不需行房间隔穿刺的二尖瓣球囊扩张术28例

目的 总结不需房间隔穿刺的二尖瓣球囊扩张术的效果.方法 采用Brockenbrough房间隔穿刺针和外鞘管,通过反复操作外鞘管经卵圆窝进入左心房,而不直接穿刺房间隔.结果 28例病人不需房间隔穿刺进行二尖瓣球囊扩张术均获得成功,且无并发症出现.结论 本法具有操作简单,易于掌握,显著减少手术并发症.     

经皮二尖瓣球囊扩张术600例临床总结

对600例风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄患者进行了经皮二瓣球囊扩张术(PBMV).患者分为第一阶段(1990年4月～1991年2月)114例,用Inoue方法;第二阶段(1991年3月～1995年3月)486例,术前和术中对操作技术进行了改进,其中包括:房颤者均常规抗凝治疗;伴有冠心病或ST-T改变者行冠脉造影;依Wiltins法对瓣膜结构评分,大于8分者只要前瓣活动好即可入选;采用三法定位校正法行房间隔穿刺;穿刺针指向根据左房大小进行调整;穿刺针扩张管进入左房时严密观测左房压力曲线,且缓慢推进不超过0.5cm;球囊导管在心房内呈反“C”形,根据左房大小调整位置和方向进入二尖瓣口;调整球囊在左室内的方向和位置;逐次递增球囊直径扩张二尖瓣等.结果:第一阶段114例,成功率为92.1%,并发症为7.9%(9/114).第二阶段486例,成功率为100%,无并发症.表明术前准备和术中操作技术的改进,可显著提高PBMV成功率,减少并发症,有临床应用价值.     

老年风湿性二尖瓣狭窄伴中度返流PBMV治疗29例分析

目的探讨经皮二尖瓣球囊扩张术(PBMV)治疗老年性二尖瓣狭窄(MS)伴中度二尖瓣返流疗效。方法用Inoue球囊导管行PBMV治疗老年性二尖瓣狭窄伴中度返流患者29例。比较手术前后血流动力学变化。结果术后血流动力学明显改善,球囊扩张前后二尖瓣面积、跨膜压差、左房平均压及心功能比较有明显的变化(P<0.01)。左室最大前后径无明显改变(P>0.05)。结论只要掌握好病例选择,严格掌握操作技术,把握球囊扩张终点,球囊充盈时机,球囊直径,老年性二尖瓣狭窄伴中度返流患者PBMV术后可取得满意的疗效。     

经皮二尖瓣球囊扩张术严重并发症及防治

目的 总结分析经皮二尖瓣球囊扩张术（PBMV）严重并发症及防治。方法 采用Inoue技术。96％采用自制单球囊扩张管。对1200例风心病二尖瓣狭窄患者行PBMV术治疗。结果 实施手术1200例次,成功率98.82％。总严重并发症53例（4.4％）。总死亡率0.33％,死亡4例。其中,急性肺水肿.心脏骤停各1例,急性左心衰,心脏低排2例。急性重度二尖瓣关闭不全5例（0.42％）。急性心脏穿孔心包填塞8例（0.66％）。严重心律失常28例（2.3％）。急性左心衰竭4例（0.33％）。体循环栓塞8例（0.66％）。结论 经皮二尖瓣球囊扩张术虽已技术成熟,仍有一定的风险。严格选择适应证的病人,规范操作,严加防范,是减少并发症的关键。     

应用国产球囊导管经皮穿刺进行二尖瓣球囊成形术(附57例分析)

应用国产球囊导管,对57例风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄患者进行经皮穿刺二尖瓣球囊成形术(PTMC)男性22例,女性35例,年龄22～51岁,病程4～25年,伴发房颤13例.瓣口面积0.67～1.4cm~2.在原有PTMC方法基础上进行了改进,采用球囊导管60～90度方向进入股静脉;创新采用三法定位校正法,进行房间隔穿刺;创新采用球囊导管反“C”字法进入狭窄的二尖瓣口.成功率96.5%,使手术时间出平均1.5～2.0/小时,缩短到40～50分钟,使x线曝光时间降至30分钟.本组国产球囊与Inoue球整操作过程中无明显差别.     

