儿童低温等离子扁桃体切除术后迟发性出血的原因分析

目的:探讨低温等离子手术方式行儿童扁桃体切除术后迟发性出血的原因。方法:回顾性分析2~14岁行低温等离子扁桃体切除手术与传统扁桃体切除手术术后出血时间及出血率的差异性。等离子组患儿2012-03-2013-08期间行低温等离子扁桃体切除术,传统组患儿于2005-03-2006-08期间行冷器械扁桃体切除术。结果:低温等离子手术方式组1 000例,术后出血19例,出血率为1.9%。其中原发性出血4例,原发性出血率为0.4%,出血时间均在手术后8h内。迟发性出血15例,迟发性出血率为1.5%,出血时间在2~13d,平均7.5d。15例迟发性出血患儿中,存在感染因素者9例,术后进食不当者6例。进食不当者中在出血前有4例患儿有进食水果及坚硬食物,2例患儿因进食多少导致体重减轻。传统手术方式组患儿860例,术后出血29例,出血率为3.37%,其中原发性出血26例,原发性出血率为3.02%。术后迟发性出血3例,迟发性出血率为0.35%,出血时间在2~6d,平均4d。结论:儿童扁桃体切除术更适宜选择低温等离子的手术方式。其术后迟发性出血可能与术后感染,术后感染引发的刺激性干咳,饮食不当,主刀医师手术技术的差异,手术中止血的方式不同,患儿术后恢复期的护理,患儿及家长的对医嘱的依从性等因素相关。     

扁桃体切除术后患儿继发性出血风险因素分析及预测模型构建

目的 分析扁桃体切除术后患儿继发性出血风险因素,并探讨构建风险预测模型的预测效能。方法 回顾性分析2015年1月～2020年12月阜宁县人民医院收治的338例接受扁桃体切除术治疗患儿临床资料,依据术后24 h后有无发生继发性出血分为出血组和未出血组,比较两组临床资料、手术资料及围术期相关资料。采用二元Logistic回归模型分析影响扁桃体切除术后继发性出血的相关因素,依据筛选的风险因子构建风险预测模型,对模型进行拟合度及预测效能评价。结果本次入选的338例患儿术后继发性出血发生率为10.95%(37/338),其中出血程度Ⅰ级35例（10.36%）、Ⅱ级2例（0.59%）,无Ⅲ～Ⅳ级。所有出血情况均发生于术后2周内,其中术后6天发生9例,占总出血例数的比例最高（24.32%）。与未出血组比较,出血组患儿年龄、术后疼痛评分较高,监护人初中及以下学历、扁桃体炎发作频次≥3次/年、扁桃体全部切除、术后感染、术后进食不当的占比较高,扁桃体轻度包埋、术者工作经验≥6年、抗生素使用时间>3 d占比较低,差异比较有统计学意义（P<0.05）。二元多因素Logistic回归模型分析结果显示...     

等离子辅助下扁桃体及腺样体切除术治疗儿童鼾症术后出血的危险因素分析

目的 探讨等离子辅助下扁桃体及腺样体切除术治疗儿童鼾症术后出血的危险因素,为降低术后出血提供理论参考依据。方法　选取信阳市中心医院2017年1月~2019年12月等离子辅助下扁桃体及腺样体切除术治疗的740例鼾症患儿作为研究对象,观察术后是否出血分为出血组（32例）和未出血组（708例）,对比两组临床资料,同时采用多因素Logistic回归分析确定患儿等离子辅助下扁桃体及腺样体切除术后出血的危险因素。结果　740例患儿术后出血32例,出血率为4.32%。出血组与未出血组单因素分析,年龄、身体 质量指数Z分数（body mass index Z score,BMIZ）、红细胞计数、白细胞计数、中性粒细胞计数、鼾症家族史、扁桃体嵌入程度、术前诊断情况、平均手术时间、抗生素使用、手术医师对等离子熟练程度以及饮食配合度差异均有统计学意义（P 均<0.05）;多变量Logistic 回归分析表明患儿年龄≥6岁、术前诊断情况、扁桃体嵌入程度、饮食配合度以及抗生素使用是治疗儿童鼾症术后出血的危险因素（P 均<0.05）。结论　等离子辅助下扁桃体及腺样体切除术治疗儿童鼾症疗效较好,但术后出血危险因素诸多且复杂,年 龄、术前诊断情况、扁桃体嵌入程度、饮食配合度及抗生素使用情况均会影响术后出血,可重点关注以降低术后出血风险,促进术后康复。     

