例，敏感性为85．7％；仅2例患者两检查者结果不一致，重复性97．2％。SLR均为阳性。结论：模特征是诊断伴单侧坐骨神经痛腰椎间盘突出症的简单、敏感的临床体征。     

Estimates of success in patients with sciatica due to lumbar disc herniation depend upon outcome measure

The objectives were to estimate the cut-off points for success on different sciatica outcome measures and to determine the success rate after an episode of sciatica by using these cut-offs. A 12-month multicenter observational study was conducted on 466 patients with sciatica and lumbar disc herniation. The cut-off values were estimated by ROC curve analyses using Completely recovered or Much better on a 7-point global change scale as external criterion for success. The cut-off values (references in brackets) at 12 months were leg pain VAS 17.5 (0–100), back pain VAS 22.5 (0–100), Sciatica Bothersomeness Index 6.5 (0–24), Maine-Seattle Back Questionnaire 4.5 (0–12), and the SF-36 subscales bodily pain 51.5, and physical functioning 81.7 (0–100, higher values indicate better health). In conclusion, the success rates at 12 months varied from 49 to 58% depending on the measure used. The proposed cut-offs may facilitate the comparison of success rates across studies.     

微创椎间孔镜治疗伴有坐骨神经痛的腰椎间盘突出症

目的: 分析经皮穿刺经椎间孔入路内窥镜下选择性治疗伴有坐骨神经痛的腰椎间盘突出症的临床疗效. 方法: 对2011年6月至2012年1月接受经皮穿刺经椎间孔入路全内窥镜下治疗的46例腰椎间盘突出症患者进行回顾性分析,男28例,女18例;年龄11～77岁,平均(39.7±15.3)岁;其中L₅S₁ 20例,L_4,5 26例. 所有患者表现腰痛及下肢放射性坐骨神经痛,术前直腿抬高试验阳性. 术后即刻检查患者直腿抬高试验并记录手术时间、出血量、术中及术后并发症、住院时间、返回工作岗位时间,观察术前,术后1 d及术后3、6、12个月的视觉疼痛评分(visual analog scale,VAS),对术前和末次随访时JOA评分(Japanese orthopedic association score,JOA)及JOABPEQ评分(Japanese orthopedic back pain evaluation questionnaire,JOABPEQ)进行统计学分析以评价其临床疗效. 结果: 所有手术顺利完成,术后即刻直腿抬高试验转为阴性,平均手术时间(93.0±28.0) min,出血量(20.0±9.0) ml,术后住院时间(3.1±1.5) d,返回工作或恢复日常生活时间(11.6±4.2) d.平均随访时间(13.9±1.6)个月,术前,术后1 d,术后3、6、12个月的腰痛VAS评分分别为5.3±1.2,1.9±1.1,1.0±0.8,0.9±0.8,0.8±0.6;腿痛VAS评分分别为7.2±1.2,0.8±1.2,0.5±0.8,0.5±0.8,0.3±0.8;JOABPEQ评分5项指标(腰痛、腰部功能、行走能力、社会生活能力、心理状态)术前分别为27.0±30.6,37.3±27.4,38.5±26.6,33.0±13.7,55.4±19.0;末次随访时分别为83.6±24.8,89.4±15.7,87.0±17.9,58.4±14.6,79. 5±13.4.JOA评分术前及末次随访分别为9.1±2.6及27.3±1.7.各项评分术前术后差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论: 经皮椎间孔入路镜下治疗伴有坐骨神经痛的腰椎间盘突出安全有效,能迅速缓解患者疼痛,治疗后患者能迅速恢复日常生活及工作.     

手术治疗腰椎间盘突出症合并马尾神经损伤

腰椎间盘突出症伴马尾神经损伤如果不能得到及时诊断和治疗,其病变发展的后果是十分严重的,常常导致大小便及性功能障碍,给患者带来终身的痛苦。本院自1997年6月至2007年10月手术治疗的腰椎间盘突出症224例中,合并马尾神经损伤49例,占21．8％,根据本组随访疗效提出分析讨论如下。     

腰椎间盘突出症合并马尾神经损伤

目的 探讨腰椎间盘突出症合并马尾神经损伤的特点、鉴别诊断及损伤机理,并总结其诊断、治疗及预防经验。方法 １１例腰椎间盘突出症合并马尾神经损伤,均采用全椎板切除、彻底摘除髓核的术式治疗。结果 随诊１～７年,其中４例完全恢复,６例不完全恢复,１例无恢复。结论 腰椎间盘突出症合并马尾神经损伤,与间盘突出大小、病程长短及是否合并椎管狭窄密切相关,一切确诊应立即手术治疗。     

