Consequences of subchronic exposure to ethanolic extract from fruits and leaves of Schinus molle var. areira L. in mice

Aim of the study

Several extracts of Schinus molle var. areira L. plant proved to be useful for the treatment of different pathologies and for the control of insect pest. Due to these potential uses, it is necessary to study their safety. In this work, we evaluated the effects of subchronic exposure to ethanolic extracts from leaves and fruits of Schinus molle var. areira in mice.

Materials and methods

The plant extract was added to the diet at 1 g/kg body weight/day for 90 days. At the end of the exposure, behavioral and functional parameters in a functional observational battery and motor activity in an open field were assessed. Finally, several biochemical and histopathological studies were realized.

Results

The exposure to extract from leaves produced an increase in the number of rearings in the open field and of urine pools in the functional observational battery. On the other hand, the exposure to extract from fruits produced an increase in the neutrophil count and a decrease in the lymphocyte count and in the total cholesterol levels. None of the exposures affected the different organs evaluated.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that subchronic exposure to ethanolic extracts from leaves and fruits of Schinus molle var. areira should be potentially useful in the treatment of lipid pathologies and safe to use.     

Acute and subacute toxicity evaluation of ethanolic extract from fruits of Schinus molle in rats

Ethanolic and hexanic extracts from fruits and leaves of Schinus molle showed ability to control several insect pests. Potential vertebrate toxicity associated with insecticidal plants requires investigation before institutional promotion. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the acute and subacute toxicity of ethanolic extracts from fruits of Schinus molle in rats. The plant extract was added to the diet at 2g/kg body weight/day during 1 day to evaluate acute toxicity and at 1g/kg body weight/day during 14 days to evaluate subacute toxicity. At the end of the exposure and after 7 days, behavioral and functional parameters in a functional observational battery and motor activity in an open field were assessed. Finally, histopathological examinations were conducted on several organs. In both exposures, an increase in the arousal level was observed in experimental groups. Also, the landing foot splay parameter increased in the experimental group after acute exposure. Only the subacute exposure produced a significant increase in the motor activity in the open field. All these changes disappeared after 7 days. None of the exposures affected the different organs evaluated. Our results suggest that ethanolic extracts from fruits and leaves of Schinus molle should be relatively safe to use as insecticide.     

Antioxidant,antimicrobial and toxicological properties of Schinus molle L. essential oils

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Schinus molle L. has been used in folk medicine as antibacterial, antiviral, topical antiseptic, antifungal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumoural as well as antispasmodic and analgesic; however, there are few studies of pharmacological and toxicological properties of Schinus molle essential oils. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Schinus molle leaf and fruit essential oils, correlated with their chemical composition and evaluate their acute toxicity.

Materials and methods

The chemical composition of Schinus molle leaf and fruit essential oils were evaluated by GC-FID and GC–MS. Antioxidant properties were determined using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical and β-carotene/linoleic acid methods. Antimicrobial properties were evaluated by the agar disc diffusion method and minimal inhibitory concentration assay. Toxicity in Artemia salina and acute toxicity with behavioural screening in mice were evaluated.

Results

The dominant compounds found in leaf and fruit essential oils (EOs) were monoterpene hydrocarbons, namely α-phellandrene, β-phellandrene, β-myrcene, limonene and α-pinene. EOs showed low scavenging antioxidant activity by the DPPH free radical method and a higher activity by the β-carotene/linoleic acid method. Antimicrobial activity of EOs was observed for Gram+, Gram− pathogenic bacteria and food spoilage fungi. EOs showed totoxicity for Artemia salina and lower toxicity in Swiss mice.

Conclusions

The result showed that EOs of leaves and fruits of Schinus molle demonstrated antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, suggesting their potential use in food or pharmaceutical industries.     