低温等离子扁桃体切除术后出血临床分析CSCD

目的分析低温等离子扁桃体切除患者术后出血临床特征,探讨可能的危险因素。方法回顾性分析联勤保障部队第九〇八医院耳鼻咽喉科诊治的574例行低温等离子扁桃体切除术患者术后出血临床特点及可能危险因素,探讨不同出血部位与出血程度的关系,分析不同年龄组术后出血特征区别。结果术后总出血率为5.40%(31/574),以继发性出血为主,单因素分析结果显示>14岁组和≤14岁组患者术后出血率分别为8.30%(22/265)和2.91%(9/309),差异比较有统计学意义(P<0.01);扁桃体切除术+UPPP患者术后出血率为10.77%(7/65),比单纯扁桃体切除术患者(6.45%,16/248)及扁桃体切除术+腺样体切除术患者(3.07%,8/261)明显增高,差异比较有统计学意义(P<0.05);多因素二元Logistic回归分析结果显示年龄与术后出血呈显著相关(r=1.522,P<0.01);7例扁桃体下极出血中严重出血4例,明显高于扁桃体中段出血(0例)和扁桃体上极出血(1例),差异比较有统计学意义(P<0.01);不同年龄组在出血类型、出血程度及出血部位方面差异比较均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。结论年龄是低温等离子扁桃体切除术后出血的独立危险因素,扁桃体下极出血与术后严重出血显著相关。     

基于手术视频儿童等离子扁桃体术后迟发性出血的病因分析

目的 通过保存的扁桃体术中手术视频资料,分析儿童等离子扁桃体术后迟发性出血的原因并减少出血率。方法 回顾性分析2019年1～12月华中科技大学同济医学院附属武汉儿童医院耳鼻咽喉科行等离子扁桃体切除术患儿1116例,迟发性出血15例,通过患儿病历和术中手术视频资料,分析儿童扁桃体切除术后迟发性出血的病因。结果8例术中手术视频资料和出血点无明显关系,感染因素4例,术后进食不当3例,原因不明1例;2例可能与三角皱襞淋巴滤泡切除及有咽喉反流症状有关;5例慢性扁桃体炎黏连切除后与术中操作有相关性,弥漫止血2例,扁桃体背膜处裸露小血管2例,突入扁桃体背膜肌层1例。结论 对于慢性扁桃体炎粘连明显的不建议过多使用等离子止血,可考虑前后弓带肌层缝合;背膜处裸露小血管建议追踪血管走形,彻底止血;局部突入肌层处仍建议带肌层缝合。术前评估患儿是否有咽喉反流症状,术中减少下极三角皱襞及淋巴滤泡切除,术后预防性使用抑酸治疗且睡前2 h禁饮食。     

探讨低温等离子技术在儿童OSAHS手术中的应用价值

目的探讨低温等离子技术在儿童OSAHS的临床应用疗效及并发症。方法选择2017年3月～2018年2月行手术治疗的89例OSAHS患儿,随机数字法分为观察组和对照组。观察组51例,用低温等离子刀行扁桃体切除术及腺样体消融术。对照组38例,行常规扁桃体切除术及腺样体切除术。对比观察两组患儿治疗有效率、手术持续时间、术中出血量,术后再出血率。结果观察组有效率为98.04%,对照组有效率为84.21%,差异有统计学意义(P=0.039),观察组有效率高于对照组。在手术时间、术中出血量等方面,低温等离子手术组均优于常规手术组。观察组无术后出血病例,再出血率为0.00%;对照组有4例术后出血,再出血率为10.53%,差异有统计学意义(P=0.030),观察组术后出血率低于对照组。结论低温等离子技术在儿童OSAHS手术中,具有疗效好、术中出血量少、手术时间短,术后再出血率低等优点,值得在临床中广泛推广应用。     

