HBV转染增强细胞因子上调PD-L表达

目的 研究HBV转染的肝细胞系(HepG2.2.15细胞)在细胞因子作用下能否上调PD-L表达.方法 应用肝细胞系(HepG2细胞和HepG2.2.15细胞)为模型,用IL-4、IFN-α、IFN-γ(终质量浓度均为10 ng/ml,刺激时间为12 h)作用于上述细胞系,采用RT-PCR技术检测细胞因子作用前后PD-L表达情况.结果 无论是否转染HBV,IFN-α和IFN-γ均能诱导肝细胞系(HepG2细胞和HepG2.2.15细胞)PD-L1表达;而IL-4不能诱导PD-L1表达,IL-4、IFN-α、IFN-γ均能诱导转染了HBV的HepG2.2.15细胞PD-L2表达,仅IFN-γ能诱导未转染HBV的HepG2细胞PD-L2表达.结论 IFN-α和IFN-γ有较强诱导肝细胞系(HepG2细胞和HepG2.2.15细胞)PD-L1表达上调的作用,HBV在细胞因子诱导HepG2.2.15细胞PD-L2表达中具有促进作用.     

细胞因子信号传导抑制蛋白-1减轻细胞因子诱导胰岛β细胞促凋亡基因的表达

目的 构建稳定表达细胞因子信号传导抑制蛋白－1（SOCS-1）蛋白的细胞,探讨其在胰岛β细胞凋亡中的保护作用。方法 克隆大鼠SOCS-1基因,构建表达载体pEGFP-C1-SOCS1并转染入大鼠胰岛细胞系RINm5F中,构建稳定表达SOCS-1蛋白的细胞。分别用细胞因子IL-1β 、TNF-α、IFN-γ 、IL-1β联合IFN-r、IL-1β联合TNF-α及IFN-γ刺激24h,RT-PCR与Western blot检测凋亡相关指标。结果 成功构建了稳定表达SOCS-1蛋白的细胞。用IFN-γ、IL-1β联合IFN-r、IL-1β联合TNF-α及IFN-γ刺激后,未转染SOCS-1质粒的细胞iNOS转录水平显著升高。在用所有细胞因子刺激后,未转染SOCS-1质粒的细胞caspase-3表达及活性均显著升高。 结论 SOCS-1蛋白能减轻多种细胞因子诱导的胰岛β细胞促凋亡基因的表达。     

IL—12对慢性乙型肝炎患者TH2／TH2分化的影响

目的 观察IL-12对慢性乙肝患者TH1/TH2类细胞分化的影响。方法 分离50例慢性乙型肝炎患者PBMC,分别与植物血凝素（PHA,100ug/mL）、HBcAg(1ug/mL）、HBeAg(1ug/mL）单独或联合IL-12（10ng/mL）体外培养48h,ELISA法检测培养上清液 IL-2、IFN-γ、IL-4、IL-10水平。20例健康人群做对照。结果 IL-12对健康人群PBMC产生TH1/TH2类细胞因子无显著影响,但对慢性乙型肝炎患者则显著增强PBMC产生IFN-γ,且慢性中度患者最为突出。IL-12与HBeAg联合诱导,不但显著增强慢性乙型肝炎患者PBMC产生IL-12和IFN-γ,还抑制IL-4和IL-10的产生。结论 IL-12可增强慢性乙型肝炎患者IFN-γ优势表达,可促进HBeAg诱导的TH2型优势表达向TH1型优势表达转换。     

