早期青光眼的盘沿形态学研究

青光眼早期损害的特征是颞下、颞上的视网膜神经纤维层缺损(RNFLD),并于相应区的视野弓形缺损。为了探讨青光眼视神经损害的发生规律,本研究利用计算机图象分析技术,测定一周(每(?)度)的盘沿宽度,以此形态指标分析早期青光眼与正常眼的盘沿形态差异以指导临床诊断,检查对象分两组:①正常对照组183只眼。②早期青光眼组175只眼。结果:正常组盘沿形态特征是下方盘沿宽度较上方宽,颞侧盘沿最窄,鼻侧盘沿最宽;早期青光眼组盘沿形态特征是下方盘沿宽度较上方更窄。用多因素逐步判别法对早期青光眼与正常眼进行判别分类,单纯用盘沿面积为指标,正确判断率为78％;用系列盘沿宽度为指标,经逐步判别筛选,以颞下及上方盘沿宽度最为相关,其正确判断率为94％。因后者除了与盘沿面积大小有关外,还与盘沿形态有关,依据盘沿形态特征有助于鉴别生理性大视杯(①大视盘,②视杯大,但下方盘沿宽于上方),发及发现小视盘青光眼(①小视盘及扩大不明显的视杯,②下方盘沿宽度比上方窄)     

正常人不同类型视乳头及早期青光眼患者视乳头形态学研究

目的：探讨正常人不同类型视乳头及早期青光眼患者视乳头形态学特征,以指导青光眼的早期诊断。方法：将收集到的眼底照片分为4组：正常人小视乳头组41只眼,正常人大视乳头组40只眼,正常人大或小视乳头组42只眼,早期开角形青光眼组45只眼。利用计算机图像分析技术,测量视乳头、盘沿、视杯面积向周围（每10^0）盘沿宽度。结果：（1）正常人不同类型视乳头组的盘沿宽度曲线均在下或上方形成双峰,在鼻、颞侧形成谷底。大视乳头组下方盘沿最宽,小视乳头组上方盘沿最宽,鼻侧次之,颞侧最窄。（2）早期青光眼盘沿宽度典线下或上方双峰消失,其曲线低于鼻侧象限、高于颞侧象限。（3）经多因素逐步判别分析,盘沿面积加杯／盘比值的正确判断率为85．7％,以系列盘沿宽度为指标,下方偏颞侧（6：20）和上方偏鼻侧（1：00）两个盘沿宽度最为相关,其正确判断率为90．6％。结论：评价盘沿形态时应以其自身的鼻侧盘沿宽度作为标准,比较其上、下方盘沿宽度是否变窄,有利于生理性大视杯与早期青光眼的鉴别。     

蒙古族、汉族正常人以及汉族有青光眼家族史正常人视盘参数测量分析

目的 测量蒙古族、汉族正常人以及有青光眼家族史正常人视盘参数,探讨其产生差异的原因及其在诊断早期青光眼中的意义.方法 蒙古族正常人15人30只眼、汉族有开角或闭角型青光眼家族史正常人各15人30只眼、汉族无青光眼家族史正常人45人90只眼纳入本研究.其中,汉族无青光眼家族史正常人包括20～29岁、30～39岁、40～49岁组各15人30只眼.应用海德堡视网膜断层扫描仪(HRT)测量所有受检者视盘面积、视杯面积、盘沿面积、视杯容积、盘缘容积、杯盘面积比、线状杯盘比(C/D、)平均视杯深度、最大视杯深度、视杯形态、视盘轮廓线高度变化、平均视网膜神经纤维层(RNFL)厚度、神经纤维层横截面积等视盘参数.比较蒙古族正常人组与汉族无青光眼家族史正常人20～29岁组、汉族有开角型青光眼家族史正常人组与汉族无青光眼家族史正常人30～39岁组、汉族有闭角型青光眼家族史正常人组与汉族无青光眼家族史正常人40～49岁组的视盘参数.结果 蒙古族正常人组与汉族无青光眼家族史正常人20～29岁组轮廓线高度变化比较,差异无统计学意义(t=0.791,P=0.132),前者与后者比较,其余视盘参数值小,但差异均无统计学意义(t =-1.039、-0.799、-0.840、-1.108、-0.956、-0.695、-0.931、-1.099、-1.074、-0.580、-0.204、-1.425,P＞0.05).汉族有开角型青光眼家族史正常人组与汉族无青光眼家族史正常人30～39岁组比较,前者视盘参数均较后者大.其中,视盘面积、视杯面积、盘沿面积、视杯容积、盘缘容积、杯盘面积比、线状C/D、平均视杯深度、视杯形态、神经纤维层横截面积比较,差异均有统计学意义(t=4.758、3.187、2.544、2.674、1.798、3.676、2.721、2.715、2.510、2.373,P＜0.05).最大视杯深度、视盘轮廓线高度变化、平均RNFL厚度比较,差异均无统计学意义(t=1.649、1.565、0.767,P＞0.05).汉族有闭角型青光眼家族史正常人组与汉族无青光眼家族史正常人40～49岁组比较,视杯面积、盘沿面积、视杯容积、盘缘容积、杯盘面积比、线状C/D、平均视杯深度、最大视杯深度、视杯形态、视盘轮廓线高度变化、平均RNFL厚度、神经纤维层横截面积等视盘参数差异均无统计学意义(t=1.201、1.697、1.000、0.516、0.740、-0.172、-0.070、-0.972、1.530、-0.390、-0.091、0.659,P＞0.05),视盘面积参数比较,差异有统计学意义(t=2.224,P＜0.05).结论 青光眼家族史对正常人视盘参数有影响,尤其是有开角型青光眼家族史者.蒙古族、汉族正常人视盘参数无差异.     