老年患者二尖瓣狭窄球囊成形术并发症的防治

目的 降低老年患者二尖瓣球囊成形术的并发症.方法 对57例老年二尖瓣狭窄患者进行经皮二尖瓣球囊成形术(PBMV).将患者分为A组27例,男性11例,女性16例,年龄60～72(66±5)岁,采用传统的PBMV技术;B组30例,男性10例,女性20例,年龄60～70(64±5)岁,采用改进的PBMV技术,主要包括4种方法监控定位行房间隔穿刺;根据左心房大小调整二尖瓣导向探条前段的J形弧度;3种方法监控球囊导管是否已进入左心室并判断其未卡在腱索内;微级递增球囊直径扩张二尖瓣口等.结果 A组并发症为26%(7/27),其中中～重度二尖瓣关闭不全4例,缓慢性心律失常及低血压2例,心包填塞1例;B组仅3%(1/30)发生中度二尖瓣关闭不全,两组比较,差异有显著性意义(P＜0.05).超声心动图显示左心房内云雾状改变不是PBMV的禁忌证.结论 PBMV操作技术的改进可显著降低老年患者PBMV手术的并发症.     

重度二尖瓣狭窄合并左心耳血栓患者的球囊扩张术

目的　评价经皮二尖瓣球囊扩张术 (PBMV)治疗重度二尖瓣狭窄合并左心耳血栓的可行性、安全性和有效性。方法　选择经华法令抗凝治疗 12周以上的重度二尖瓣狭窄合并左心耳部位血栓患者 11例 ,男性 2例 ,女性 9例 ,年龄 2 5～ 6 2岁 ,平均 (40 6± 5 7)岁。采用Inoue单球囊技术行PBMV。术后随访 1年以上 ,观察术中及随访期间有无体循环血栓栓塞并发症。结果　手术成功率10 0 % ,术中及随访期间无 1例发生血栓栓塞并发症。术后即刻及随访期间血流动力学及心功能明显改善。结论　对于经适当的华法令抗凝治疗后的重度二尖瓣狭窄合并左心耳血栓的患者 ,PBMV不仅安全可行而且可取得满意的疗效。     

重度二尖瓣狭窄的球囊成形术

本文对22例重度二尖瓣狭窄患者进行PBMV治疗.采用改良Inoue法8例,成功6例,应用我们设计的球囊负压操作法14例,全部成功,总成功率91%(20/22).血流动力学显著改善;左心房平均压由术前的3.11±0.82下降至0.91±0.81kPa(P <0.01),肺动脉平均任由4.32±1.52下降至2.78士1.48kPa(P<0.05),二尖瓣跨瓣压差由术前2.35士0.66下降至0.27土0.65kPa(P<0.01),二尖瓣口面积由术前0.69士0.11增加到1.73士0.47cm~2(P<0.01),心功能均明显改善.本组结果显示;采用球囊负压操作法可缩短手术操作时间,减少术中并发症,提高手术成功率.PBMV不仅适用于轻～中度二尖瓣狭窄的患者,亦适用于部分重度MS的患者,且后者较前者疗效更满意.     

重度二尖瓣狭窄球囊分离术42例分析

目的 探索重度二尖瓣狭窄球囊分离术治疗的新方法.方法 房间隔穿刺点定位,采用吞钡食管左心房压迹定位法,以压迹上下缘的中下1/4水平线为房间隔穿刺高度,与脊柱中右1/4垂线的交点为房间隔穿刺点,穿刺成功率100%.穿刺成功后于右前斜位25°下行直接左心房造影,根据二尖瓣口位置调整二尖瓣探条(stylet),引导Inoue球囊过二尖瓣口,必要时在超声心动图指导下进左心室,选用直径23～28mm球囊扩张.结果 全部患者均成功,跨二尖瓣压差自18～51(34±11)mmHg降至4～9(7±3)mmHg(t=2.623,P<0.01).左心房平均压自20～60(38±13)mmHg,降至6～13(8±3)mmHg,二尖瓣听诊区雷鸣样舒张期杂音明显减轻或消失,效果显著(t=2.714,P<0.01).结论 对于风湿性心脏病重度二尖瓣狭窄,食管左心房压迹定房间隔穿刺点,安全而方便.右前斜位25°下,直接左心房造影显示二尖瓣口,指导Inoue球囊导管进左心室成功率高.     

