注意缺陷多动障碍儿童与普通儿童家庭教养方式及学校教育方式对比研究

【目的】 对比注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)儿童与普通儿童的家庭教养方式及学校教育方式。 【方法】 应用Vanderbilt ADHD家长及教师评定量表及自制的一般情况调查表确诊门诊ADHD儿童224例,其中男205例,女19例。同时随机抽取广州市一所普通小学部分1~6年级学生,完整填写上述量表及调查表,入选的非ADHD普通儿童共计326例,其中男217例,女109例,分别获取其家庭教养方式及学校教育方式信息。家庭教养方式及学校教育方式均分为正性和负性两种,然后分别对ADHD和非ADHD儿童的家庭教养方式及学校教育方式进行比较。 【结果】 非ADHD组接受正性家庭教养方式的比例为93.3%,ADHD儿童接受正性家庭教养方式的比例为47.3%,非ADHD儿童接受正性家庭教养的比率高于ADHD儿童(χ²=122.399,P<0.05);非ADHD组接受正性学校教育方式的比例为87.4%,ADHD儿童接受正性学校教育方式的比例为33.9%,非ADHD组接受正性的学校教育方式的比率高于ADHD组儿童,差异具有统计学意义(χ²=168.454,P＜0.05),二者均具有明显的统计学意义。 【结论】 ADHD儿童接受正性家庭教养方式及正性学校教育方式的比率明显低于非ADHD的普通儿童。     

注意缺陷多动障碍对儿童和家庭的影响分析

【目的】了解注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)儿童在一天不同时间段使家庭感到困难的程度,ADHD症状给自己和家庭造成的影响。【方法】应用问卷调查表,分析ADHD儿童一天的情况及给父母造成的负担。【结果】ADHD儿童在学校表现最困难,家庭活动也受到干扰,父母因为ADHD症状感到紧张焦虑,担心ADHD儿童的学业和将来成就。【结论】应指导ADHD的父母正常对待ADHD儿童,采用正确的教养方式,创造良好的家庭环境。     

1～6岁儿童气质相关因素的研究

【目的】探讨1～6岁儿童气质的影响因素．为改善儿童心理行为问题提供理论依据。【方法】整群随机抽样，采用CTTS、CPTS问卷及自拟相关资料调查表．对气质相关因素进行调查。【结果】居住条件、教育方法、管教态度、父母亲文化程度及职业、父亲收入、生后照管人、家庭结构、亲子关系、父母关系、出生窒息、出生体重、入托年龄等与气质维度有关；母亲文化程度高、良好的亲子关系、民主一致的管教方式、入托早、主要由保姆照管的家庭中E型儿童的比例高，母亲文化程度低、父亲工人、入托晚、教育方法粗暴、管教态度不一致、主要由(外)祖父母照管、亲子关系差的家庭中D型、I—D型、S型儿童比例高。【结论】多种家庭环境因素影响气质维度及类型。     

太和县小学生注意缺陷多动障碍发生情况及影响因素研究

目的 调查分析太和县小学生注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）发生情况及影响因素。方法 选取太和县3所小学的3 122名小学生进行调查,根据《美国精神障碍诊断手册（5版）》诊断其ADHD情况,通过自制调查表收集小学生基本情况和患病情况,采用单因素和多因素logistic回归分析小学生ADHD发生的影响因素。结果 太和县小学生ADHD检出率为6.28%。单因素分析结果显示,太和县小学生ADHD的发生与性别、母亲文化程度、癫痫疾病史、母亲分娩方式、早产、出生时窒息、母亲孕期吸烟、喂养方式、铅暴露、父母关系、父母离异、打骂式教育方式、挑食、学习困难有关（P<0.05或P<0.01）。多因素logistic回归分析显示,男童（OR=5.650）、癫痫疾病史（OR=11.831）、母亲孕期吸烟（OR=12.558）、早产（OR=5.550）、出生时窒息（OR=21.739）、喂养方式（奶粉）（OR=10.122）、父母关系差（OR=6.742）、父母离异（OR=7.448）、打骂式教育方式（OR=6.671）的小学生发生ADHD的风险更高。结论 太和县小学生ADHD发生率较高,与性别、癫痫疾...     