红棕杜鹃(原变种)叶的化学成分研究

利用各种色谱技术对红棕杜鹃(原变种)Rhododendron rubiginosum var.rubiginosum叶进行化学成分研究.从中分离得13个化合物,并通过理化性质与波谱分别鉴定为3,9-dihydroxy-megastigma-5-ene(1),3β-hydroxy-5α,6α-epoxy-7-megastigmen-9-one(2),黑麦草内酯(3),熊果酸(4),2α,3β-二羟基乌苏-12-烯-28-酸(5),2α,3β,23-三羟基乌苏-12-烯-28-酸(6),7,9-二甲氧基杜鹃醇(7),7-甲氧基杜鹃醇(8),姜酮(9),异嗪皮啶(10),东莨菪内酯(11),(+)-松脂素(12),3'-O-去甲基表松脂素(13).化合物1～13均首次从本种分离得到,其中化合物1～3,7～9,11 ～ 13首次从本属分离得到.     

珠子参叶化学成分研究

研究珠子参叶的化学成分。采用硅胶,Sephadex LH-20,ODS柱色谱和半制备型高效液相色谱等方法进行分离纯化,根据理化性质和波谱数据分析鉴定了7个化合物的结构5,7-二羟基-8-甲氧基黄酮(1)、人参皂苷Rs2(2)、西洋参皂苷Rl(3)、人参皂苷Rs1(4)、三七皂苷Fe(5)、人参皂苷Rd2(6)和gypenosiden IX(7)。化合物1为首次从人参属植物中分离得到,2~7均为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

Antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Momordica dioica Roxb. leaves

In present study, the hepatoprotective activity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Momordica dioica Roxb. leaves were evaluated against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatic damage in rats. The extracts at dose of 200mg/kg were administered orally once daily. The substantially elevated serum enzymatic levels of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (AST), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (ALT), serum alkaline phosphatase (SALP) and total bilirubin were restored towards normalization significantly by the extracts. Silymarin was used as standard reference and exhibited significant hepatoprotective activity against carbon tetrachloride induced haptotoxicity in rats. The biochemical observations were supplemented with histopathological examination of rat liver sections. The results of this study strongly indicate that Momordica dioica Roxb. leaves have potent hepatoprotective action against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatic damage in rats. Ethanolic extract was found more potent hepatoprotective. Meanwhile, in vivo antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities were also screened which were positive for both ethanolic and aqueous extracts. This study suggests that possible mechanism of this activity may be due to free radical-scavenging and antioxidant activities which may be due to the presence of flavonoids in the extracts.     

红药根的化学成分研究

采用硅胶、Sephadex LH-20、高效制备液相等方法,对红药根的甲醇提取物进行分离纯化,通过质谱（MS）、波谱数据分析（¹H,¹³C-NMR）进行结构鉴定。从红药根的甲醇提取物中分离7个化合物,分别鉴定为plantainoside A（1）,plantainoside B（2）,calcedarioside C（3）,calcedarioside D（4）,platyphylloside（5）,hirsutanonol（6）和hirsutanonol-5-O-β-D-glucopyranoside（7）。化合物均5~7为首次从该科物中分离得到。     

Constituents, biological activities and quality control parameters of the crude extract and essential oil from Arracacia tolucensis var. multifida

Bioassay guided fractionation of an antimycobacterial extract of Arracacia tolucensis var. multifida (Umbelliferae) led to the isolation of isoimperatorin (1), osthol (2), suberosin (3), 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) (4), herniarin (5), scoparone (6), umbelliferone (7), dihydroxypeucedanin (8), 5-methoxypsoralen (5-MOP) (9), isoscopoletin (10) and scopoletin (11). The isolates were tested against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and only 1-4 showed significant activity with MIC values of 64, 32, 16 and 128 microg/mL, respectively. The essential oil showed moderate in vitro antibacterial activity against representative Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The volatile oil of Arracacia tolucensis var. multifida was analyzed by GC-MS and found to be composed mainly by 2 and 3. The essential oil (IC(50)=116.4+/-23.2 microg/mL) and the extract (IC(50)=1153.1+/-53.2 microg/mL) of the plant provoked concentration dependent inhibition of the tone and amplitude of the guinea-pig ileum spontaneous contractions; the latter activity was related with the high coumarin content of this species. A suitable (novel and rapid) HPLC method to quantify the major active coumarins of the plant was developed. The method provides also a reproducible fingerprint useful for identity tests of this plant.     

