苯那普利对自发性高血压大鼠心肌缺血-再灌注心功能、氧自由基和肌浆网Ca2+-ATP酶的影响

目的:探讨血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI)对自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)心肌缺血-再灌注心功能、氧自由基和肌浆网Ca²⁺-ATP酶的影响。方法:30只10周龄雌性SHR分为2组,SHR对照组(SHR)、SHR+B组(每日10mg/kg苯那普利);另15只同周龄、同性别Wistar大鼠作为对照组(Wistar)。治疗12周后,每组大鼠结扎左冠状动脉前降支30min,再灌注30min,观察血流动力学参数,左室心肌丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)活性及肌浆网(SR)Ca²⁺-ATP酶活性。结果:与Wistar组比较,SHR组血压、左心室重/体重较高,左心功能损害程度较重,心肌MDA含量较高,SOD活性和SRCa²⁺-ATP酶活性较低;SHR+B组血压、左心室重/体重、左心功能损害程度,SRCa²⁺-ATP酶活性无显著性差异,但心肌MDA含量较低,SOD活性较高。结论:苯那普利可逆转SHR左室肥厚,促进缺血-再灌注心肌SRCa²⁺-ATP酶活性的恢复和减少氧自由基损害,从而减轻缺血-再灌注心功能损伤。     

扎考比利改善压力超负荷致大鼠心室重构的作用

目的:研究扎考比利(zacopride,ZAC)对腹主动脉缩窄所致大鼠压力超负荷性心室重构的改善作用。方法:通过腹主动脉缩窄构建大鼠压力超负荷心室重构模型,预防性给予ZAC、氯喹(chloroquine,Chlor)及ZAC+Chlor。连续给药8周,超声心动图评价心功能;计算心重/体重比(HW/BW)和左心室/体重比(LVW/BW);左心室心肌组织HE染色;透射电镜观察心肌细胞超微结构;Western blot检测大鼠心肌组织内向整流钾通道(IK1)蛋白表达;RT-PCR法检测心肌组织Kir2.1的mRNA表达。结果:与模型(vehicle)组相比,ZAC组大鼠心功能明显改善,LVEDS和LVEDD明显降低(P 0.05),LVEF和LVFS显著升高(P 0.01),HW/BW和LVW/BW显著降低(P 0.05),心肌肥大程度降低,心肌细胞横断面积明显减小(P 0.01),心肌超微结构明显改善。Chlor明显阻断了ZAC对腹主动脉缩窄所致压力超负荷大鼠心室重构的保护作用。与vehicle组相比,ZAC组大鼠心肌组织IK1蛋白表达和Kir2.1的mRNA显著升高(P 0.01)。结论:心肌IK1激动剂ZAC显著减轻大鼠左心室压力超负荷诱发的心室重构。     

Correlation of alpha-skeletal actin expression, ventricular fibrosis and heart function with the degree of pressure overload cardiac hypertrophy in rats

We have analysed alterations of alpha-skeletal actin expression and volume fraction of fibrosis in the ventricular myocardium and their functional counterpart in terms of arrhythmogenesis and haemodynamic variables, in rats with different degrees of compensated cardiac hypertrophy induced by infra-renal abdominal aortic coarctation. The following coarctation calibres were used: 1.3 (AC1.3 group), 0.7 (AC0.7) and 0.4 mm (AC0.4); age-matched rats were used as controls (C group). One month after surgery, spontaneous and sympathetic-induced ventricular arrhythmias were telemetrically recorded from conscious freely moving animals, and invasive haemodynamic measurements were performed in anaesthetized animals. After killing, subgroups of AC and C rats were used to evaluate in the left ventricle the expression and spatial distribution of alpha-skeletal actin and the amount of perivascular and interstitial fibrosis. As compared with C, all AC groups exhibited higher values of systolic pressure, ventricular weight and ventricular wall thickness. AC0.7 and AC0.4 rats also showed a larger amount of fibrosis and upregulation of alpha-skeletal actin expression associated with a higher vulnerability to ventricular arrhythmias (AC0.7 and AC0.4) and enhanced myocardial contractility (AC0.4). Our results illustrate the progressive changes in the extracellular matrix features accompanying early ventricular remodelling in response to different degrees of pressure overload that may be involved in the development of cardiac electrical instability. We also demonstrate for the first time a linear correlation between an increase in alpha-skeletal actin expression and the degree of compensated cardiac hypertrophy, possibly acting as an early compensatory mechanism to maintain normal mechanical performance.     