Sagittal spinal alignment in patients with lumbar disc herniation

A retrospective cross-sectional study was designed to evaluate total sagittal spinal alignment in patients with lumbar disc herniation (LDH) and healthy subjects. Abnormal sagittal spinal alignment could cause persistent low back pain in lumbar disease. Previous studies analyzed sciatic scoliotic list in patients with lumbar disc herniation; but there is little or no information on the relationship between sagittal alignment and subjective findings. The study subjects were 61 LDH patients and 60 age-matched healthy subjects. Preoperative and 6-month postoperatively lateral whole-spine standing radiographs were assessed for the distance between C7 plumb line and posterior superior corner on the top margin of S1 sagittal vertical axis (SVA), lumbar lordotic angle between the top margin of the first lumbar vertebra and first sacral vertebra (L1S1), pelvic tilting angle (PA), and pelvic morphologic angle (PRS1). Subjective symptoms were evaluated by the Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) score for lower back pain (nine points). The mean SVA value of the LDH group (32.7 ± 46.5 mm, ± SD) was significantly larger than that of the control (2.5 ± 17.1 mm), while L1S1 was smaller (36.7 ± 14.5°) and PA was larger (25.1 ± 9.0°) in LDH than control group (49.0 ± 10.0° and 18.2 ± 6.0°, respectively). At 6 months after surgery, the malalignment recovered to almost the same level as the control group. SVA correlated with the subjective symptoms measured by the JOA score. Sagittal spinal alignment in LDH exhibits more anterior translation of the C7 plumb line, less lumbar lordosis, and a more vertical sacrum. Measurements of these spinal parameters allowed assessment of the pathophysiology of LDH.     

Symptoms and signs of sciatica and their relation to the localization of the lumbar disc herniation

Neurologic symptoms and signs in patients with sciatica were prospectively studied and compared with myelographic and operative findings in 403 cases with lumbar disc herniation as the cause of sciatica with special reference to accuracy of the clinical level diagnosis. Fifty-six percent of the herniations at L4-5. However, pain projection into the first sacral distribution was most common. Neurologic symptoms and signs of involvement of a single root were present in 239 cases and of two roots in 154 cases in L4-5 and L5S1 herniations. Pain projection into the fifth lumbar distribution was a very important symptom for identification of clinical findings of the fifth lumbar root involvement gave a level diagnostic accuracy comparable with myelography, while pain projection into the first sacral distribution was less reliable especially in cases with signs of two roots. The neurologic picture of high herniations was completely unreliable. Lumbar myelography or computer tomography is recommended as a routine preoperative study.     

老年人腰椎间盘突出症的围手术期治疗

目的 探讨老年人腰椎间盘突出症的临床特点以及围手术期慎重处理的重要性。方法 回顾性分析手术治疗224例老年人腰椎间盘突出症的临床资料．结果 224例中术前检查有高血压病51例、糖尿病14例、心脏异常28例，均经相关科室的正规诊治，恢复正常或接近正常并稳定后，方可安排手术治疗。所有病人都平安渡过手术期，无一例出现严重并发症．获得完整随访资料191例，平均随访5年8个月，优良率为96．3％。结论老年人腰椎间盘突出症有其特殊性，只要围手术期处理得当，手术治疗可获得满意效果。     

Duration of sciatica for contained and noncontained lumbar disc herniation: a retrospective study

The objective of this study is to examine the relationship between the duration of sciatica and morphological difference of disc, and to determine the effect of these two factors on the operative results in patients with lumbar disc herniation. Thirty-two patients who were followed for more than 1?year after nucleotomy for lumbar disc herniation at our hospital constituted the base of this study. Patients were divided into three groups by the duration between onset of symptoms and operation. Group A: patients receiving operation within 3?months of onset of symptoms; Group B: from 4 to 11?months after symptom onset; Group C: more than 12?months after symptom onset. Severity of symptoms and operative results were evaluated using JOA scores. JOA scores were not different significantly among three groups at one-year follow-up. However, rate of patients with contained disc was higher in these with longer preoperative duration. In the subsegment analysis, these of 32 patients were divided into two groups, 13 patients with contained disc and 19 patients with noncontained disc. JOA scores before operation were more severe in the noncontained group than in the contained group; however, JOA scores were not different between the groups one-year after operation. In conclusion, it seems that the duration of symptoms is unlikely to influence operative results. Patients with non-contained disc generally had more severe symptoms and thus received operation earlier than patients with contained disc, however, operative results showed no significant difference between patients with contained disc and noncontained disc.     

