中危肺栓塞溶栓与抗凝治疗选择的回顾性分析

[目的]探讨中危肺栓塞采用溶栓或抗凝两种治疗方案的优劣.[方法]对既往肺栓塞患者中符合中危标准共66例患者,以曾接受的治疗分为溶栓组与抗凝组,通过记录两组治疗前和治疗后24～48 h的心动超声指标、心肌损伤标志物以及28 d病死率,比较两组之间的治疗效果是否存在差异.[结果]溶栓组在治疗前后心动超声右心室功能改善的差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),两组心肌损伤指标以及d28病死率的差异未发现统计学意义(P＞0.05).[结论]溶栓治疗与抗凝治疗在降低中危肺栓塞早期病死率方面并无明显差异,中危肺栓塞患者采取溶栓治疗仍需谨慎.     

小剂量尿激酶溶栓治疗中危急性肺栓塞的疗效

目的：评价小剂量尿激酶溶栓治疗中危急性肺栓塞的疗效及安全性。方法将72例中危急性肺栓塞患者随机分为尿激酶溶栓治疗组(A 组)和抗凝治疗组(B 组),每组36例患者。A 组给予小剂量尿激酶溶栓治疗后序贯为抗凝治疗;B 组给予单纯抗凝治疗(方法同 A 组后续抗凝方案),治疗1周后复查两组肺动脉压力、心脏彩色超声、CT 肺动脉造影(CTPA)、血气分析、脑钠肽、肌钙蛋白等指标,评价小剂量尿激酶溶栓疗效,观察两组治疗1周后鼻腔、阴道、内脏出血及死亡情况,以评价治疗安全性。结果 A 组总有效率达88.9%(32/36),明显高于 B 组的总有效率75.0%(27/36)(P <0.05);治疗后的动脉血气分析中 PaO2的升高及肺动脉收缩压的降低,A 组明显优于 B 组(P <0.05)。结论小剂量尿激酶溶栓治疗中危急性肺栓塞患者,疗效好且安全性较高。     

肺栓塞溶栓治疗新理念

溶栓治疗是急性肺栓塞患者病情危重时挽救生命的重要治疗措施。虽然荟萃分析显示急性肺栓塞患者可从溶栓治疗中获益, 但在中危肺栓塞患者中给予溶栓, 由于出血风险的升高而未能降低死亡率。目前指南推荐在合并心搏骤停、梗阻性休克或持续性低血压的高危肺栓塞患者中给予溶栓治疗。溶栓治疗最主要的风险在于增加出血发生率, 尤其是颅内出血的发生率, 其亦是限制溶栓治疗广泛应用的主要原因。重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂是目前应用最为广泛的溶栓药物, 疗效优于尿激酶和链激酶。一些减量溶栓研究获得了比较正面的结果, 但仍需进一步扩大研究规模加以验证。超声辅助导管溶栓是目前研究最多的局部溶栓技术, 在某些特定患者中可尝试应用。     

急性肺栓塞的治疗进展

急性肺栓塞(acute pulmonary embolism,APE)是我国发病率与病死率较高的疾病之一,正确的危险分层及治疗能有效降低其病死率。对现阶段国内外医学界有关APE治疗方案(如抗凝、溶栓、导管介入及外科PE切除术)的最新研究进展进行总结,有助于指导临床医师选择合适的治疗方法以降低病死率,改善患者预后。     

急性肺动脉栓塞尿激酶联合低分子肝素治疗30例临床观察

急性肺动脉栓塞发病率近年有上升趋势,溶栓治疗目前已被临床广泛应用,它能更快地清除肺动脉血栓和改善血液动力学状态,降低肺栓塞的病死率和复发率.1996年1月至2006年1月,笔者应用尿激酶溶栓治疗急性肺栓塞患者30例,现将结果报道如下.     