扁桃体周围脓肿行扁桃体切除术的术后出血分析

目的　比较扁桃体周围脓肿患者采用两种不同治疗方法,再行扁桃体切除术的术后出血差异。方法　回顾性分析2009年9月~2019年9月福建医科大学第二临床医学院收治的579例扁桃体周围脓肿行全麻下扁桃体切除术治疗的患者,分为脓肿期手术（观察组）297例和常规择期手术（对照组）282例,比较两组患者扁桃体切除术后出血发生率及术后出血量情况。结果　相较于对照组,观察组患者手术有助于减少扁桃体切除术后原发性出血率,差异有统计学意义（χ2=6.59,P <0.05）,继发性出血率,差异无统计学意义χ2=0.26,P >0.05）。结论　扁桃体周围脓肿患者在脓肿期行扁桃体切除术可以有效减少扁桃体切除术后原发性出血概率。     

低温等离子刀扁桃体腺样体切除术后出血原因及预防的探讨

目的探讨应用低温等离子刀行儿童扁桃体及腺样体切除术后出血的原因及预防。方法回顾分析2010年11月～2013年2月188例患儿应用低温等离子刀行扁桃体及腺样体切除术,年龄19个月～12岁,平均（5.3±3.1）岁,其中单纯行扁桃体切除60例,同时行扁桃体及腺样体切除69例,单纯行腺样体切除59例。结果 4例发生术后出血,其中3例为术后7～10 d,1例为术后24 h内,均为扁桃体切除术后出血,无腺样体切除术后出血病例。结论患儿自身因素及术者的操作水平是导致术后出血的重要原因,术前及术后宣教及护理、术中充分止血及较高的手术技巧是减少术后出血的关键。     

儿童扁桃体腺样体低温等离子手术迟发性出血的初步研究

目的 比较低温等离子手术与常规手术方式在儿童扁桃体、腺样体手术后迟发性出血(手术24 h后)率及出血时间点的情况,初步探讨导致低温等离子手术迟发性出血的可能原因.方法 回顾性分析的方法研究采用传统手术和低温等离子手术行扁桃体切除和(或)腺样体刮除术1～14岁患儿术后迟发性出血率及出血时间点的差异.传统组为2005年4月至2006年7月行传统冷法手术(即传统手术刀切除,对周围组织没有热损伤的方法)的患儿,等离子组为2008年4月至2009年9月行低温等离子扁桃体切除和(或)腺样体消融术的患儿.结果 传统组患儿484例,术后迟发性出血2例,迟发性出血率为0.4%,出血时间点1例为术后2 d,另1例为术后3 d.等离子组患儿502例,术后迟发性出血11例,迟发性出血率为2.2%,出血时间点2～12 d,中位数为6.0 d.其中等离子刀初学者主刀手术的迟发性出血率为2.6%(10/385),技术操作熟练者手术的迟发性出血率为0.9%(1/117).等离子组迟发性出血率高于传统组(χ2=5.987,P=0.014),两组出血时间点差异无统计学意义(Mann-Whitney检验U=2.500,P=0.103).13例出血患儿中创面局部或上呼吸道感染者6例,术后进食不当的3例.结论 低温等离子技术应用于儿童扁桃体腺样体手术后迟发性出血的原因可能与手术技能经验不足、止血稳定性欠佳等有关,术后感染和进食不当也会造成迟发性出血,应引起临床重视.     

同期行鼻腔手术对扁桃体切除和腭咽成形术后出血率的影响

目的 评估同期行鼻腔手术对扁桃体切除和腭咽成形术后出血率的影响。方法 回顾性调查分析2005年5月～2010年10月间,本院所有行扁桃体切除术和悬雍垂腭咽成形术并联合行鼻腔手术的患者的出血率。分析同期行鼻腔手术是否改变了扁桃体切除术和腭咽成型术患者术后的岀血率。结果 本组病例共1012例,其中204例同期行鼻腔手术。扁桃体切除术后出血共56例,发生率为5.5%。单纯行扁桃体切除术或行扁桃体切除术的悬雍垂腭咽成型术与同期行鼻腔手术的患者之间差异无统计学意义(分别为6.0%和3.9%;P=0.30)。结论 扁桃体切除术和悬雍垂腭咽成型术同期行鼻腔手术没有增加术后出血比率,可不必分期手术,患者仅需一次麻醉和一次术后恢复过程,而无增加术后出血的危险。     