经椎间孔选择性神经根封闭治疗腰椎间盘突出症

腰椎间盘突出症为骨科常见病、多发病,但因其发病时间长短、病情严重程度不同,治疗方案也多种多样.2010年2月～2011年1月我院采用经椎间孔选择性神经根封闭治疗腰椎间盘突出症患者43例,其中26例获得12～23个月(平均18.3个月)随访,短期疗效满意,报告如下.     

腰椎椎间盘突出症患者腰骶部形态学

目的比较腰椎椎间盘突出症(LDH)患者与非LDH腰痛人群腰骶部形态学参数之间的差异,探讨LDH患者腰骶部形态学特征。方法回顾性分析2016年1月—2017年1月南京鼓楼医院收治的107例LDH患者(LDH组)及72例腰背部疼痛人群(对照组)影像学资料。分别在站立位全脊柱侧位X线片上测量并比较2组研究资料的椎间盘角(IDA)、腰椎前凸角(LLA)、腰骶前凸角(LSLA)、骶骨倾斜角(SSA)及腰骶角(LSA)。结果 LDH组患者L_4/L_5和L_5/S_1节段IDA、LLA、SSA及LSA均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。L_4/L_5节段突出者的L_4/L_5节段IDA低于L_5/S_1节段突出者,而L_5/S_1节段突出者的L_5/S_1节段IDA则低于L_4/L_5节段突出者,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 LDH患者的LLA、SSA及LSA比正常人明显降低。LDH患者生理曲度的丢失主要由责任节段IDA的减小所致。     

腰椎间盘镜有限减压治疗老年腰椎间盘突出合并椎管狭窄

目的探讨老年腰椎间盘突出并椎管狭窄症的临床特点、腰椎间盘镜下有限减压治疗的效果。方法对112例老年腰椎间盘突出并椎管狭窄行腰椎间盘镜有限减压手术治疗,对其疗效进行回顾性分析。结果 112例患者均得到3个月~5年的有效随访,平均随访时间28个月,按Nakai疗效评定标准评价疗效[1]：优76例,良27例（优良率达92%）。结论老年腰椎管狭窄有其特殊的临床特点,腰椎间盘镜下有限减压的手术方法,彻底减压兼顾脊柱稳定性,有创伤小、费用低、术后康复快、疗效好的特点。     

显微内窥镜腰椎间盘切除系统治疗腰椎间盘突出症

目的分析显微内窥镜腰椎间盘切除系统(MED)治疗腰椎间盘突出症的技术特点和疗效。方法54例腰椎间盘突出症行MED治疗,手术采用后路椎间盘镜手术进行“开窗”减压,髓核摘除术及神经根减压。结果随访6~12个月,按照Macnab标准:优40例,良6例,可4例,优良率92.6%。结论该方法适用于腰椎间盘突出症或伴轻度侧隐窝、神经根管狭窄的患者,近期疗效好且具有创伤小、出血少、术后恢复快等优点。     

NGF及其受体P75在退行性腰椎间盘疾病及腰椎间盘突出症患者椎间盘中表达

【摘要】 目的 研究退行性腰椎间盘疾病及椎间盘突出症患者椎间盘中NGF及其受体P75的表达。方法 应用免疫组织化学法检测NGF及其受体P75在退行性腰椎间盘疾病及椎间盘突出症患者椎间盘中表达。结果 NGF及P75均在椎间盘软骨细胞胞浆中表达,NGF及P75在椎间盘突出症患者椎间盘细胞阳性率分别为25.8%和23.7%,退行性椎间盘疾病患者椎间盘细胞阳性率分别为39.7%和38.7%,退行性椎间盘疾病患者NGF及P75阳性率高于椎间盘突出症患者(P<0.05)。椎间盘退变Pfirrmann分级与椎间盘中NGF及受体P75表达并无明显相关。结论 退行性椎间盘疾病椎间盘中NGF及其受体P75较椎间盘突出症表达更高,可能与退行性椎间盘患者腰痛较椎间盘突出症患者腰痛更明显相关。