视盘出血在正常眼压青光眼中的形态学分析

目的 对正常眼压性青光眼（NTG）患者，前瞻性评估视盘出血和视网膜神经纤维层缺损及盘周萎缩弧之间的形态学关系。 方法 患者行每月1次眼底照相，眼底立体照相和计算机图像分析系统定性及定量评估视盘出血与神经纤维层缺损及萎缩弧的关系。 结果 NTG出血组37位患者42只眼有50处眼底视盘出血，出血眼中有35只有神经纤维层缺损，发生率83.3%（35/42）。非出血组35位患者40只眼中神经纤维层局限缺损为21个，发生率52.5%（21/40），两组间神经纤维缺损发生率无统计学意义（χ2=1.403, P=0.236，P＞0.05）。出血组和非出血组两组间β区萎缩弧的发生率差异有统计学意义（χ2=7.008, P=0.008，P＜0.01)，出血组β区萎缩弧面积(2.05±0.88) mm2，非出血组β区面积(1.42±0.53) mm2，两组比较有统计学意义（t=-2.785, P=0.008）。β区萎缩弧范围在出血组：(164.00±49.87)°，非出血组(128.42±40.04)°，两组间比较有统计学意义（t=-2.618, P=0.012，P＜0.05)。随诊中出血组和非出血组盘沿丢失发生率组间比较有统计学意义（χ2=5.802, P=0.016，P＜0.01），但组间比较随诊视野损害的发生率则无统计学意义。 结论 NTG中视盘出血和神经纤维层缺损及萎缩弧之间有密切的关系。随诊中发现出血组较非出血组有更多的盘沿丢失和萎缩弧面积改变，提示NTG视盘出血是疾病进展的危险因素。 (中华眼底病杂志, 2006, 22: 232-235)     

不同类型青光眼和正常人视盘旁萎缩弧β区的比较研究

目的 比较正常人和原发性开角型青光眼(POAG)、闭角型青光眼(PACG)之间视盘旁萎缩弧β区发生率的差异以及其与视盘参数的关系.设计 病例对照研究.研究对象 年龄、屈光度数相匹配的正常人、POAG、PACG分别为143例(143眼)、59例(105眼)、50例(87眼).方法 利用Cannon眼底照相机采集受试者30°眼底彩色照片,并用计算机图像分析软件测量β区面积、视盘面积;青光眼患者测量盘沿面积、垂直杯盘比,对青光眼患者β区/视盘面积比和盘沿/视盘面积比、垂直杯盘比进行Spearman相关分析.主要指标 β区发生率、β区面积.结果 正常人、POAG及PACG者β区发生率分别为23.1%、69.5%、50.6%(P=0.000);POAG的β区发生率高于PACG(P=0.007).三组人群β区最多见于水平颞侧区,鼻侧区最少;POAG组β区/视盘面积比与盘沿/视盘面积比呈负相关(r=-0.370),与垂直杯盘比呈正相关(r=0.342).PACG组β区面积/视盘面积比与盘沿面积/视盘面积比和垂直杯盘比之间均无显著性相关.结论 POAG和PACG β区发生率高于正常人,POAG β区发生率高于PACG.PACG和POAG β区与视盘参数之间相关关系的差异可能和两者视神经损伤的机制不同有关.(眼科,2008,17:20-24)     