肺栓塞溶栓治疗的疗效观察

目的：探讨肺栓塞的诊断和治疗,以及误诊原因的分析。方法：对我院肺栓塞患者59例随机分为对症治疗组、单用抗凝组和溶栓加抗凝组。对症治疗组仅用吸氧、抗感染、纠正心衰、抗休克等综合治疗。溶栓加抗凝组和单用抗凝组分别给予溶栓、抗凝治疗和单纯抗凝治疗。结果：溶栓抗凝组优于单用抗凝组,单用抗凝组和溶栓抗凝组均明显优于对症治疗组。结论：对急性肺栓塞及时正确的诊断和治疗,可使病死率降低。     

急性肺血栓栓塞症溶栓治疗致猝死二例分析并文献复习

目的探讨急性肺血栓栓塞症(肺栓塞)溶栓治疗过程中患者猝死的原因。方法对2例溶栓致猝死的病例做分析并复习相关文献。结果两例患者,一例女性61岁,一例男性29岁,均以活动后气短入院,经过血气分析、D-二聚体、超声心动图、心电图、下肢静脉多普勒超声和肺动脉CT造影检查确诊为急性肺栓塞,下肢深静脉血栓形成。2例患者入院时血压正常,但超声心动图提示右心扩大、肺动脉高压,因此均为中危患者,选择静脉溶栓治疗。女性患者接受尿激酶溶栓,男性患者接受重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(rt-PA)溶栓,2例患者在溶栓过程中突发呼吸困难加重,烦躁,继而血压降低,意识丧失,紧急心肺复苏均未成功。结论 2例患者溶栓过程中猝死很可能是由于下肢深静脉血栓再脱落导致肺栓塞加重,使血流动力学急剧恶化。     

老年人肺栓塞临床特点分析

老年人急性肺栓塞是一种发病率高、误诊率高、病死率高的临床常见病，而对老年人肺栓塞的溶栓治疗尚有异议。我们回顾性分析了37例老年肺栓塞的临床资料，以进一步提高老年肺栓塞的诊断率，探讨其治疗方法，降低病死率。     

一例肺栓塞心肺复苏中应用溶栓治疗的救护

急性肺栓塞是临床常见致死性疾病,如果得不到及时正确的诊断及治疗,肺栓塞的病死率高达30%[1].近年来,临床上开始对心肺复苏后的严重性肺栓塞患者采取溶栓治疗,获得成功救治的报道已陆续可见,但在心肺复苏进程中同时应用溶栓治疗的报道尚不多见.     

重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂与尿激酶治疗急性肺栓塞的对比研究

急性肺栓塞临床并不少见,病死率高,如果能及时诊断并给予溶栓治疗可明显降低病死率.溶栓治疗已成为急性肺栓塞治疗常规之一.溶栓药物以尿激酶(UK)应用比较广泛,也取得了较好的疗效,但有时会出现出血等并发症.重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(rt-PA)是新型溶栓剂,采用细胞重组DNA技术生产,不具有抗原性,其直接将纤溶酶原转变成纤溶酶,对纤维蛋白比UK更具有特异性,国内外均已开始用于急性肺栓塞的溶栓治疗.我们以我院呼吸内科收治的急性肺栓塞患者为研究对象,探讨rt-PA及UK在急性肺栓塞溶栓治疗中的应用价值.     

Diagnosis and prognosis of acute pulmonary embolism: focus on serum troponins

Pulmonary embolism is a common disease associated with high mortality. Death due to pulmonary embolism occurs mainly before hospital admission or in the first hours of the hospital stay. Prompt diagnosis and prognostic stratification and more intensive treatment in patients with estimated high risk for adverse outcomes have the potential to reduce mortality due to pulmonary embolism. Significant advances have recently been made in the risk stratification for adverse outcomes in patients with pulmonary embolism and normal blood pressure. In these patients, right ventricle overload assessed by echocardiography and probably by helical computerized tomography is a predictor of in-hospital mortality. Serum troponin is rapidly available in the emergency room, and has a critical role in the management of patients with acute coronary syndromes. The role of serum troponin in patients with pulmonary embolism has been explored recently: it seems to be marginal in diagnosis while it can significantly contribute to prognostic stratification. Elevated serum levels of troponins are associated with right ventricular overload and adverse in-hospital outcomes in patients with pulmonary embolism and normal blood pressure.     