小果鹧鸪花果实脂溶性成分GC-MS分析及抗菌活性

目的:为研究小果鹧鸪花Trichilia connaroides Bentv.var.microcarpa Bentv.果实的脂溶性成分及抗菌活性。方法:冷浸法提取小果鹧鸪花果实中脂溶性成分,采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)对其化学成分进行分析;用滤纸片琼脂扩散法测定其抗菌活性。结果:共分离出45个色谱峰,鉴定了其中44个化合物,占总量的92.82%;该脂溶性成分对金黄色葡萄球菌具有抑制作用。结论:首次从小果鹧鸪花果实中提取脂溶性成分并鉴定化学成分,主要为脂肪酸类化合物(60.88%),为小果鹧鸪花的开发利用提供了科学依据。     

Gastroprotective activity of hydroalcoholic extract obtained from the leaves of Brassica oleracea var. acephala DC in different animal models

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Brassica oleracea var. acephala DC has been extensively used in Brazilian traditional medicine to treat gastric ulcer.

Aim of the study

This study was conducted to evaluate the antiulcerogenic property of hydroalcoholic extract obtained from the leaves of Brassica oleracea.

Materials and methods

Antiulcer assays were performed using the protocol of ulcer induced by ethanol/HCl, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Parameters of gastric secretion (volume, pH and [H⁺]) were determined by the pylorus ligation model and mucus in gastric contents.

Results

In the ethanol-induced ulcer model, we observed a significant reduction in all the parameters analyzed, obtaining curative ratios of 58.8 ± 11.5, 86.2 ± 12.2 and 42.8 ± 6.6% for the groups treated with 50 and 100 mg/kg of extract and omeprazole (30 mg/kg), respectively. The dose of 25 mg/kg of hydroalcoholic extract of Brassica oleracea showed no significant results. In the indomethacin-induced ulcer, the percentages of ulcer inhibition were 64.3 ± 9.9, 66.4 ± 12.3 and 81.2 ± 7.5% for the groups treated with 50 and 100 mg/kg extract and positive control (cimetidine, 100 mg/kg), respectively. The results showed a significant increase in pH and mucus production in the groups treated with Brassica oleracea when compared with the control group. No sign of toxicity was observed in the acute toxicity study.

Conclusions

The results of the present study show that hydroalcoholic extract of Brassica oleracea displays antiulcer activity, as demonstrated by the significant inhibition of ulcer formation induced using different models. The data suggest that the effectiveness of the extract is based on its ability to stimulate the synthesis of mucus, increase pH and decrease H⁺ ions in the stomach. This work corroborates the ethnopharmacology use of Brassica oleracea preparations, contributing to its pharmacological validation by suggesting that preparations obtained from Brassica oleracea could be used for the development of new phytopharmaceuticals for the treatment of gastric ulcer.     

牡荆内生真菌的分离与鉴定

目的 探讨牡荆内生真菌类群在不同器官中分布的多样性及其与生态环境的关系.方法 利用PDA培养基进行牡荆内生真菌的分离、纯化,根据菌落的形态特征并结合真菌的5.8S和ITS序列进行菌株鉴定.结果 从牡荆中共分离到内生真菌97株,鉴定为6目8科10属12种,其中从野生牡荆中获得内生真菌60株,鉴定为6目7科9属9种,从栽培牡荆中获得内生真菌37株,为3目3科5属7种.结论 牡荆内生真菌具有多样性,不同地理环境和组织类型的牡荆内生真菌在数量和种群组成上存在差异.     

In vitro and in vivo antioxidant activity of the ethanolic extract from Meconopsis quintuplinervia

Aims of the study

Meconopsis quintuplinervia, a medicinal herb endemic to the Tibetan region, is used to treat hepatitis. The aim of this study is to evaluate the antioxidant potential of the ethanolic extract of this herb using different assays.

Materials and methods

The antioxidant capacity of Meconopsis quintuplinervia was investigated using various established in vitro systems. An in vivo study of carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)-induced antioxidant activity in mice was also conducted by examining the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activities of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH).