重组质粒pEGFP-N1/CpG-HBcAg(ISS)转染DC培养上清诱导HepG2株凋亡的研究

目的:探讨人类乙肝核心抗原重组质粒pEGFP-N1/CpG-HBcAg(ISS)转染人外周血单核细胞来源树突状细胞后,细胞培养上清诱导肝癌细胞株HepG2凋亡的作用及机制。方法:构建真核表达质粒pEGFP-N1/CpG-HBcAg(ISSa,c),将其转染人外周血来源DC,用培养上清诱导HepG2的凋亡。用流式细胞仪检测已转染DC表面CD80和CD86的表达,检测培养上清诱导HepG2凋亡的变化。用ELISA法检测转染后DC培养上清的IFN-γ、IL-2、IL-12、IL-4和IL-10的水平。结果:pEGFP-N1/CpG-HBcAg(ISSa)转染DC表面CD80和CD86的表达均有明显升高(P0.01)。转染后上清中Th1型细胞因子IFN-γ、IL-2和IL-12的表达增强(P0.01),Th2型细胞因子IL-4和IL-10的表达下降(P0.05),pEGFP-N1/CpG-HBcAg(ISSa)组培养上清对HepG2细胞具有促凋亡作用,随着培养时间延长,细胞凋亡率逐渐增加,HepG2细胞在诱导后24小时凋亡率达到最大,为18.4%。结论:重组质粒pEGFP-N1/CpG-HBcAg(ISSa)转染培养上清能明显促进肝癌细胞株HepG2的凋亡。     

Bryostatin-1调节TNF-α激活的树突状细胞免疫功能

目的探讨Bryostatin-1对树突状细胞(DC)免疫功能的调节作用。方法联合应用GM-CSF和IL-4自人外周血单核细胞定向分化DC;以Bryostatin-1刺激TNF-α诱导成熟的DC,收集DC及其上清夜,以FACS和ELISA方法分析DC表面免疫分子(CD80、CD83、CD86、HLA-DR和B7-H1)和细胞因子(IFN-γ、IL-1β、IL-10和IL-12)表达水平;自DC提取RNA,以Northern blot分析DC的B7-h1 mRNA表达水平;以DC为诱导细胞,进一步检测DC的免疫诱导功能。结果Bryostatin-1通过降低DC表面B7-H1表达和增强B7.2表达,以及调节DC细胞因子(IL-1b、IL-12和IFN-γ)分泌,增强DC的免疫诱导功能,PKC通道特异性的抑制剂BI明显逆转Bryostatin-1的上述作用。结论Bryostatin-1增强DC免疫功能,其机制可能是激活PKC通道。     

碘化钠对人甲状腺细胞IL-6、IFN-γ和TNF-Q基因表达的影响

本研究以l0-4M碘化钠(NaI)刺激单层培养的人Graves病(GD)甲状腺滤泡上皮细胞(TEC),采用定性及半定量PCR技术检测刺激前后白介素-6(IL-6)、γ-干扰素(IFN-γ)和肿瘤坏死因子-a(TNF-a)在细胞中的表达水平。结果表明：(1)3例GD组织均含有IL-6及IFN-γ mRNA,2例检测到TNF-a基因表达;(2)基础状态下,3例TEC均表达IL-6基因,2例表达TNF-a,而所有样本均无IFN-γ mRNA;(3)Nal不能诱导TEC产生IFN-γ mRNA,对IL-6 mRNA的表达亦无明显影响;(4)1例TNF-a阴性的TEC样本,经NaI刺激后,可表达mRNA,2例原含有TNF-a的TEC经刺激后,其mRNA的表达水平显著增加。提示碘可通过诱导或增强TEC表达TNF-a,导致自身免疫性甲状腺疾病的发生与发展。     

化学修饰的糖脂4′″-dh-iGb3对NKT细胞分泌Th1/Th2型细胞因子的影响

为研究两种i Gb3类似物(化学修饰的糖脂4′″-dh-i Gb3和4-HO-i Gb3)对NKT细胞Th1/Th2型细胞因子分泌的影响。采用流式细胞术检测经腹腔注射两种i Gb3类似物后C57BL/6小鼠脾脏NKT细胞数量的变化以及NKT细胞胞内IFN-γ和IL-4的表达水平;用Real-ti me PCR方法检测体外培养的脾脏淋巴细胞与i Gb3类似物共孵育后IFN-γ和IL-4的mRNA表达水平,并用ELISA方法检测孵育上清中IFN-γ和IL-4的含量。结果显示:与i Gb3组相比,经两种i Gb3类似物体内刺激后脾脏NKT细胞的数量都没有显著性变化。糖脂4-dh-i Gb3能够较i Gb3更强地诱导脾脏NKT细胞胞内IFN-γ的表达,也能够上调体外培养的脾脏淋巴细胞IFN-γ的mRNA水平及IFN-γ的分泌,而IL-4在所检测的各个水平上都没有显著性变化。提示化学修饰的糖脂4′″-dh-i Gb3能够诱导C57BL/6鼠脾脏NKT细胞Th1型细胞因子的分泌,而并不显著影响Th2型细胞因子的分泌,从而诱导Th1/Th2型细胞因子平衡向Th1方向偏移。     