部分联合瓣膜病患者经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术远期疗效观察

目的:观察部分风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄合并轻度关闭不全或(和)轻度主动脉瓣病变患者经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术(PBMV)的远期疗效.方法:126例二尖瓣狭窄合并轻度关闭不全或(和)轻度主动脉瓣病变的患者,全部采用改良Inoue法行PBMV,术中采用逐步递增扩张法扩张二尖瓣,术后进行远期随访.结果:126例患者PBMV成功121例(成功率为96.0%).术后110例患者完成了远期随访,平均随访78±31(36～118)个月.术后近期和远期随访期间患者左心房平均压、左心房内径、二尖瓣瓣口面积、跨瓣压差及肺动脉收缩压均较术前明显改善,差异均有统计学意义(P均＜0.05),且远期随访结果与近期随访结果均相似,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).远期随访期间,大多数患者临床症状、心功能及生活质量亦明显改善.结论:对于部分二尖瓣狭窄合并轻度关闭不全或(和)轻度主动脉瓣病变的患者,只要合理选择适应证,恰当而谨慎地进行围手术期的各项工作,亦可安全地施行PBMV,其近期和远期疗效皆佳.     

Inoue balloon deformity and rupture during percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty

In the management of mitral stenosis, similar long-term results can be obtained by using either an Inoue balloon catheter or a double-balloon technique for percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty. There have been few reports concerning any deformity of an Inoue balloon. From January 1988 to June 1995, 263 procedures of either mitral or tricuspid valvuloplasty have been performed in this center. The Inoue balloon catheter technique was used for 245 procedures. A deformity of the Inoue balloon catheter was noted in 4 (1.6%) and actual rupture of deformed balloon occurred in one (0.4%). All deformities were found at the distal portion of the Inoue balloon. Valvular insufficiency became more severe after valvuloplasty in two cases. Following rupture of the balloon, neither arterial embolization nor perforation of the cardiac chambers developed. In conclusion, a deformity of the Inoue balloon, although rare, can develop during percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty. The deformity may portend balloon rupture if additional maximal dilatations are undertaken. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Percutaneous mitral valvotomy in rheumatic mitral stenosis: a new approach

Three patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis were treated with percutaneous mitral valvotomy. A Brockenbrough catheter was advanced transseptally into the left atrium and then into the left ventricle over a long guide wire. An angle wire loop retriever was advanced through a 10 Fr straight catheter via the femoral artery into the left ventricle. The retriever was used to catch the flexible end of the long guide wire. This end of the long guide wire was then drawn out of the right femoral artery by the retriever through the straight catheter. The straight catheter was left in the descending aorta; the Brockenbrough catheter was removed and a 7 Fr balloon catheter was introduced percutaneously over the long guide wire through the femoral vein. This balloon catheter was used for interatrial septal dilatation and right femoral venous dilatation. In two patients this catheter was replaced over the long guide wire with a 9 Fr Schneider-Medintag Grüntzig catheter (3 X 12 mm diameter when inflated) and in the other by a Mansfield (18 mm diameter when inflated). The procedure was well tolerated in these three patients and there were no complications. Haemodynamic function improved, there was appreciable decrease in dyspnoea, and exercise tolerance was increased. This procedure has several advantages: the balloon is more easily positioned through the mitral valve; the stability of the balloon during inflation is improved by traction at both ends of the long guide wire; and there is the option of rapidly exchanging one balloon for a larger one over the long guide wire. This technique seems to be less arrhythmogenic and results in less blood loss because manual compression of the femoral vessels after the procedure is easier.     

Percutaneous mitral valvotomy in rheumatic mitral stenosis: a new approach.