Thrombolysis for pulmonary embolism

More than 10 years ago, thrombolytic therapy with urokinase and streptokinase for pulmonary embolism was found to have considerable advantages over standard heparin therapy. After the introduction of alteplase, a recombinant tissue plasminogen activator, further studies confirmed this benefit. However, thrombolytic therapy for pulmonary embolism has not gained universal acceptance, even though it now has U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval. Clear advantages of thrombolytic therapy over conventional heparin therapy are improved pulmonary capillary blood volume, accelerated clot lysis and accelerated pulmonary perfusion. Earlier reversal of right-sided heart failure, a lower incidence of recurrent pulmonary embolism, a reduced risk of chronic pulmonary hypertension and reduced mortality have been claimed as advantages, but these have not been adequately proved. A recent survey suggests that about half of all patients with pulmonary embolism are potential candidates for thrombolytic therapy. In a subset of patients with hemodynamic compromise, thrombolysis has definite advantages over heparin therapy.     

Care of patients with acute pulmonary emboli: a clinical review with cardiovascular focus

Acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is a common, multidisciplinary disease with substantial associated morbidity, mortality and healthcare expense. In this article we present a succinct review of diagnostic tools, risk stratification and medical therapies for cardiovascular care of patients with acute PE. While pulmonary angiography remains the 'gold standard' for diagnosis, a host of diagnostic modalities, interpreted in the setting of clinical probability, are available for patient assessment, including ECG, chest radiography, D-dimer, lower-extremity venous ultrasound, ventilation-perfusion scans, computed tomography and magnetic resonance angiography, and echocardiography, each with associated value. Diagnostic algorithms incorporate multiple tools in order to obtain a more comprehensive evaluation. Therapeutic anticoagulation remains the mainstay of therapy in PE. In massive PE, utilization of thrombolysis is reasonable in the absence of contraindications. Submassive PE, characterized by right ventricular dysfunction as assessed by echocardiography and ECG, is associated with higher mortality. Use of thrombolysis in submassive PE remains controversial. Catheter-directed therapies are emerging as an added approach to acute PE and have the potential to improve outcomes in PE. Use of inferior vena cava filters should be pursued in a select patient population as they serve to reduce recurrent acute PE; however, they are associated with more frequent deep venous thrombosis and provide no mortality benefit. In risk-stratified hemodynamically stable patients, an outpatient management strategy inclusive of therapeutic anticoagulation and careful clinical follow-up may be appropriate.     

Thrombolysis during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in fulminant pulmonary embolism: a review.

OBJECTIVE: To review current knowledge on thrombolysis in patients with fulminant pulmonary embolism (FPE) who need cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). DATA SOURCES: The bibliography for the study was compiled through a search of different databases between 1966 and 2000. References cited in the articles selected were also reviewed. STUDY SELECTION: The selection criteria included all reports published on thrombolysis, pulmonary embolism, and CPR, from case reports and case series to controlled studies. DATA SYNTHESIS: Very few studies evaluated thrombolysis in cases of FPE that required CPR and most of these were clinical case reports and case series with a low level of scientific evidence. There has been no clinical trial to address this issue. CONCLUSIONS: FPE can frequently produce cardiac arrest, which has an extremely high mortality despite application of the usual CPR measures. The administration of thrombolytic therapy during CPR could help to reduce the mortality, although it has classically been contraindicated. There are no published clinical trials or other high-grade studies that evaluated the efficacy and safety of this approach. From the few existing studies, it can be inferred that thrombolysis may be efficacious and safe for patients with FPE who need CPR. However, a clinical trial is required to provide evidence of value for sound clinical decision-making.     

Catheter intervention for pulmonary embolism

Thrombolysis is generally accepted in patients with acute massive pulmonary embolism, however, thrombolytic agents could not be fully administrated for cases with a high risk of bleeding. On the other hand, catheter intervention is an optimal treatment for massive pulmonary embolism patients having contraindications for thrombolysis, and is a minimally invasive alternative to surgical embolectomy. It can be performed with a minimum dose of thrombolytic agents or without, and can be combined various procedures including catheter fragmentation or embolectomy in accordance with the extent of thrombus on pulmonary angiogram. Hybrid catheter intervention for massive pulmonary embolism can reduce rapidly heart rate and pulmonary artery pressure, and can improve the gas exchange indices and outcomes.     

