HPLC法测定六合维生素丸中4种水溶性维生素的含量

目的建立HPLC法测定六合维生素丸中维生素B1、维生素B2、维生素C和烟酰胺含量的测定方法。方法色谱柱为C18(250mm×4.6mm,5μm);流动相为离子对溶液(含1.5mol·L-1戊烷磺酸钠和3.4mmol·L-1庚烷磺酸钠的2.4mL.L-1三乙胺溶液,用冰醋酸调节pH值至3.0)-甲醇(85∶15);流速1.0mL·min-1;检测波长254nm。结果维生素B1、维生素B2、维生素C和烟酰胺的线性范围分别为0.079～0.710μg(r=0.9999),0.039～0.353μg(r=0.9998),1.169～10.519μg(r=0.9998)和0.039～0.352μg(r=0.9999),平均回收率分别为99.6%(RSD为0.6%,n=9),99.4%(RSD为0.9%,n=9),99.3%(RSD为0.5%,n=9)和99.1%(RSD为0.3%,n=9)。结论该方法简便、快速,专属性强,可有效地控制六合维生素丸中维生素B1、维生素B2、维生素C和烟酰胺的含量。     

高效液相色谱法测定六维胶丸中维生素B1、维生素B2、烟酰胺含量

目的建立高效液相色谱法测定六维胶丸中维生素B1、维生素B2、烟酰胺的含量.方法采用Agilent 1100高效液相色谱仪,C18柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm)为色谱柱;流动相为离子对溶液(含1.5mmol/L戊烷磺酸钠和3.4mmol/L庚烷磺酸钠的0.24%三乙胺溶液,用冰醋酸调节pH值至3.0)-甲醇(8020),检测波长254nm,流速1.0mL/min.以外标法检测定量.结果维生素B1的线性范围是4.84～24.2μg/mL,r=0.999 674,平均回收率为103.3%,RSD=2.0%;维生素B2的线性范围是6.28～31.4μg/mL,r=0.999 915,平均回收率为99.5%,RSD=0.7%;烟酰胺的线性范围是35.3～155.32μg/mL,r=0.999 917,平均回收率为97.8%,RSD=0.9%.结论本方法分离度佳、灵敏度高、重现性好、结果可靠.     

反相离子对色谱法测定复方维生素片中3种水溶性维生素的含量

目的:建立反相离子对色谱法测定复方维生素片中维生素B1、维生素B2、维生素B6含量的方法。方法:以己烷磺酸钠作为离子对试剂,采用Diamonsil C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)柱,同时测定复方维生素片中维生素B1、B2和B6的含量。结果:维生素B1、B2和B6分别在6.3～14.7μg.mL-1(r=0.999 8),7.2～16.8μg.mL-1(r=0.999 5),6.3～14.7μg.mL-1(r=0.999 6)范围内线性关系良好,平均回收率分别为100.08%(RSD=0.84%,n=9),100.35%(RSD=1.26%,n=9),99.41%(RSD=1.10%,n=9)。结论:本方法快速、简便、准确,分离效果好,辅料无干扰,可用于该类制剂中维生素B1,B2和B6的含量测定及质量控制研究。     

HPLC法测定注射用水溶性维生素中维生素B_(12)和生物素的含量

目的:建立以高效液相色谱法同时测定注射用水溶性维生素中维生素B12和生物素含量的方法。方法:色谱柱为Phe-nomenexC18,检测波长为210nm,流动相为0.1%磷酸-甲醇(81∶19),流速为1.0mL·min-1,柱温为35℃。结果:维生素B12和生物素线性范围分别为0.0035～0.0245μg(r=0.9997)和0.03476～0.24332μg(r=0.9992),平均回收率分别为99.75%、99.91%(RSD=1.40%、1.95%)。结论:本方法较简便、快速,准确度较高,可用于控制该制剂的质量。     

HPLC法测定八维钙锌片中烟酰胺、维生素B_1、B_2、B_6的含量

目的:建立RP-HPLC法测定八维钙锌片中烟酰胺、维生素B1、B2、B6的含量。方法:采用Phenom enex C18柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相为庚烷磺酸钠溶液(取庚烷磺酸钠0.6 g,加冰醋酸6 mL与三乙胺1 mL,加水至1000 mL,用2 mol.L-1氢氧化钠溶液调节pH至3.80)-甲醇(80∶20);紫外检测波长为280 nm;流速为1 mL.m in-1。结果:烟酰胺的线性范围为26.463~423.40μg.mL-1(r=0.9999),平均回收率为100.8%,RSD为1.4%(n=9);维生素B1的线性范围为3.90~62.4μg.mL-1(r=0.9999),平均回收率为100.9%,RSD为1.3%(n=9);维生素B2的线性范围为4.64~74.24μg.mL-1(r=0.9999),平均回收率为99.7%,RSD为1.8%(n=9);维生素B6的线性范围为4.95~79.28μg.mL-1(r=0.9999),平均回收率为100.3%,RSD为2.8%(n=9)。结论:本方法操作简便,结果准确、可靠,可同时测定八维钙锌片中烟酰胺、维生素B1、B2、B6的含...     