青光眼随诊时视盘出血的意义

青光眼随诊时采用系列眼底照相、计算机图像配比法是发现与追踪视盘出血（dischemorrhages,DH）及其相关改变的较好方法。观察DH对于青光眼病情随访、调整目标眼压及其他治疗方案具有重要意义。目前认为,DH是青光眼视网膜神经纤维层缺损加重及视野损害进展的重要危险因素,甚至认为是青光眼病情进展的先兆体征或标志。它可能是青光眼治疗不充分或未达到目标眼压的指征,对此应密切进行视神经形态与视野随访,并及时实施有效的降眼压治疗。（国际眼科纵览,2012,36：289—292）     

RA/DA cumulative curve analysis of local and diffuse neuroretinal rim area damage in glaucoma patients

AIM—To evaluate the validity of cumulative rim/disc area (RA/DA) curve analysis as a clinical tool for the identification of glaucoma induced optic disc pathology.
METHODS—71 normal and 83 glaucomatous eyes were evaluated from a series of 154 subjects recruited for this study. For each eye, the cumulative distribution of RA/DA was calculated from 36 equally spaced rim sectors of each optic disc obtained by the automatic evaluation of simultaneous videographics (Image-net X Rev.3/51b). To increase the sensitivity of this analysis in early glaucoma and in normal eyes, these cumulative curves were subsequently divided into two equal segments and the slopes of their respective regression lines compared.
RESULTS—The median RA/DA value obtained from the 36 sectors was significantly different in glaucomatous eyes compared with normals (p <0.001). Nevertheless, the curves (5th-95th percentile of the cumulative curves distribution) of early glaucomatous eyes fell within the normal range. When the cumulative curve of these marginal cases was then divided into two equal segments, the comparison of the slopes of the regression lines showed a significant difference (p <0.05) in 100% of early glaucomatous eyes. Furthermore, normal eyes were shown to be true negatives in 93% of the cases in which no significant difference between the two slopes was observed.
CONCLUSION—Analysis of the RA/DA cumulative curve from 36 sectors of the optic disc was a valid method for the identification of glaucomatous disc pathology; however, a further calculation of the slopes of the two RA/DA regression lines was needed to identify early glaucomatous damage.

Keywords: glaucoma; optic disc morphometry; rim/disc area cumulative curves     

Histomorphometry of the optic disc in highly myopic eyes with absolute secondary angle closure glaucoma

AIM—To evaluate histomorphometrically the optic nerve head in highly myopic eyes with absolute secondary angle closure glaucoma.
METHODS—Optic disc sections of 16 highly myopic eyes with an axial length of more than 26 mm and of 19 eyes with an axial length of less than 26 mm were histomorphometrically evaluated. All eyes had been enucleated due to painful absolute secondary angle closure glaucoma.
RESULTS—In the highly myopic eyes compared with the non-highly myopic eyes, mean optic disc diameter was significantly larger (mean 2.33 (SD 0.55) mm versus 1.77 (0.50) mm; p=0.01), and the optic cup was significantly shallower (optic cup depth 0.34 (0.29) mm versus 0.63 (0.23) mm; p=0.03). The peripapillary scleral ring was significantly broader (0.58 (0.65) mm versus 0.08 (0.06) mm; p=0.001), and the β zone (0.83 (0.74) mm versus 0.28 (0.25) mm; p=0.006) of the parapapillary chorioretinal atrophy was significantly larger in the highly myopic eyes.
CONCLUSIONS—The results of the present study agree with biomorphometric data of the optic nerve head in highly myopic eyes with glaucoma. In the highly myopic group, a markedly enlarged peripapillary scleral ring characterised by absence of Bruch's membrane and choriocapillaris contributes in addition to α and β zone to the parapapillary atrophy.