Three patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis were treated with percutaneous mitral valvotomy. A Brockenbrough catheter was advanced transseptally into the left atrium and then into the left ventricle over a long guide wire. An angle wire loop retriever was advanced through a 10 Fr straight catheter via the femoral artery into the left ventricle. The retriever was used to catch the flexible end of the long guide wire. This end of the long guide wire was then drawn out of the right femoral artery by the retriever through the straight catheter. The straight catheter was left in the descending aorta; the Brockenbrough catheter was removed and a 7 Fr balloon catheter was introduced percutaneously over the long guide wire through the femoral vein. This balloon catheter was used for interatrial septal dilatation and right femoral venous dilatation. In two patients this catheter was replaced over the long guide wire with a 9 Fr Schneider-Medintag Grüntzig catheter (3 X 12 mm diameter when inflated) and in the other by a Mansfield (18 mm diameter when inflated). The procedure was well tolerated in these three patients and there were no complications. Haemodynamic function improved, there was appreciable decrease in dyspnoea, and exercise tolerance was increased. This procedure has several advantages: the balloon is more easily positioned through the mitral valve; the stability of the balloon during inflation is improved by traction at both ends of the long guide wire; and there is the option of rapidly exchanging one balloon for a larger one over the long guide wire. This technique seems to be less arrhythmogenic and results in less blood loss because manual compression of the femoral vessels after the procedure is easier.     

经皮穿刺二尖瓣球囊成形术（附41例分析）

本文报道应用国产球囊对４１例风湿性二尖瓣狭窄患者，进行了经皮穿刺二尖瓣球囊成形术。经治疗后心功能显著改善，二尖瓣听诊区舒张期杂音消失，瓣口面积平均增加１．２ｃｍ￣２，左房压平均下降１．８５ｋＰａ，左方内径平均缩小２．２ｃｍ，结果满意，术中合并脑栓塞１例，二尖瓣返流加重２例。作者对其并发症及病例选择进行了讨论。     

A new low profile balloon atrial septostomy catheter: initial animal and clinical experience

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of a new low profile balloon septostomy catheter in neonatal animals as well as in one newborn infant. BACKGROUND: Balloon atrial septostomy remains one of the most commonly performed palliative procedures in pediatric cardiology. The currently available septostomy catheter requires a large introducer sheath (6 or 7F), does not have an end hole for confirmation of position or pressure measurement and is limited in patients with a small left atrium due to its large balloon inflated diameter. METHODS: Four neonatal piglets (average weight 3.9 kg) underwent percutaneous balloon atrial septostomy using the new balloon catheter inflated to 1 cc via a 5F sheath in the femoral vein. Two other piglets (average weight 4.9 kg) underwent septostomy with the conventional catheter inflated to 3.5 cc via a 6 or 7F sheath in the femoral vein. All animals underwent transthoracic echocardiography pre and post septostomy. All animals were sacrificed after the procedure and the size of the atrial defect created was measured. One neonate with Taussig-Bing anomaly underwent septostomy with the new balloon catheter. RESULTS: The left atrium was entered in all piglets. It was easier to enter the left atrium with an end hole catheter which was exchanged over a wire with the septostomy catheter. Septostomy was performed with the new or conventional catheters without complications. Echocardiography demonstrated a very small patent foramen ovale prior to the procedure and a large atrial defect after septostomy. The average size of the defect created by the new catheter was 11.3 x 10 mm in diameter and 11 x 10 mm using the conventional catheter. A 10 x 10 mm atrial communication was created in the neonate. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates the safety and efficacy of this new catheter. This catheter will be of potential importance in patients with a small left atrium and in small neonates with congenital heart disease requiring septostomy.     