盐酸莫索尼定对自发性高血压大鼠左室肥厚的影响

目的:研究国产盐酸莫索尼定对自发性高血压大鼠左室肥厚时心肌纤维化和冠状动脉微血管结构的影响。方法:20周龄的雄性自发性高血压大鼠30只随机分为①Mox+SHR组;②Cap+SHR组;③SHR组, 每组10只。另设性别周龄相配的SD大鼠10只为正常对照组(NC组)。观察13周后处死动物, 获取心脏。测量左心室重/体重, 左室胶原分数, 标准化血管周胶原面积和肌间动脉中膜厚度的变化。结果:Mox+SHR组不仅左心室重/体重明显低于SHR组, 而且左室胶原分数低于SHR组(0.086±0.018vs0.046±0.015, P＜0.01), 血管外膜胶原少于SHR组(0.69±0.11vs1.34±0.29, P＜0.01), 中膜薄于SHR组。结论:盐酸莫索尼定长期抗高血压治疗能够减轻左室肥厚时的心肌纤维化和改善受损的冠脉微血管结构。     

缓激肽在依那普利对心肌梗死大鼠心肌肥厚及心功能影响中的作用

目的:探讨依那普利(enalapril)对大鼠心肌梗塞(M1)后心肌肥厚及心功能的影响是否与其抑制缓激肽(BK)降解的途径有关。方法:将大鼠随机分为:①假手术对照组(sham-operated control),②心肌梗死组(MI),③依那普利干预组(MI+enalapril),④依那普利和BKB₂受体阻断剂Hoe-140共同干预组(MI+enalapril+Hoe-140),⑤血管紧张素ⅡⅠ型受体阻断剂losartan干预组(Ml+losartan)。3个药物干预组从MI术后第3d开始给药,持续4周,然后测定左心室舒张末压(LVEDP)、+dp/dt_max及左心室重/体重(LVW/BW)、左心室非梗死区组织的平均(每核)心肌细胞体积,并进行组间比较。结果:3个药物干预组的LVEDP、LVW/BW及V(m)n均低于MI组(均Pp/dt_max和MI组相比无显著差别。3个药物干预组之间平均动脉压(MAP)无明显差异,但Ml+enalapril+Hoe-140组的LVW/BW及V(m)n的值却高于MI+enalapril组。结论:Enalapril可阻抑大鼠MI后的心肌肥厚并改善左心室功能,这种作用的部分机制是由于其促使了心肌组织BK的积累,即BK参与了enalapril阻抑心肌肥厚及改善心功能的作用,且这些作用不依赖于血压的影响。     

Effects of chronic exposure to cold or hypoxia on ventricular weights and ventricular myoglobin concentrations in guinea pigs during growth

Male guinea pigs were exposed continuously to 5°C for 2–18 weeks (BW=239–1074 g) or to an ambientPO₂=80 mm Hg for 2–14 weeks (BW=244–965g). Control guinea pigs were kept at 22°C and an average ambientPO₂ of 133 mm Hg.The right and the left ventricular free walls were separated from the septum and weighed (RVW and LVW). Myoglobin concentrations [Mb] of the right and the left ventricles were measured. In all animals, total heart weights (THW), RVW and LVW were linearly related to BW. In the control animals, ventricular [Mb] increased with BW for 2–3 weeks after birth but remained unchanged thereafter. In the 5°C animals, after 4 weeks of exposure, [Mb] in the right and the left ventricles was significantly higher than that of the controls. THW also was significantly higher in the 5°C animals. Furthermore, this cold-induced cardiac hypertrophy was due to both right and left ventricular hypertrophy. In hypoxia-acclimated animals, after 14 weeks of exposure toPO₂=80 mm Hg, the [Mb] of the RV was significantly higher than that of the controls, whereas there was no significant difference between the [Mb] of the LV of the control and hypoxic animals. THW was significantly higher in the hypoxic guinea pigs than in the controls or the 5°C animals. The hypoxia-induced cardiac hypertrophy was due to a marked right ventricular hypertrophy while LVW was significantly lower in the hypoxic animals than in the controls     