Keywords: optic disc; histomorphometry; myopia; angle closure glaucoma     

大视杯与早期青光眼视盘形态的对比研究

目的了解海德堡视网膜断层扫描(HRT-Ⅱ)视盘参数对青光眼早期视盘变化的灵敏性。设计横断面调查研究。研究对象 21例(36眼)生理性大视杯(C／D≥0．7)和27例(31眼)早期青光眼(C／D≥0.7、MD≤3dB)。方法对所有入选的患者进行视野及HRT-Ⅱ检测,对两组患者的视盘诸参数进行比较。主要指标 HRTⅡ检测的视盘诸参数,包括视盘面积、视杯面积、盘沿面积、视杯容积、盘沿容积、杯盘面积比、平均视杯深度、最大视杯深度、视杯形态测量、视杯高度变异轮廓、平均视网膜神经纤维层(RNFL)厚度和视神经纤维层横断面积。结果 HRTⅡ参数中,生理性大视杯组的盘沿面积、盘沿容积、平均RNFL厚度、RNFL 横断面积的值比早期青光眼组大,差异有显著性(t=2．247-3．714,P=0.000-0．028)。结论在鉴别早期青光眼与生理性大视杯时, 应重点关注上述HRT-Ⅱ参数。     

早期青光眼视神经损害评价一致性的研究

目的研究青光眼盘沿形态分析方法的强化训练在青光眼早期诊断一致性评价中的作用。设计前瞻性研究。研究对象临床医生与青光眼视神经诊断方法。方法选取早期青光眼及类似青光眼视神经改变的数码眼底照片共120张，其中早期青光眼眼底照片67张，易混淆为青光眼的眼底照片53张。眼底照片观察者分三组。Ⅰ组为接受过青光眼盘沿形态分析强化训练者，共5人；Ⅱ组为青光眼医生4人，未强化训练；Ⅲ组为非青光眼医生4人，未强化训练。重复阅片3次，每次间隔3天。主要指标观察者自身及观察者问的评价一致率，Kappa值。结果观察者自身一致性评价，Ⅰ组Kappa值（一致率）为0．779～0．966（90．0％～98．3％）；Ⅱ组为0．506～0．866（82．5％～93．3％）；Ⅲ组为0．094～0．778（54．2％～89．2％）。观察者间正确评估眼底照片的一致性分析结果，Ⅰ组Kappa值0．768～0．983，Ⅱ组0．354～0．834，Ⅲ组0．335～0．737。结论盘沿形态分析的强化训练可提高观察者对早期青光眼视神经损害评估的一致性，建立青光眼视神经诊断标准可提高青光眼的正确诊断率。（眼科．2007,16：20-23）     

Influence of optic disc size on neuroretinal rim shape in healthy eyes

PURPOSE: To evaluate the influence of optic disc size on segmental neuroretinal rim area in healthy eyes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study included 193 eyes of 193 healthy patients with physiologic disc cupping. On 15 degrees color stereophotographic optic disc diapositives, optic disc area and neuroretinal rim area were morphometrically determined in 36 radial optic disc segments each measuring 10 degrees. RESULTS: The correlations of segmental rim area to disc area were significantly strongest (P < 0.01) and the regression lines were steepest in the inferior disc region, and the values were lowest in the temporal disc region. Complementary to the rim data, the correlations of segmental cup area to disc area were significantly strongest (P < 0.01) and the regression lines were steepest in the temporal disc region, and the values were lowest in the inferior disc region. In comparison with neuroretinal rim area, cup area was significantly (P < 0.01) more strongly correlated with disc area and the regression line was steeper in the whole optic disc and in each disc segment. The regional distribution of the widest rim part and smallest rim part was independent of disc size. CONCLUSIONS: The increase of rim area and cup area with increasing disc size differs between various disc regions. Because cup area increases more than rim area with increasing disc size, correction for disc size may be more important for segmental cup area than for segmental rim area. The rim shape with respect to the location of the smallest or broadest rim part is independent of disc size.     

原发性开角型青光眼不同发展阶段盘沿缺失的形态特征及其临床意义

目的:探讨青光眼病情发展阶段盘沿缺失的形态特征。方法:对青光眼92眼和正常人124眼进行立体彩色视盘照像,侧重分析盘沿的形态。结果:与视力正常眼比较,青光眼不同病情阶段盘沿缺失有其好发区域。早期青光眼盘沿缺失在视盘颞下极明显,中期青光眼盘沿缺失在颞上极较为明显,极晚期青光眼盘沿仅保留视盘鼻侧区域,并且鼻上区大于鼻下区。结论:青光眼盘沿缺失的形态特征与青光眼性视野缺损的发展及筛板的形态密切相关。