Rate of post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage after elective bipolar microcauterization of nonbleeding vessels

The objective of this paper is to describe an extended microscopic hemostasis technique involving cauterization of exposed blood vessels that were not actively bleeding in tonsillar fossa after bipolar tonsillectomy and to assess the rate of post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage with this technique in children who had bipolar tonsillectomy. The medical records of children who underwent microscopic bipolar tonsillectomy with extended hemostasis between June 2008 and January 2011 were reviewed. Relevant history and physical examination, diagnosis, and characteristics of postoperative hemorrhage were recorded; 994 children (531 males, 463 females), aged between 1 and 18 years (6 ± 3 years), underwent tonsillectomy; of the 994 patients, 11 (1.1%) developed post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage. No primary post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage occurred. The hemorrhage was seen 6–13 days after the surgery. One patient had bleeding after having trauma to the neck on postoperative day 13. Of the 11 patients with post-tonsillectomy bleeding, 3 had blood clot with no active bleeding and 8 exhibited active bleeding after removal of blood clot. Of the 994 patients, 8 (0.8%) needed intervention to control active bleeding. Compared to previous studies of bipolar tonsillectomy, extended microscopic hemostasis achieved by cauterization of tonsil fossa non-bleeding blood vessels appeared to reduce bleeding rate after bipolar cautery tonsillectomy. The present study did not include a control arm; further randomized controlled studies are needed to establish the definite effect of extended microscopic hemostasis technique on the rate of hemorrhage rates after tonsillectomy techniques.     

Superstition and post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: The objective was to determine whether post-tonsillectomy hemorrhages occur more frequently in redheaded children, in patterns of threes, on Friday-the-13th days, or with the full moon. STUDY DESIGN: Case-control analysis. METHODS: The authors performed multiple statistical analyses of all children undergoing tonsillectomy at Temple University Children's Medical Center (Philadelphia, PA) during a 29-month period. Children readmitted to the hospital with or without surgical control of bleeding were compared with children who did not bleed. Relation of post-tonsillectomy hemorrhages to the phase of the moon was evaluated using a standard normal deviate. The frequency of surgery performed on Friday-the-13th days was compared with a differently dated Friday chosen at random. Clusters of three hemorrhages in a 7-day period were recorded. Families of children were contacted and asked whether their child had red hair. A chi analysis compared redheaded and non-redheaded tonsillectomy patients. RESULTS: Twenty-eight of 589 tonsillectomy cases performed required readmission for bleeding events. Twenty tonsillectomies occurred on a full-moon day, resulting in one bleeding event. One cluster of three post-tonsillectomy hemorrhages occurred in a 7-day period. Four of the children who bled had red hair. Two tonsillectomies occurred on Friday the 13th, with no associated hemorrhage. Statistical analysis revealed a random pattern to post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage. CONCLUSION: Post-tonsillectomy hemorrhages do not occur in clusters of three and are not more frequent with the full moon or on Friday the 13th. The bleeding rate among children with red hair is similar to that of non-redheaded children.     

扁桃体术后出血的原因分析

目的：探讨扁桃体术后出血的常见原因,并提出相应的预防措施。方法：选取扁桃体切除术患者1192例,根据其是否发生术后出血分为两组,对两组患者的基本资料和治疗情况进行统计学分析。结果：扁桃体术后出血者中成年、男性患者,合并高血压、肝脏疾病,术前长期服用阿司匹林,术前长期使用肾上腺皮质激素,局部麻醉,术中采取纱球压迫止血,术后剧烈咳嗽,不合理进食,以及围手术期存在焦虑情绪的患者所占比例明显高于未发生出血者,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。而患者是否合并糖尿病对其术后出血影响不大（P〉0．05）。经Logistic回归分析,焦虑,合并高血压、肝脏疾病,使用纱球压迫止血,术后剧烈咳嗽以及不合理饮食都是患者发生扁桃体出血的原因（P〈0．05）。结论：扁桃体术后出血与多方面的因素密切相关,在临床工作中应给予针对性的预防。     