阿托伐他汀对自发性高血压大鼠心肌组织PPARs表达的影响

目的： 探讨阿托伐他汀对自发性高血压大鼠心肌组织PPARs（peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, PPARs）表达的影响及其对心肌肥厚的逆转作用与可能机制。方法: 自发性高血压大鼠分为阿托伐他汀灌胃治疗组（SHR-A，30 mg·kg-1·d-1）及模型组（SHR），治疗8周，同周龄Wistar-Kyoto 鼠为正常血压对照组。治疗前及治疗后2、4、8周测量大鼠尾动脉血压。治疗后测血浆血脂水平，以心脏组织病理分析判断心肌肥厚，Western blotting 检测心肌组织PPARα、PPARγ的表达水平。结果: 经过8周治疗， SHR-A组及SHR组血压及血脂水平无明显差异（P＞0.05）。SHR-A组左室重量指数低于SHR组（P＜0.01）。在SHR-A组，PPARα及PPARγ表达高于SHR组（P＜0.01）。结论: 阿托伐他汀显著改善自发性高血压大鼠心肌组织PPARs表达，有效逆转左室肥厚，可能与其降压及降脂作用无关。     

Functional and stereologic estimations of myocardial capillary exchange capacity in treated and untreated spontaneously hypertensive rats

Myocardial capillary exchange capacity was investigated by stereologic and functional techniques in parallel during pressure-overload cardiac hypertrophy and after long-term antihypertensive therapy with the vasodilator felodipine. In 26-week-old female spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) blood pressure increased by 25 % and left ventricular weight (LVW/BW) increased by 18% compared to Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). Myocardial capillary surface and volume densities normalized for organ weight were similar in both ventricles for both strains. Moreover, capillary surface density was higher sub-epicardially (EPI) than in the subendocardium (ENDO) in the left ventricle of SHR. Thirteen weeks of felodipine-therapy (SHR-Felo) normalized blood pressure without affecting LVW/BW although a transition from concentric to eccentric hypertrophy is known to occur. Myocardial capillary surface and volume densities and the left ventricular ENDO-EPI-gradient in surface density were similar to untreated SHR. However, felodipine-treatment increased right ventricular weight and capillary volume density. Functional capillary exchange was estimated in terms of permeability surface area products (PS) for Cr-EDTA and vitamin B₁₂ and normalized for organ weight. PS_cr-EDTA, PS_B12 and the ratio PS_cr-EDTA/PS_B12 (an index of capillary permeability) were similar in SHR and WKY. Furthermore, the relation between functional and stereological indices of exchange capacity was investigated in a multiple linear regression analysis. However, no significant correlation between PS and neither capillary surface nor volume density was found. In conclusion, myocardial capillary exchange capacity was well adapted to the pressure overload cardiac hypertrophy present in female SHR. Despite induction of right ventricular hypertrophy, felodipine-treatment did not affect capillary exchange capacity. Furthermore, when functional and stereologic estimates were performed in parallel, the importance of dynamic factors for myocardial capillary exchange capacity (e.g. heterogeneity) was illustrated.     

