442例不明原因ALT、胆红素升高的肝脏疾病患者的临床与病理学分析

目的通过病理学分析不明原因肝脏疾病的病因,为临床诊断及治疗指导方向。方法对2005年1月1日至2008年12月30日4年期间在本院住院的442例不明原因肝功异常的患者行肝脏穿刺术,应用CHISS2004统计学软件对其病例资料进行统计学分析。结果在本研究中,86%的患者通过病理学分析可明确临床诊断。ALT升高的肝脏疾病在各年龄组以及不同性别中的分布存在差异（P〈0.01,P〈0.05）,儿童组以肝脏其他感染性疾病、遗传代谢性疾病为主;少年组以药物性及中毒性肝损伤、自身免疫性肝病为主;青年组以药物性及中毒性肝损伤为主;中老年组以药物性及中毒性肝损伤、脂肪肝、酒精性肝病为主;男性以药物性及中毒性肝损伤、脂肪肝为主;女性以药物性及中毒性肝损伤为主。胆红素升高的肝脏疾病在不同年龄组以及不同性别中的分布存在差异（P〈0.01,P〈0.05）。儿童组以肝脏其他感染性疾病、病毒性肝炎以及药物性及中毒性肝损伤为主;少年组以遗传代谢性疾病为主;青年组以遗传代谢性疾病为主;中老年组以药物性及中毒性肝损伤、脂肪肝为主;男性以遗传代谢性疾病为主,女性以遗传代谢性疾病、药物性及中毒性肝损伤为主。（此两段作者没有翻译）结论病理学分析在不明原因的肝脏疾病的诊断中至关重要,不同原因所致肝脏疾病在不同年龄及性别中的分布存在差异,可进一步进行大样本量调查研究。     

肝穿刺活检判断非病毒性肝病患者病因的临床研究

目的研究肝穿刺活检判断非病毒性肝病患者病因的临床价值。方法纳入2016年7月至2019年7月于我院收治的194例非病毒性肝病患者为研究对象,开展回顾性分析。所有患者均行肝穿刺活检,对比不同年龄的非病毒性肝病患者病因分布情况,并观察肝穿刺活检与临床诊断非酒精性脂肪性肝病、免疫性肝病、药物性肝损伤的一致性。结果肝穿刺活检提示,194例患者中免疫性肝病72例(37.1%),遗传代谢性疾病11例(5.7%),肝脏血管病变7例(3.6%),肿瘤性疾病5例(2.6%),非酒精性脂肪性肝病43例(22.2%),酒精性肝病18例(9.3%),药物性肝损伤31例(16.0%),隐源性肝病7例(3.6%)。年龄<60岁患者非酒精性脂肪性肝病所占比例为28.2%,显著高于≥60岁患者的5.8%(P<0.05),免疫性肝病、酒精性肝病、药物性肝损伤所占比例分别为33.1%、7.0%、12.7%,显著低于≥60岁患者的48.1%、15.4%、25.0%(P<0.05)。将非酒精性脂肪性肝病、免疫性肝病、药物性肝损伤肝穿刺活检与临床诊断结果进行对比,发现二者一致性检验的Kappa值分别为0.686、0.579、0.577(P<0.05),提示肝穿刺活检诊断非酒精性脂肪性肝病、免疫性肝病、药物性肝损伤与临床诊断的吻合程度一般。结论肝穿刺活检在非病毒性肝病患者病因判断中具有重要的应用价值,临床应引起足够重视。     

肝纤维化研究进展

肝纤维化是各种损伤因子累及肝脏后的一种病理状态。几乎任何能造成肝脏损害的因素均可致肝脏发生纤维化,如慢性乙型肝炎、慢性丙型肝炎、脂肪性肝炎(包括酒精性或非酒精性)、自身免疫性肝病、血吸虫肝病、药物性肝病和一些先天代谢性疾病等均可引起肝纤维化。在此病理进程中,正常功能的肝细胞数量减少,肝小叶结构改变,血液循环紊乱,致肝脏功能逐渐丧失,最终发展为肝硬化。随着医学科学的     

扶正通络胶囊治疗非酒精性脂肪肝38例

1 资料与方法1.1 临床资料 两组72例患者均系我院1996年～2001年门诊及住院病人,其诊断均可排除酒精性脂肪肝、病毒性肝炎、药物性肝病、Wilson病、全胃肠外营养支持者、自身免疫性肝病及妊娠脂肪肝。全部病例均经B超,血脂分析,肝功能检查等辅助检查而确诊,并随机分为治疗组和对照组。治疗组38例,     