Results

The extract showed strong in vitro antioxidant ability. In the in vivo study, CCl₄-induced oxidative stress caused significant decreases in the SOD, CAT, and GSH levels and a significant increase in the MDA level, most of which were significantly reversed (except for SOD in the liver.) by treatment with the extract and standard Vitamin E.

Conclusion

This study clearly indicates that the ethanolic extract of Meconopsis quintuplinervia is a valuable source of natural antioxidants. These findings provide scientific support for the traditional use of this herb as a Tibetan medicine for liver diseases.     

Effects of TGFbeta1 and extracts from Cervus korean TEMMINCK var. mantchuricus Swinhoe on acute and chronic arthritis in rats

AIM OF THE STUDY: To elucidate the pharmacological activities of deer antler acupuncture and TGF61538;1 on the acute and chronic phases of rheumatoid arthritis diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Polyarthritis rats were administered with TGF61538;1 and water extract of deer antler acupunture (DAA), prepared from the pilose antler of Cervus korean TEMMINCK var. mantchuricus Swinhoe. TGF61538; (0.1 to 2 61549;g/animal) and DAA (5-100 61549;g/kg animal) were initiated 1 day before an arthritogenic dose of streptococcal cell wall fragments to see the effects on the joint swelling and distortion during the acute phase and the chronic phase of the disease. Arthritic index suppression of rat arthritis model was examined by TGF61538; and DAA administrations. RESULTS: TGF61538;1 and DAA diminished the polyarthritis development in rats. TGF61538; and DAA eliminated the joint swelling and distortion observed during the acute phase and the chronic phase of the disease. The TGF61538; and DAA suppressed the arthritis progress when administration was begun after acute phase of arthritis. DISCUSSION: Consistent with the inhibition of inflammatory cell recruitment into the synovium, TGF61538;1 and DAA reversed the leukocytosis associated with the chronic phase of the arthritis, respectively.     

Evaluation of antiallergic and anti-anaphylactic activity of ethanolic extract of Sanseveiria trifasciata leaves (EEST) in rodents

Aim of the study

The leaves and rhizomes of Sansevieria trifasciata are used in folk medicine for treating bronchitis, asthma, cough, snake bite and insect bite etc. The ethanolic extract elicited analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activity. Hence, it was decided to study the antiallergic activity of ethanolic extract of S. trifasciata (EEST) on various animal models as well as in vitro conditions, and also to understand possible mechanism of action.

Materials and methods

Ethanolic extract of S. trifasciata leaves (EEST) were prepared by cold maceration followed by concentration and evaporation under reduced pressure on a rotary evaporator to obtain semisolid mass. The various phytoconstituents were analyzed. The acute toxicity study of EEST was carried out in mice. The antiallergic and anaphylactic activities were evaluated using animal models viz. milk induced eosinophilia and leukocytosis, compound 48/80 induced mast cell degranulation, active and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis and histamine induced pedal edema. In addition, EEST effect on Shultz–Dale reaction in sensitized guinea pig ileum in ex vivo and antioxidant activity by free radical scavenging by DPPH method (in vitro) were also studied.

Results

EEST treatment at 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg p.o inhibited (a) milk-induced increased eosinophilia, leukocytosis, monocytes and neutrophils. (b) Prevented passive cutaneous and active anaphylactoid reactions. (c) Prevented compound 48/80 induced degranulation of sensitized mesenteric mast cells. (d) Inhibited histamine induced pedal edema formation significantly. EEST pretreatment inhibited Shultz–Dale reaction in guinea pig ileum and also elicited potent antioxidant activity.

Conclusion

Experimental findings demonstrate promising antiallergic and anti-anaphylactic activity of EEST and also elicited potent antioxidant activity. The antiallergic and anti-anphylactic activity might be due to inhibition of release of chemical mediators from mast cells largely by phytoconstituents like steroidal saponins, triterpenoids and flavonoids present in EEST.     

Cholesterol-reducer,antioxidant and liver protective effects of Thymbra spicata L. var. spicata

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Thymbra spicata is a member of the Lamiaceae family; leaves of this plant have recently gained much popularity as a remedy to combat hypercholesterolaemia.