GPI-B7-1分子膜表面修饰瘤苗抗肿瘤作用的研究

目的：研制抗肿瘤免疫治疗的新疫苗。方法: 用含目的基因的质粒pcDNA3.1(+)/GPI-B7-1转染QK10341细胞，提取膜蛋白GPI-B7-1, 经Western blotting鉴定后，用蛋白转化法锚定在肿瘤细胞SKOV3膜上，取正常健康人外周血中非贴壁的淋巴细胞， 进行淋巴细胞扩增和CTL功能检测，并检测细胞培养液中IL-2、TNF-α和IFN-γ水平，FCM检测CTL的Fas表达水平。结果:与野生型SKOV3细胞比较，用GPI-B7-1修饰的SKOV3细胞能够更有效地刺激淋巴细胞增殖、诱导特异CTL杀伤活性(P<0.01)，还可诱导 CTL表达的Fas水平升高等活性增强以及分泌的IL-2、IFN-γ和TNF-α等细胞因子水平均显著上升(P<0.05)。结论: B7-1基因在肿瘤细胞中表达可增强其免疫原性，在体外有效诱导T细胞活化， 显著增强T细胞杀伤肿瘤细胞的活性；对防治肿瘤侵袭具有一定作用。     

干扰素-γ诱导大鼠肠黏膜微血管内皮细胞表达细胞黏附因子-1和干扰素-γ受体α

目的 以体外培养的大鼠肠黏膜微血管内皮细胞(RIMMVECs)为研究对象,探讨干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)对于体外培养的RIMMVECs表达细胞黏附因子-1(ICAM-1)和IFN-γ受体α(IFN-γRα)的影响.方法 体外分离培养RIMMVECs,用不同浓度的IFN-γ对所培养的RIMMVECs进行诱导,通过荧光定量RT-PCR法和流式细胞术,从mRNA和蛋白水平检测活化后的RIMMVECs表达ICAM-1和IFN-γRα的情况.结果 浓度为20 μg/L和40 μg/L的 IFN-γ可以激活RIMMVECs,在mRNA和蛋白水平均能提高ICAM-1的表达,并且6 h时达到高峰;20 μg/L的IFN-γ刺激RIMMVECs后,可使其上调表达IFN-γRα mRNA,但是蛋白表达量却随着刺激时间逐渐降低;而40 μg/L的IFN-γ刺激RIMMVECs 2 h后,IFN-γRα mRNA 达到峰值,6 h之后,其表达量呈下降趋势,IFN-γRα蛋白浓度也随之逐渐降低;10 μg/L的IFN-γ对于ICAM-1和IFN-γRα的表达无影响.结论 IFN-γ可能是通过影响微血管内皮细胞(MVECs)表面IFN-γRα分子和ICAM-1的表达,从而调控和参与细胞免疫反应和炎症反应.     

细胞因子调节人肝癌细胞ICAM-1分子的表达及其对CD3AK杀伤功能的影响

应用基因重组人干扰素α（IFN-α）、干扰素γ（IFN-γ）和肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）体外处理人肝癌细胞系H-7402,ABC-CELISA法检测各处理组和对照组细胞表面细胞间粘附分子-1（ICAM-1）的表达水平,用 LDH释放法观察CD3单克隆抗体活化的杀伤细胞（CD3AK）对各处理条件下H-7402细胞的杀伤活性。结果表明:经TNF,IFN-α处理的肿瘤细胞ICAM-1表达水平较对照组显著增高,同时对CD3AK细胞的杀伤敏感性亦显著增强,IFN-γ虽能够提高靶细胞ICAM-1分子的表达,但CD3AK的杀伤活性并未因此增强。抗ICAM-1和抗白细胞功能相关抗原LFA-1单抗能够有效地降低CD3AK对靶细胞的杀伤作用,并且能够阻断IFN-α、TNF对CD3AK细胞杀伤效应的促进作用。提示ICAM-1/LFA-1参与了CD3AK粘附杀伤肿瘤细胞过程,TNF、IFN-α的促杀伤效应与肿瘤细胞表面ICAM-1分子的表达水平升高有关。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.