Retrograde nontransseptal balloon mitral valvuloplasty using a modified inoue balloon catheter

Retrograde nontransseptal balloon mitral valvuloplasty, a method developed in our institution for the treatment of symptomatic mitral stenosis, avoids transseptal catheterization. Until recently, the self-positioning Inoue balloon catheter, unlike all other commercially available balloon catheters, had not been employed in this nontransseptal technique due to the short length of its catheter shaft. To employ a self-positioning balloon in retrograde nontransseptal balloon mitral valvuloplasty, we modified the Inoue device by extension of the catheter shaft. After retrograde nontransseptal left atrial catheterization using a steerable cardiac catheter, the modified Inoue balloon catheter was inserted through the femoral artery and advanced to the mitral valve retrogradely. Valvuloplasty was performed in 20 patients, with a successful result achieved in all. The modified Inoue balloon catheter was easy to use in retrograde nontransseptal balloon mitral valvuioplasty and showed excellent stability during inflation. Mean mitral valve area increased from 1.0 ± 0.29 to 2.23 ± 0.64 cm² (P<0.001) and mean transmitral gradient decreased from 11.4 ± 6 to 4.3 ± 2.1 mm Hg (P<0.001). No major or minor complications were observed. Retrograde nontransseptal balloon mitral valvuloplasty using a modified Inoue balloon catheter is a feasible and effective technique for the treatment of symtomatic mitral stenosis. It appears to combine the advantages of avoiding transseptal catheterization with the advantages of this balloon's special configuration. © Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Iliac compression: A rare hindrance to percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty

Percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty using the Inoue technique was complicated by the failure to pass the dilator or balloon catheter above the vertebral level of L5 due to compression of the right common iliac vein by the right common iliac artery. The procedure was accomplished when a long sheath was used to pass the Inoue balloon catheter beyond the obstruction. © Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Anterograde percutaneous transseptal valvuloplasty in a case of severe calcific aortic stenosis

The retrograde catheterization and percutaneous dilatation ofcalcific stenotic aortic valves is not always possible in elderlypatients. We report the case of a 76-year old woman admittedwith severe aortic stenosis in whom it was impossible to reachthe left ventricle retrogradely. This led us to attempt percutaneousaortic valvuloplasty using a transseptal anterograde approach.The Mullins transseptal sheath catheter was advanced into theleft ventricle and a 7 F catheter containing a long guide wire(400 cm) passed through the sheath. The flexible end of theguide wire was advanced through the aortic valve anterogradelyand an angled wireloop retriever used to catch the flexibleend of the guide wire and to draw it out of the body throughthe left femoral artery. A 7 F balloon catheter was introducedpercutaneously over the long guide wire and allowed dilatationof the interatrial septum and femoral vein. A 8 F Schneider-Grüntzigcatheter (80 mm) length, 19mm diameter when inflated) was insertedanterogradely through the aortic valve over the guide wire withoutdifficulty and the balloon catheter was inflated to a pressureof 6 atmospheres with a 30 seconds inflationdeflation cycle.Before the procedure the mean aortic valvular gradient was 114mmHg and the aortic valve area was 0.30 cm². After the procedurethe mean aortic gradient had fallen to 60 mmHg and the valvearea had risen to 0.90 cm². These results are comparable tothose expected using the more usual retrograde balloon dilatationof the aortic valve.     

分级次二尖瓣球囊扩张预防二尖瓣反流的初步研究

目的为探讨经皮穿刺球囊导管二尖瓣扩张术（ＰＢＭＶ）引起二尖瓣反流（ＭＲ）的原因及其预防方法。方法我们采用分级次扩张法和改良Ｉｎｏｎｅ法对人体病变二尖瓣和硅胶二尖瓣模型进行体外球囊导管扩张实验，并对１３２例风湿性心脏病重度二尖瓣狭窄患者，其中分别以分级次扩张法９６例，Ｉｎｏｎｅ法３６例进行ＰＢＭＶ的前瞻性对比研究。结果（１）ＰＢＭＶ引起二尖瓣反流的原因除与瓣膜钙化程度重、瓣下结构紊乱有关以外，瓣口面积小、交界粘连处夹角小是一个重要原因。（２）分级次扩张可使交界粘合处夹角呈渐进性扩大，扩张时不易引起瓣膜撕裂和二尖瓣反流。两组比较Ｉｎｏｎｅ法扩张组二尖瓣反流发生率为１６．７％，分级次扩张组无二尖瓣反流病例，并且术中其他并发症及术后再狭窄发生率后者也明显低于前者。结论球囊导管分级次扩张可有效地预防二尖瓣反流，是治疗二尖瓣狭窄较理想的方法。