Evaluation of post-tonsillectomy bleeding in the adult population

A retrospective review of a consecutive series of 685 adult patients undergoing tonsillectomy was conducted. Determinations were made of the post-tonsillectomy bleeding rate, the need for intervention to control bleeding, and the blood transfusion rate. Statistical analysis was used to determine whether bleeding rates differed according to three criteria: gender, indication for tonsillectomy, and age. Post-tonsillectomy bleeding occurred in 35 patients (5.1%); five of these patients experienced bleeding during the first 24 hours postoperatively, and the remaining 30 experienced delayed bleeding. When it occurred, the mean time lapse between tonsillectomy and bleeding was 6.9 days (+/- 4.1). Twenty of the 35 patients (57.1%) required a procedure to control their bleeding, but no patient required a transfusion. There was no statistically significant difference in bleeding rates based on gender, the indication for surgery (chronic tonsillitis, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, or to rule out neoplasia), and age. These results indicate that (1) post-tonsillectomy bleeding occurs in approximately 1 of 20 adults independent of individual patient characteristics, (2) more than half of patients who bleed are likely to require a procedure to control their hemorrhage, and (3) the need for transfusion is distinctly unlikely.     

A prospective study on pros and cons of electrodissection tonsillectomy

OBJECTIVE: Hemorrhages are main complications after tonsillectomy, whatever technique is used. This prospective study aimed at revealing pros and cons associated with monopolar electrodissection tonsillectomy. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective study. METHODS: A prospective study on all patients undergoing tonsillectomy or adenotonsillectomy in Central Hospital of Central Finland in 1997. Operation time and bleeding, as well as perioperative and postoperative complications, were recorded. RESULTS: Inpatient tonsillectomy was performed in 440 patients (mean age, 17.9 y). Primary post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage (within 24 h) occurred in 2.3%. A total of 15.9% of patients searched for medical help because of secondary post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage, 7.7% receiving active treatment and 8.2% not. Post-tonsillectomy hemorrhages proved to be most common in older patients and when peritonsillar abscess was in patient history. CONCLUSIONS: Monopolar electrodissection tonsillectomy was fast and resulted in little intraoperative bleeding. However, postoperative hemorrhages were common, and the mean use of analgesics was for more than 10 days. Preoperative counseling must be thorough and realistic. Our results indicate that better methods for tonsillectomy still need to be developed.     

Post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage: cost-benefit analysis of prolonged hospitalization

Abstract

Background: Prolonged hospitalization after tonsillectomy up to three nights was implemented to decrease mortality due to post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage.

Aims: To assess if extension of postoperative inpatient observation time from one to three nights results in potential benefits following tonsillectomy.

Subjects and methods: Patients who stayed only one night post-tonsillectomy between 1994 and 2006 (Group A) were compared to 1570 patients who stayed three nights postoperatively between 2008 and 2016 (Group B). Complication rate and expense of hospitalization were compared.

Results: Published data show that 114 (1.78%) out of 6400 patients in group A had post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage. In this patient group 75.4% (n?=?86) of all bleedings occurred after discharge from hospital. However, in group B post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage occurred in 70 (4.5%) and of those only 0.38% (n?=?6) developed bleeding episodes on the second or third postoperative day (POD). As observed in group A, the majority of hemorrhage (n?=?57; 81.4%) was observed after discharge. Cost analysis reveals a difference of approximately 6 million €for all 32 ENT departments per year in Austria.

Conclusions and significance: Extending postoperative hospitalization from one to three nights reveals no benefit after tonsillectomy. Comparison reveals substantial increase of costs for an extended 3 nights inpatient stay.     