注意缺陷多动障碍儿童母亲的亲职压力影响因素分析

【目的】探讨注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)儿童母亲的亲职压力及影响因素。【方法】采用亲职压力指标简表(包括职愁苦、亲子互动失调及困难儿童3个子量表)、社会支持评定量表、简易应对方式问卷和中国韦氏儿童智力量表对61名ADHD儿童母亲进行调查,同时对57名正常儿童母亲施测亲职压力指标简表。【结果】ADHD儿童母亲的亲职压力总分及各维度得分均高于正常儿童母亲(P0.05);单因素分析显示:儿童年龄、母亲年龄均与困难儿童维度呈正相关(r=0.343、r=0.429,P0.01);消极应对方式与亲职压力总分呈正相关(r=0.321,P0.05);而社会支持和积极应对方式与亲职压力总分呈负相关(r=0.573、r=0.340,P0.01);多元回归分析结果显示:社会支持和母亲年龄进入了亲职压力的回归方程,解释了总变异的41.3%。【结论】ADHD儿童母亲普遍存在较高水平的亲职压力,其亲职压力受多种因素影响。     

儿童注意缺陷多动障碍流行病学调查及疗效评价

【目的】调查掌握盐城市儿童注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)的发生情况及相关因素,对确诊ADHD患儿给予治疗并评价效果。【方法】采用Conners简明症状问卷对3 000名学龄儿童进行ADHD筛查,对阳性疑似患儿进行诊断,对相关因素进行调查。对确诊ADHD患儿运用不同的方法进行治疗,并比较疗效。【结果】ADHD筛查阳性率为6.02%,ADHD发病率为4.77%,男、女发病率差异有统计学意义(P0.005)。父母遗传、轻度脑损伤和脑发育迟缓史、血铅含量高、感觉统合失调、家庭环境等因素与ADHD发生有关系。药物配合行为干预、心理支持等方法治疗ADHD效果明显。【结论】ADHD危害严重,应及早预防,药物是治疗ADHD的首选,ADHD的综合治疗可提高ADHD的疗效。     

儿童注意缺陷多动障碍特征及影响因素的病例对照研究

【目的】探索儿童注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)的有关影响因素,为开展儿童ADHD控制与干预工作提供科学依据。【方法】采用1∶1配对病例对照研究分析儿童ADHD的影响因素。【结果】在131例ADHD儿童中,男女童之比为2∶1,发病高峰主要集中在8~10岁;经单因素条件Logistic回归分析,儿童ADHD的影响因素分别为父亲年龄、母亲年龄、儿童每周尿床次数、居室装修时间、儿童任性和孤独、儿童血锌和铁水平等;经多因素条件Logistic回归分析,儿童ADHD的影响因素按贡献大小依次为儿童孤独、儿童每周尿床次数和居室装修时间。【结论】建议以社区为单位,以ADHD儿童、家长、老师和医生为团队,开展儿童ADHD的控制与干预工作。     

儿童肥胖与母亲孕期增重及婴儿喂养方式的关系

【目的】 研究母亲孕期增重及婴儿喂养方式对儿童肥胖的影响,为制定预防儿童肥胖措施提供依据。 【方法】 利用整群抽样的方法,随机抽取上海市虹口区2个社区的4所二级幼儿园共计儿童949名。自行设计问卷调查儿童的身高、体重、家庭基本状况、母亲孕期、喂养早期状况等。使用χ²检验及多因素Logistic回归模型分析母亲孕期及喂养早期状况与儿童肥胖的关系。 【结果】 研究结果显示, 调查到的949名儿童中,超重及肥胖检出率分别为13.2%和10.1%; 在控制儿童年龄、性别、户口属性、家庭结构、家庭收入后,孕期增重≥15 kg、6月龄内纯母乳喂养2个因素与儿童肥胖有关。 【结论】 母亲孕期增重显著可能为儿童肥胖的危险因素;而6月龄内纯母乳喂养则可能减少儿童肥胖的发生,为保护性因素。     

厦门市学龄儿童注意缺陷多动障碍流调分析

【目的】为了解厦门市学龄儿童注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)发病状况,探讨与其发病的相关因素。【方法】采用整群分层抽样法及Conners量表(家长问卷),应用DSM-Ⅳ诊断标准确诊。调查了厦门市6所不同层次的小学1～5年级学生。【结果】厦门市小学生ADHD患病情况调查3989人,确诊ADHD256人,患病率6.42%。ADHD儿童男女之比约6∶1。单亲家庭与大家庭和核心家庭,差异有显著性。【结论】家庭内部社会化不足和过度及家庭外部社会化失控和不足均可对儿童产生不良影响。     

上海市长宁区学龄前期儿童注意缺陷多动障碍行为分析

【目的】对学龄前期儿童注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)行为发生情况进行调查分析。【方法】采取整群分层抽样的方法,在长宁区70家幼儿园抽取10家幼儿园1 576名在读学龄前期儿童作为调查对象。通过Conners家长问卷调查表获得学龄前期儿童ADHD行为的发生情况。【结果】长宁区学龄前期儿童ADHD行为阳性发生率为4.27%,男童发生率明显高于女童,差异有统计学意义。26.86%的ADHD行为阳性儿童同时合并有品行问题。【结论】ADHD行为在低龄段已有一定表现,家长应予以重视,早期发现并早期干预。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.