Aim of the study

To evaluate the antihypercholesterolaemic, antioxidant and anti-steatohepatitic activities of the diethyl ether (DEE), ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and remaining aqueous (RA) extracts from Thymbra spicata var. spicata in mice.

Materials and methods

In this study, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate and remaining aqueous extracts of Thymbra spicata L. var. spicata P.H.Davis (Lamiaceae) were evaluated for the effects on the plasma total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglyceride (TG) and glucose; blood malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH); erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activity (CAT) in mice fed with high-fat diet (HFD).

Results

The HFD induced an increase in plasma TC, TG, LDL, MDA concentrations compared to control group. However, administration of DEE with HFD reduced TC, LDL, TG and MDA concentrations, while increased HDL concentration, as well as GSH, SOD and CAT activities compared to HFD. The other extract from the plant was RA, which also showed a similar activity profile with DEE except CAT. On the other hand, administration of EtOAc extract with HFD decreased plasma TC, TG and MDA, while GSH concentration was increased. Histopathologically, best liver conditions were observed in DEE and lesser in RA extracts. Based on the results obtained in this investigation it is suggested that the DEE and partially RA extracts of Thymbra spicata var. spicata displayed significant antihypercholesterolaemic, antioxidant and anti-steatohepatitic activities. HPLC analysis of the DEE extract of Thymbra spicata var. spicata revealed the presence of carvacrol (44.13%).

Conclusion

The observed cholesterol-reducer, antioxidant and liver protective effects of the DEE and partially of RA extracts of Thymbra spicata which contain mainly carvacrol indicates that these extracts possess some potential medicinal value and explain their ethnomedical use.     

Antiviral efficacy against hepatitis B virus replication of oleuropein isolated from Jasminum officinale L. var. grandiflorum

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Jasminum officinale L. var. grandiflorum (JOG) is a folk medicine used for the treatment of hepatitis in south of China. Phytochemical studies showed that secoiridoid glycosides are the typical constituents of this plant.

Aim of the study

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of oleuropein (Ole) derived from the flowers of JOG on hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication in HepG2 2.2.15 cell line in vitro and duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) replication in ducklings in vivo.

Material and methods

The extracellular hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) concentrations in cell culture medium were determined by ELISA. DHBV in duck serum was analyzed by dot blot.

Results

Ole blocks effectively HBsAg secretion in HepG2 2.2.15 cells in a dose-dependent manner (IC₅₀ = 23.2 μg/ml). Ole (80 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, twice daily) also reduced viremia in DHBV-infected ducks.

Conclusion

Ole therefore warrants further investigation as a potential therapeutic agent for HBV infection.     

Anti-inflammatory effect of extract and fractions from the leaves of Byrsonima intermedia A. Juss. in rats

Aim of the study

Byrsonima intermedia is commonly used for its antiseptic, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties in the treatment of diarrhea and dysentery in Brazilian folk medicine. The purpose of this study was to examine the anti-inflammatory activity of the aqueous extract and fractions of Byrsonima intermedia leaves.

Materials and methods

Rats with carrageenan-induced paw edema and fibrovascular tissue growth, which was induced by subcutaneous implantation of a cotton pellet, were used as acute and chronic animal models of inflammation to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of the aqueous extract and the individual ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and aqueous fractions of Byrsonima intermedia and catechin. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine the fingerprint chromatogram of the aqueous extract and fractions of Byrsonima intermedia.

Results

The crude aqueous extract at test doses of 30-300 mg/kg p.o. clearly demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects by reducing carrageenan-induced paw edema, as did the ethyl acetate (100 mg/kg) and aqueous fractions (30-100 mg/kg). In the chronic inflammation rat animal model with fibrovascular tissue growth, the aqueous extract of Byrsonima intermedia (BiAE) at doses of 30-300 mg/kg and the individual EtOAc and aqueous fractions at doses of 30-100 mg/kg and catechin significantly reduced the formation of granulomatous tissue. The presence of catechin and phenolic compounds in the extract and fractions of Byrsonima intermedia was confirmed using HPLC.