The effect of ibuprofen on postoperative hemorrhage following tonsillectomy in children

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of ibuprofen on hemorrhage after tonsillectomy in children. All charts of children, who underwent tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy, were reviewed. The age at the time of surgery ranged between 3 and 16 years (mean age = 7.55 ± 3.01 years). Children were divided into two groups based on the drugs used for postoperative pain relief. Group I received paracetamol after surgery. Group II received ibuprofen after surgery. A total of 62 patients received ibuprofen and 109 patients were given paracetamol. Post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage occurred in seven (4.1%) children, primary hemorrhage was noted in five patients and secondary hemorrhage occurred in two patients. While 3 of 62 children (4.8%) who were given ibuprofen had postoperative hemorrhage, 4 of 109 patients (3.7%) who were given paracetamol had hemorrhage There was no significant difference in hemorrhage rates between these two groups (p > 0.05). Hemorrhage following tonsillectomy is rare and frequently occurs in the early postoperative period. There is no significant increased risk of hemorrhage after ibuprofen administration and it can be used safely for post-tonsillectomy pain relief.     

Post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage: results of a 3-month follow-up

Episodes of post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage are unpredictable and potentially life-threatening. Primary post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage (< 24 hr postoperatively) is generally considered to be more common and more serious than secondary hemorrhage (> 24 hr). Therefore, recent studies have focused on the control of primary hemorrhage in order to determine the appropriate length of postoperative observation. The issue of follow-up is becoming more important in light of the increasing popularity of outpatient tonsillectomy. We undertook a prospective study to evaluate the incidence of post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage over the short and long term (3 mo). We studied 602 patients, aged 23 months to 89 years (mean: 20.6 yr), who had undergone inpatient tonsillectomy in 1999 and who had been hospitalized for at least 5 days. Our goal was to ascertain the number of episodes of postoperative hemorrhage that required surgical treatment under general anesthesia. We were able to contact 601 of these patients (or their parents) by telephone 3 months postoperatively to inquire about any instances of delayed secondary bleeding. In all, 16 patients (2.7%) had experienced post-tonsillectomy bleeding that required surgically achieved hemostasis under general anesthesia. Of this group, 11 patients (68.8%) had experienced primary hemorrhage and were treated immediately, and five (31.3%) experienced secondary hemorrhage. One patient in the latter group experienced excessive bleeding 38 days postoperatively, which we believe is the latest episode of secondary bleeding reported to date. Based on the findings of this study, we believe that a postoperative follow-up period of 10 days is sufficient to identify all but the most rare cases of post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage.     

两种扁桃体切除方法的临床观察

目的比较两种不同扁桃体切除及止血方法的优缺点。方法将诊治的90例扁桃体切除术患者随机分为等离子手术组（A组）和传统手术组（B组）,每组各45例,所有手术均由同一术者完成。等离子手术组用低温等离子法切除扁桃体并止血;传统手术组则采用常规扁桃体剥离并用双极电凝止血。记录切除双侧扁桃体所需时间和出血量;术后第1天起每日记录患者咽部疼痛评分情况,连续10 d;术后第10天观察并记录扁桃体窝内的白膜状况。结果A、B两组手术总时间分别为（18.0±1.6）min、（43.5±3.4）min,术中总出血量分别为（9.3±1.3）ml、（53.8±5.5）ml,两组间差异均具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;两组患者术后1周内疼痛指数差异比较具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,1周后疼痛指数比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;A、B两组术后出血发生病例数分别为3例、4例,出血发生率比较差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,术后比较,A、B两组白膜与扁桃体窝面积比分别为（43.8±6.6）%、（40.5±5.1）%,两组之间差异无统计学意义,但等离子组白膜较为清洁。结论与传统扁桃体剥离法比较,低温等离子法切除扁桃体具有手术损伤小、术中出血少、术后疼痛轻、恢复好等优点,可作为扁桃体切除手术的首选。     

Spontaneous Tonsillar Hemorrhage and Post-Tonsillectomy Hemorrhage

Spontaneous tonsillar hemorrhage from infectious causes is extremely rare and post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage, although also relatively rare, is an unavoidable complication of the procedure. Hemorrhage in association with tonsillitis or tonsillectomy is potentially dangerous and can be life threatening. We report here the presentation and management of a 42-yr-old man with severe spontaneous hemorrhage from infected tonsils and post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage. We suggest that if attempts to control the bleeding are not successful or if severe spontaneous tonsillar hemorrhage occurs repeatedly or a malignancy is suspected, tonsillectomy and close postoperative follow up is recommended.