Functional and stereologic estimations of myocardial capillary exchange capacity in treated and untreated spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Myocardial capillary exchange capacity was investigated by stereologic and functional techniques in parallel during pressure-overload cardiac hypertrophy and after long-term antihypertensive therapy with the vasodilator felodipine. In 26-week-old female spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) blood pressure increased by 25% and left ventricular weight (LVW/BW) increased by 18% compared to Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). Myocardial capillary surface and volume densities normalized for organ weight were similar in both ventricles for both strains. Moreover, capillary surface density was higher sub-epicardially (EPI) than in the subendocardium (ENDO) in the left ventricle of SHR. Thirteen weeks of felodipine-therapy (SHR-Felo) normalized blood pressure without affecting LVW/BW although a transition from concentric to eccentric hypertrophy is known to occur. Myocardial capillary surface and volume densities and the left ventricular ENDO-EPI-gradient in surface density were similar to untreated SHR. However, felodipine-treatment increased right ventricular weight and capillary volume density. Functional capillary exchange was estimated in terms of permeability surface area products (PS) for Cr-EDTA and vitamin B12 and normalized for organ weight. PSCr-EDTA, PSB12 and the ratio PSCr-EDTA/PSB12 (an index of capillary permeability) were similar in SHR and WKY. Furthermore, the relation between functional and stereological indices of exchange capacity was investigated in a multiple linear regression analysis. However, no significant correlation between PS and neither capillary surface nor volume density was found. In conclusion, myocardial capillary exchange capacity was well adapted to the pressure overload cardiac hypertrophy present in female SHR. Despite induction of right ventricular hypertrophy, felodipine-treatment did not affect capillary exchange capacity. Furthermore, when functional and stereologic estimates were performed in parallel, the importance of dynamic factors for myocardial capillary exchange capacity (e.g. heterogeneity) was illustrated.     

不同年龄高血压大鼠心肌中MKP-1的表达及对心肌肥厚的影响

目的：研究不同年龄的自发性高血压大鼠（SHR）和Wistar Kyoto大鼠（WKY）心室肌组织中丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（MAPK）及其磷酸酶（MKP-1）的表达以及与心肌肥厚的关系。方法： 用左心室重量与体重的比值作为心肌肥大指数并以此指标反映心肌肥厚；分别用Western blotting方法和RT-PCR法半定量测定心室肌组织中磷酸化细胞外信号调节激酶（p-ERK）的蛋白表达和MKP-1 mRNA的含量。结果： （1）SHR的血压自8周龄起明显高于WKY（P<0.01），心肌肥大指数明显大于WKY（P<0.05），ERK和MKP-1的表达均比WKY高（P<0.05）；（2）SHR的血压随年龄增长而升高（P<0.05），至14周趋于稳定，心肌肥大指数则在24周时出现激增（P<0.01）；（3）p-ERK随年龄增长呈递增趋势，而MKP-1呈递减趋势，且与心肌肥大指数和ERK的表达呈负相关（P<0.01）。结论： MKP-1在高血压大鼠随年龄和血压增加的心肌肥厚过程中起重要作用，其表达逐渐下降可能是导致ERK激活增加，进而引起心肌细胞肥大的重要原因。     

Ventricular morphology and pumping ability of exercised spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and two strains of normotensive Wistar rats were subjected to a 5 day/wk swimming program to determine whether the heart of the SHR could respond to an additional stimulus to cardiac growth. Swimming was tolerated well by all rats. Although body weight of the exercised groups was not significantly reduced, both the right and left ventricular weights of all exercised groups were increased. Left ventricular circumference and chamber volume were increased without a change in free wall thickness in all exercised groups. Ventricular performance was assessed by peak cardiac output and stroke volume attained during rapid intravenous volume loading, both before and after autonomic inhibition. After combined cholinergic and beta-adrenergic inhibition, all exercised rats had slower heart rates and higher peak stroke volume than respectively sedentary controls. Thus, exercised SHR had the same alterations in cardiac mass and performance as exercised normotensive rats. Despite the initial presence of left ventricular hypertrophy, the SHR responded appropriately to an additional stimulus for adaptive cardiac growth.     