超声心动图急性肺栓塞溶栓治疗的评估

目的应用超声心动图技术观察急性肺栓塞患者溶栓抗凝治疗前后肺动脉栓子、右心结构及收缩功能的改变。方法前瞻性非随机对照研究,对2002年12月至2006年4月间经肺动脉CT或肺血管造影证实的30例急性肺栓塞患者行溶栓治疗,应用经胸超声心动图观察治疗前、治疗后24～30h、1个月的肺动脉栓子、主肺动脉及其分支内径、右房室内径,右室前壁运动幅度、右室舒张末期容积、右室射血分数,三尖瓣返流、肺动脉收缩压等指标。结果30例急性肺动脉栓塞患者溶栓治疗24～30h后右房室结构明显改善,表现为右房长径及横径、右室前后径及横径、主肺及右肺动脉内径、右室舒张末期容积与治疗前比较明显回缩(P<0.01),右室前壁运动幅度、右室射血分数有所增加(P<0.01),肺动脉收缩压明显下降(P<0.01);治疗后1个月后右房室大小、主肺及右肺动脉内径、右室舒张末期容积、右室前壁运动幅度及肺动脉收缩压等仍有恢复(P<0.05或P<0.01)。5例患者主肺动脉和/或右、左肺动脉内检出栓子,溶栓后栓子逐渐消失。结论超声心动图可动态、实时、无创评价急性肺动脉栓塞溶栓治疗效果,尤对血栓的溶解、右房室结构、右室超负荷及肺动脉高压的变化有独到的价值。     

阿替普酶治疗急性肺栓塞高危患者29例疗效观察

目的探讨阿替普酶溶栓治疗急性肺栓塞高危患者的效果及安全性。方法 29例急性肺栓塞患者均应用阿替普酶进行溶栓治疗,溶栓后24h行CT肺动脉造影评定疗效,行超声心动图检查观察溶栓前、后右心室舒张末期前后径（anterior-posterior diameter,APD）、右心室舒张末期横径（transverse diameter,TD）、肺动脉压（pulmonary arterial pressure,PAP）、三尖瓣反流压差（tricuspid valve pressure gradient,TRPG）、右心室壁运动幅度（right ventricular wall motion amplitude,RVAWM）,检测溶栓前、后D-二聚体、B型脑钠肽（（brain natriuretic peptide,BNP）水平,记录溶栓后不良反应发生情况。结果本组有效率为93.1%;溶栓后APD、TD、PAP、TRPG较溶栓前下降,RVAWM较溶栓前增加（P〈0.05）;D-二聚体、BNP水平较治疗前下降（P〈0.05）;溶栓后出血4例,死亡1例。结论阿替普酶适用于急性肺栓塞高危患者的快速溶栓治疗。     

Is thrombolytic therapy effective for pulmonary embolism?

Pulmonary embolism is a disorder that is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Right-sided heart failure and recurrent pulmonary embolism are the main causes of death associated with pulmonary embolism in the first two weeks after the embolic event. Thrombolysis is a potentially lifesaving therapy when used in conjunction with standard anticoagulation. However, it has significant side effects and must therefore be used with caution. Indications for thrombolysis are not well defined and are thus controversial. The only current absolute indication is massive pulmonary embolism with hypotension. Other potential indications include right heart dysfunction, recurrent pulmonary embolism and the prevention of pulmonary hypertension. However, no evidence exists to show benefit of thrombolytic therapy over standard anticoagulation therapy for recurrent pulmonary embolism, mortality or chronic complications. Bleeding is the most common complication of thrombolysis and may be fatal.     

Efficacy of alteplase thrombolysis for ED treatment of pulmonary embolism with shock

Our objective was to assess efficacy and tolerance of thrombolysis using 0.6 mg/kg of Alteplase in patients with massive pulmonary embolism defined as the association of a pulmonary embolism with shock. We retrospectively included 21 patients presenting with a massive pulmonary embolism confirmed by either scintigraphy or spiral computed tomography. Patients were treated on the basis of a standard rationale followed by thrombolysis with 0.6 mg/kg Alteplase over a period of 15 minutes. Hospital mortality, vital signs before and 2 hours after thrombolysis, and incidence of hemorrhagic events were recorded. Five patients (23.8%) died, 4 of these deaths occurred during the first 4 hours after hospital admission. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (Sp02) were significantly improved 2 hours after the beginning of thrombolysis. Five minor hemorrhagic events occurred. This study demonstrates that for patients with pulmonary embolism and shock, a bolus treatment with Alteplase is potentially effective and well tolerated.