Conclusion

BiAE and the individual EtOAc and aqueous fractions of Byrsonima intermedia exhibited chronic and acute anti-inflammatory efficacy in rats, which supports previous claims of its use in traditional medicine.     

Anti-ulcerogenic properties of the aqueous and methanol extracts from the leaves of Solanum torvum Swartz (Solanaceae) in rats

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Solanum torvum (Solanaceae) is a plant currently used in Cameroon ethnomedicine for the treatment of stomach ailments. AIM OF THE STUDY: The present study was undertaken to determine the anti-ulcer potential of the aqueous and methanol extracts from the leaves of Solanum torvum. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The aqueous and methanol extracts from the leaves of Solanum torvum were tested orally at the doses of 250, 500 and 750mg/kg, on gastric ulcerations experimentally induced by HCl/ethanol, indomethacin, pylorus ligation and stress. The fractionation of the methanol extract through silica gel column chromatography produced seven different fractions (A-G) which were tested orally at the dose of 100mg/kg against HCl/ethanol-induced ulceration. RESULTS: The methanol extract at the dose of 750mg/kg produced 98.12, 99.16, 98.70 and 96.03% inhibition when gastric ulcerations were induced by HCl/ethanol, indomethacin, pylorus ligation and stress, respectively. The aqueous extract at the same dose produced 96.55, 96.86, 98.63 and 98.63% inhibition on ulcerations induced respectively by HCl/ethanol, indomethacin, pylorus ligation and stress. All the fractions of the methanol extract significantly inhibited ulcer formation. Fraction F which contains flavonoids and triterpens was the most active and exhibited an inhibitory percentage of 84.74. Both extracts significantly increased mucus production and reduced gastric acid secretion. CONCLUSIONS: The aqueous and methanol extracts of the leaves of Solanum turvum possess anti-ulcerogenic properties that may be due to cytoprotective mechanism. These results support the ethnomedical uses of the plant in the treatment of gastric ulcer.     

蒙古黄芪种子水浸液对不同种党参种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

目的:揭示蒙古黄芪种子的化感作用,并为探寻黄芪和党参间套种植提供信息.方法:对蒙古黄芪种子用蒸馏水浸种不同时间(12,24,36,48,60 h),以未浸提的蒸馏水(0 h)为对照,研究其浸提液对纹党参和白条党参2个党参种种子萌发及幼苗生长发育的影响.结果:蒙古黄芪种子中存在一定的化感物质,其种子水浸液对不同种党参种子萌发和幼苗生长发育均具有极显著影响,且在2个种中均表现一致趋势.随着浸种时间的延长,对不同种党参种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数均先促进后抑制,浸种24 h的蒙古黄芪种子水浸液可极显著改善不同种党参种子的萌发特性,而浸种60 h的水浸液均出现不同程度的抑制.浸提60 h内的浸提液对不同种党参幼苗地上部分生长均具有显著促进作用,但却显著抑制幼根伸长生长,随浸提时间的延长,促进作用减弱但抑制作用增强,对党参种(白条党参)的抑制作用更显著.结论:蒙古黄芪种子内存在一定化感物质,在种皮未受损条件下,水浸提24h后才开始浸提出其内源抑制物质,破除休眠提高发芽率.建议黄芪田可间套作适宜比例的党参,但要注意党参的配置比例因栽培种不同而异.     

滇重楼内生真菌分离与多样性研究

通过研究滇重楼内生真菌菌群的多样性,为探讨内生真菌作为生物活性物质的价值提供科学依据。该文通过对云南省嵩明县、鹤庆县、保山市野生滇重楼植株的采集,从其根、块茎、叶中分离内生真菌,并基于ITS序列分析和形态学方法进行分类鉴定。试验分离得到内生真菌749株,分别归属于41个属,其中3个属仅在根部出现,12个属仅在块茎出现,8个属仅在叶部出现。各个样地分离出的内生真菌表现出一定的差异,其中鹤庆样地块茎部位分离的内生真菌多样性最高,各样地间,各部位间的内生真菌组成相似性系数低。研究认为,不同样地、不同部位的滇重楼内生真菌的差异性可能与生境以及各部位结构、成分等因素有关。