卡维地洛、西拉普利及其合用防治大鼠急性心肌梗死左室重塑的作用

目的:评价卡维地洛、西拉普利及其合用防治大鼠急性心肌梗死(AMI)左室重塑(LVRM)的作用。方法:AMI术后24h存活的100只雌性SD大鼠随机分成:①AMI对照(n=25)、②AMI+卡维地洛(1mg·kg^-1·d^-1, n=25)、③AMI+西拉普利(1mg·kg^-1·d^-1, n=25)及④AMI+合用(n=25)4组;另设假手术组(n=17).直接灌胃给药。4周后行血流动力学测定和病理学分析。去除梗死面积<35%或>55%者, 最终在以上各组分别有(13, 12, 12, 14)和13只大鼠。结果:AMI各组间梗死面积差异均无显著性(45.2%-46.7%, 均P>0.05).AMI对照组的左室舒张末压(LVEDP)、容积(LVV)、重量(LVW)和室间隔厚度(STh)均显著大于假手术组(均P<0.01), 左室内压最大上升和下降速率(±dp/dt)及其校正值(±dp/dt/LVSP)均显著低于假手术组(P<0.05, P<0.01).卡维地洛、西拉普利及合用组的LVEDP、LVV均显著低于AMI对照组(P<0.01), STh均显著薄于AMI对照组(P<0.01), LVW均显著轻于AMI对照组(P<0.05, P<0.01), ±dp/dt显著高于AMI对照组(P<0.05, P<0.01), 且LVEDP和STh在合用组显著低于两单用药组(P<0.05, P<0.01), 余指标在3个用药组间差异均无显著性(均P>0.05).结论:卡维地洛、西拉普利及其合用均能有效防治大鼠AMI左室重塑并改善血流动力学和左室功能,且以合用更佳。     

Different sympathovagal modulation of heart rate during social and nonsocial stress episodes in wild-type rats

The acute consequences of a social aversive stimulus (defeat) on the autonomic control upon the electrical activity of the heart were measured and compared to those observed in three nonsocial stress paradigms, namely restraint, shock-probe test, and swimming. Electrocardiograms were recorded from rats via radiotelemetry, and the autonomic neural control of the heart was evaluated via measures of heart rate and heart rate variability, such as the average R-R interval (RR), the standard deviation of RR (SD), the coefficient of variance (SD/RR), and the root-mean-square of successive R-R interval differences (r-MSSD). Although all stressors induced significant reductions of average R-R interval, the effect of defeat was significantly larger (p < 0.05). The social stimulus also determined a significant decrease in the variability indexes (p < 0.01 for all), whereas in the other stress conditions they were either unchanged or increased (SD/RR during restraint, p < 0.05; SD and SD/RR during swimming, p < 0.05 and p < 0.01). Cardiac arrhythmias (mostly ventricular premature beats, VPBs) were far more frequent during defeat than during the other challenging situations (p < 0.01), with an average of 33.5 +/- 6.5 VPBs per 15-min test recording. These data suggest that during defeat autonomic control was shifted toward a sympathetic dominance, whereas in rats exposed to nonsocial stressors, although significant heart rate accelerations were also found, sympathovagal balance was substantially maintained. These differences in autonomic stress responsivity explain the different susceptibility to ventricular arrhythmias and indicate that a social challenge can be far more detrimental for cardiac electrical stability than other nonsocial aversive stimuli.     

氯沙坦逆转高血压大鼠心肌重塑的实验研究

目的探讨氯沙坦对自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)心肌重塑的影响。方法16周龄雄性SHR20只,随机分为氯沙坦治疗组和SHR对照组。同龄雄性WKY鼠10只作为正常对照组。给予氯沙坦每天30mg/kg溶于饮水灌胃治疗17周。测定动脉收缩压、左心室壁的厚度、左心室重量与体重之比(LVW/BW)。透射电镜评估左心室肥厚(LVH)的程度。用真彩色图像分析系统计算左心室胶原容积分数。结果氯沙坦治疗组血压、LVW/BW、左室壁厚度与SHR对照组相比明显降低,但与WKY相比有所升高。透射电镜下氯沙坦治疗组心肌的超微结构与WKY相似,SHR的结构有异常改变。与SHR对照组相比,氯沙坦治疗组左心室胶原容积分数下降。结论氯沙坦能有效地降低SHR的血压、逆转高血压左室重塑。     

Attenuation of conduction delay by ischemic preconditioning reduces ischemia-induced ventricular arrhythmias