HPLC 法测定多维元素胶囊（15）中烟酰胺、维生素B1、维生素B2、维生素B6的含量

目的:建立高效液相色谱法测定多维元素胶囊(15)中的烟酰胺、维生素B1、维生素B2、维生素B6的含量.方法:采用Boston Green ODS C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm);流动相:庚烷磺酸钠溶液(取庚烷磺酸钠0.941 g,加冰乙酸10 ml,加水1 000 ml溶解,用NaOH试液调节pH至3.8)-甲醇(70:30);进样量:20 μl;检测波长为280 nm;柱温:30℃;流速1.0 ml·min-1.结果:烟酰胺、维生素B1、维生素B2、维生素B6分别在38.83～349.44,9.88～88.94,4.03～36.25,3.97～35.77 μg·ml-1范围内线性关系良好(r≥0.999 6);平均回收率分别为98.7%(RSD=0.89%),98.7%(RSD=1.03%),99.0%(RSD=1.03%),99.8%(RSD=1.49%).结论:该方法准确,灵敏度高,重复性好,可作为多维元素胶囊(15)的质量控制方法之一.     

高效液相色谱法测定复方维生素胶囊中维生素B_(12)的含量

目的:建立以高效液相色谱法测定复方维生素胶囊中维生素B12含量的方法。方法:色谱柱为HypersilODS,流动相为甲醇-0.05mol/L磷酸二氢钾缓冲液(22∶78,pH=6.4),流速为1.0ml/min,检测波长为360nm,柱温为室温,进样量为20μl。结果:维生素B12进样量在10.20μg～204.00μg范围内与峰面积积分值线性关系良好(r=0.9999),平均回收率为99.7%(RSD=1.18%)。结论:本方法简便、快速、准确,不受维生素B6、叶酸等成分的干扰,可用于测定复方维生素胶囊中维生素B12的含量。     

复合氨基酸胶囊中水溶性维生素的含量测定

目的:建立复合氨基酸胶囊中5种水溶性维生素的含量测定方法.方法:采用高效液相色谱法,用乙腈与庚烷磺酸钠-磷酸钠的水溶液(pH=3.0)为流动相,流速1.0ml·min-1,色谱柱为C18(4.6×250mm,5μm),柱温40℃,检测波长为280nm,进样量为20μl.结果:维生素Bl、维生素B2、维生素B6、维生素C和烟酰胺分别在24.7～75.2μg·ml-1、15.0～44.9μg·ml-1、12.2～37.5μg·ml-1、99.2～299.9μg·ml-1和100.3～300.9μg·ml-1范围内呈线性关系,相关系数均为1.000,平均回收率均在100%±2%范围以内.RSD分别为0.19%、0.26%、0.46%、1.17%和0.52%.结论:本方法准确,简便,快捷,可以同时测定复合氨基酸胶囊中维生素B1、维生素B2、维生素B6、维生素C和烟酰胺的含量.     

HPLC法同时测定复合维生素口服液中4种水溶性维生素的含量

目的:建立测定复合维生素口服液中4种水溶性维生素的含量测定方法。方法:采用高效液相色谱法。同时测定复合维生素口服液中烟酰胺、维生素B6、维生素B1、维生素B2磷酸酯钠的含量,色谱柱为Diamonsil C18,流动相为己烷磺酸钠溶液-甲醇-冰醋酸(690∶303∶7,V/V/V),检测波长为280nm。结果:烟酰胺、维生素B6、维生素B1、维生素B2磷酸酯钠能实现良好的分离,检测浓度线性范围分别为87.5～700.0、7.50～60.0、25～200、17.5～140.0μg·mL-1(r均大于0.9993);平均回收率分别为101.3%、99.5%、100.0%和98.4%;RSD分别为0.5%、0.6%、0.6%和0.9%。结论:本方法简便、快速、准确且重复性好,为含有上述维生素类成分的多维复方制剂及保健产品的质量控制提供了参考。     

RP-HPLC法同时测定益肺佳营养液中维生素C和维生素B6的含量

目的 :建立了同时测定益肺佳营养液中维生素C和维生素B6含量的方法。方法 :高效液相色谱法。固定相为十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶 ;流动相为 0 .0 1mol/L磷酸二氢钾溶液 (用磷酸调节PH至 2 .5)。检测波长 :①维生素C紫外检测 ,波长 2 4 2nm ;②维生素B6荧光检测 ,激发波长 2 90nm ,发射波长 395nm。结果 :线性范围 :维生素C 2 0 .5～1 0 2 .3μg/ml,r =0 .9999;维生素B60 .2 8～ 1 .4 2 μg/ml,r=0 .9999。方法回收率 :维生素C为 99.1 %,n =5,RSD为0 .4 8%;维生素B6为 1 0 0 .2 %,n =5,RSD为 1 .2 1 %。结论 :该方法操作简便快速 ,灵敏度高 ,结果准确 ,适用于该制剂中维生素C和维生素B6的含量测定。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.