Ischemic preconditioning has been acknowledged as a powerful method of decreasing ischemic injury. However, the antiarrhythmic mechanism of ischemic preconditioning during ischemia is unclear. We studied the effects of ischemic preconditioning on arrhythmias and cardiac electrophysiology during ischemia in Langendorff rat hearts (n = 44). In the non-preconditioned group (PC(-); n = 24), the hearts underwent 5-min zero-flow global ischemia without any prior ischemic preconditioning. In the preconditioned group (PC(+); n = 20), the hearts were preconditioned by three cycles of 3-min zero-flow global ischemia and 5-min reperfusion before undergoing 5-min global ischemia. Ischemic preconditioning reduced the incidence of ischemia-induced arrhythmias (PC(-); 38.9%, PC(+): 8.3%, p < 0.05), shortened monophasic action potential duration (MAPD, P < 0.05), attenuated conduction delay (conduction time; PC(-): 234.2%, PC(+): 173.4%, P < 0.05) and increased the ventricular fibrillation threshold. Although the shortening of MAPD in PC(-) hearts was not influenced by the presence or absence of arrhythmias, conduction time prolongation at 3-min was more obvious in PC(-) hearts with arrhythmia than in PC(-) hearts without arrhythmia (PC(-) with arrhythmia: 220.2%, PC(-) without arrhythmia: 190.7%, P < 0.05). We concluded that ischemic preconditioning could protect the rat hearts from ischemia-induced arrhythmias and postulated that attenuation of conduction delay during ischemia might be an important factor in the antiarrhythmic action of ischemic preconditioning.     

Heart rate variability in diabetic patients during orthostatic load — A spectral analytic approach

Summary Spectral analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) was used to assess the autonomic nervous control of cardiac function during orthostatic load in insulin-dependent diabetic patients and healthy subjects. The diabetic patients were divided into three groups: diabetics without neuropathy (group 1), diabetics with peripheral neuropathy (group 2), and diabetics with peripheral and autonomic neuropathy (group 3). Resting mid-frequency (MF, 0.05–0.15 Hz) and respiration-related (RF, power around respiration rate) HRV were significantly lower in group 2 and 3 diabetics than in controls, indicating a reduced parasympathetic nervous system influence on the heart. Standing MF and RF spectral power data were significantly lower in all diabetic groups than in controls, suggesting marked alterations in the autonomic cardiovascular control during a mild physical load not only in symptomatic diabetics but also in patients with no signs and symptoms of neuropathy. The difference between supine and standing MF power, an estimate of-adrenergic influence on the heart, was significantly lower in all diabetic subject groups studied than in controls. This suggests a reduced sympathetic nervous system influence on the heart in diabetic patients. Our data suggest that computerized spectral analysis of HRV during orthostatic load seems to be a very sensitive method of evaluating of the autonomie nervous systems influence on the heart in patients suffering from diabetes niellitus.Abbreviations dB decibel - HRV heart rate variability - LF low-frequency component - MF mid-frequency component - RF respiration related frequency component     

Beta-adrenergic blockade may prolong life in post-infarction patients in part by increasing vagal cardiac inhibition

Beta-adrenergic blocking drugs prolong lives of post-infarction patients primarily by preventing sudden cardiac death. The mechanisms responsible for this beneficial effect are not understood clearly, since beta-blockers, in doses used in most clinical trials, are only weakly effective against stable ventricular arrhythmias. Arrhythmias during myocardial ischemia may differ from arrhythmias in other clinical settings in that they depend importantly upon autonomic neural factors, including the balance between levels of sympathetic cardiac stimulation and parasympathetic cardiac inhibition. Beta-blockers reduce sympathetic cardiac stimulation, and they may influence this balance favorably in another important way: a well documented, but not generally appreciated property of beta-blocking drugs is that they also increase levels of vagal cardiac inhibition. I propose that beta-blockade prevents arrhythmic deaths in post-infarction patients in part by increasing levels of vagal cardiac inhibition.     

Cardiac autonomic function evaluated by the heart rate turbulence method was not changed in obese patients without co-morbidities

Obese subjects are more prone to sudden deaths and arrhythmias than non-obese subjects. Heart rate turbulence (HRT) impairment reflects cardiac autonomic dysfunction, in particular impaired baroreflex sensitivity and reduced parasympathetic activity. Our aim was to evaluate the cardiac autonomic function in obesity by the HRT method. Ninety obese subjects and 112 healthy subjects were included in the study. Twenty-four hours ambulatory electrocardiograms were recorded and Holter recordings were analyzed. HRT parameters, turbulence onset (TO) and turbulence slope (TS), were calculated with HRT View Version 0.60-0.1 software program. HRT were calculated in 43 obese and 43 control subjects who had at least one ventricular premature beat in their Holter recordings. We excluded 47 obese patients and 69 control subjects who showed no ventricular premature beats in their Holter recordings from the statistical analysis. There were no significant differences in TO and TS between obese and control subjects (TO obese: -1.6 +/- 2.2%, TO control: -2.1 +/- 2.6%, p>0.05; TS obese: 8.2 +/- 5.2, TS control: 10.1 +/- 6.7, p>0.05, respectively). HRT parameters seem to be normal in obese patients without comorbidities.     

SHR心肌细胞内钙离子浓度改变与左室肥厚和功能的关系

目的:探讨自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)心肌细胞内钙离子浓度的动态演变规律及其与左室肥厚和功能的相互关系。方法:应用Ca²⁺荧光指示剂Fura-2/AM分别测定了10周龄、22周龄、34周龄SHR心肌细胞内Ca²⁺浓度以及导管法测定了大鼠心功能,并以同龄京都-Wistar(WKY)大鼠作对照。结果:各周龄SHR收缩压(SBP)、心肌细胞内Ca²⁺浓度([Ca⁺]_i)、左室重量/体重(LVM/BW)均明显高于同龄正常血压WKY大鼠,22周龄SHR左室压力最大下降速率(-dp/dt_max)低于、左室松弛时间常数(τ)长于同龄WKY大鼠,34周龄SHR±dp／dt_max和左室收缩指数均显著低于同龄WKY大鼠,τ进一步延长;心肌细胞内[Ca⁺]_i与大鼠LVM/BW、SBP-dp／dt_max、τ呈显著正相关(r=0.47-0.83,P＜0.01),与dp／dt_max和收缩指数呈显著负相关(r=-0.46,P<0.05和-0.81,P<0.01)。结论:SHR心肌细胞内钙离子超负荷不仅介导了心肌肥厚的形成,还导致了心肌的收缩和舒张功能障碍。     

Histamine release and its effects in ischaemia-reperfusion injury of the isolated rat heart

Histamine is released from the heart during ischaemia-reperfusion injury. As histamine has cardiac effects, we investigated the role of histamine in ischaemia-reperfusion injury of isolated rat hearts. A Langendorff-model with 30 min global (37 ^oC) ischaemia followed by 60 min reperfusion was employed. The effects of ischaemia alone (n= 10, group 1.1+n = 10, group 2.1, 2 different series), and ischaemia with H₁- and H₂-receptor blockade with cimetidine (10 μM, n= 10), chlorpheniramine (10 μm, n= 8), terfenadine (10 μM, n= 8), and promethazin (10 μM, n= 9), or both cimetidine and chlorpheniramine (n = 8), were studied. Histamine was measured in the coronary effluent and cardiac tissue of group 1.1. Release of histamine increased from 6.5 ± 1 pmol min^-1 before ischaemia to 19 ± 3 pmol min^-1 at the start of reperfusion. Ischaemia decreased left ventricular developed pressure to 18 ± 11 % (1.1) and 50 ± 11 % (2.1) of initial value (mean ± SEM) at the start of reperfusion. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure increased from 0 to 79 ± 8 mmHg (1.1) and 39 ± 9 (2.1) mmHg, while left ventricular systolic pressure was unchanged (101 ± 12% in 1.1 and 101 ± 10% in 2.1). Severe arrhythmias were induced in 90 (1.1) and 30 (2.1)% of the hearts, while coronary flow decreased during reperfusion. H₂-blockade did not modify the changes in left ventricular pressures, coronary flow, or heart rate induced by ischaemia. Three different Hj-blockers increased left ventricular systolic pressure, inhibited the decrease of developed pressure, attenuated the increase of end-diastolic pressure, and totally inhibited reperfusion arrhythmias. The effect of both blockers together was similar to that of H₁-blockers alone. Coronary flow was increased during reperfusion in two of the groups with Hj-blocker compared with ischaemic controls. Increased release of histamine from ischaemic-reperfused rat hearts concurred with depression of left ventricular function and arrhythmias during early reperfusion. Cardiac dysfunction during reperfusion was attenuated by three different Hj-receptor blockers.