脂肪肝是糖尿病的危险因素

非酒精性脂肪肝是指不饮酒或很少饮酒的人群中，除病毒性肝炎、药物性肝病、自身免疫性肝病、遗传性肝病等原因外，从单纯肝脏脂肪变性到非酒精性脂肪性肝炎，及部分患者最终进展为肝硬化的广谱脂肪性肝病。     

抗核抗体及肝组织病理对男性自身免疫性肝病患者的诊断意义分析

目的探讨抗核抗体(ANA)对于诊断男性自身免疫性肝病的意义及肝组织病理在自身免疫性肝病检查中的作用。方法选取2016年12月-2018年6月于南京市第二医院就诊的不明原因肝病男性患者84例,其中ANA阳性36例,阴性48例。将2组患者的肝组织病理、实验室检查及诊断情况进行对比分析。正态分布的计量资料多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,进一步两两比较采用LSD-t检验;偏态分布的计量资料多组间比较采用Kruskal-Wallis H秩和检验,进一步两两比较采用Nemenyi检验。计数资料组间比较采用χ~2检验。结果 ANA阳性组中,自身免疫性肝炎5例,重叠综合征1例; ANA阴性组中自身免疫性肝炎5例,重叠综合征5例。2组确诊自身免疫性肝病的比例差异无统计学意义(16. 7%vs 20. 8%,χ~2=0. 23,P 0. 05)。将所有患者分为自身免疫性肝炎组(n=10)、重叠综合征组(n=6)、药物性肝损伤组(n=17)及其他组(n=51),4组间IgG、球蛋白水平比较,差异均有统计学意义(F值分别为2. 977、6. 972,P值均0. 05)。10例自身免疫性肝炎患者均可见界面性肝炎; ANA阳性组淋巴-浆细胞浸润出现4例,ANA阴性组3例; ANA阳性组与阴性组肝细胞玫瑰花环样改变各2例;有2例患者可见淋巴细胞穿入; 1例患者见多核巨肝细胞。6例重叠综合征患者主要病理学表现为中-重度界面性肝炎或碎屑样坏死及门静脉区域的炎性浸润,其中2例存在肝细胞玫瑰花环样改变,2例表现为小叶间胆管损伤,胆管周围淋巴细胞浸润/肉芽肿形成,继发肝纤维化。结论对于不明原因肝病男性人群,ANA是否阳性对自身免疫性肝病(自身免疫性肝炎和重叠综合征)的诊断意义不大,应结合肝组织病理学检查结果综合分析,以提高确诊率。     

肝病防治问答

<正>1.肝病的概念是什么?肝病是指各种原因(药物中毒、病毒感染、饮酒过度、自身免疫等)导致的肝脏功能性和器质性病变。这是一个广义的概念,包括病毒性肝炎、药物性肝炎、酒精性肝病、肝硬化、原发性肝癌、遗传性肝病、肝脏代谢性疾病、肝脏血管性疾病等。临床常见的肝病以病毒性肝炎为主。     

巨噬细胞移动抑制因子在酒精性肝病肝组织中的表达

本研究检测巨噬细胞移动抑制因子(MIF)在酒精性肝病患者肝组织中的表达及其与肝细胞炎症活动的关系,以探讨MIF在酒精性肝病中的作用。资料与方法一、临床资料38例慢性酒精性肝病标本来源于2003年12月—2006年6月住院或门诊患者,均有5年以上饮酒史,最长达42年,年龄18~61岁,平均年龄39.5岁,均为男性,均无现症乙型肝炎、丙型肝炎及其他病毒性肝炎依据,也无药物性肝炎及其他疾病的继发性肝损害。所有患者经病史、肝功能、B超及肝脏穿刺活检病理学确诊,穿刺前未行任何抗炎及保肝治疗。其中,酒精性肝炎13例,酒精性肝炎并发脂肪肝14例,酒精性肝…     

肝脏活检的临床应用

<正>近年来肝脏活检已成为临床肝脏病学领域最常用的检查技术,是临床急、慢性肝病患者诊断、鉴别诊断及选择治疗方案的重要工具,是多种肝脏疾病诊断及疾病临床疗效评价的"金标准",为各种肝脏疾病的预后和指导治疗提供信息。肝脏活检可用于胆汁淤积性肝病、药物性肝损伤(DILI)、肝脏局灶性病变(FLLs)、不明原因肝功能异常及急性肝衰竭(ALF)、遗传和代谢性疾病等诊断,还可用于慢性病毒性肝炎、非酒精性脂     

肝穿组织学检查在非病毒性肝病诊断中的价值

目的探讨肝穿组织学检查在非病毒性肝病诊断中的价值。方法总结我院近20年经过肝穿组织学检查诊断的59例非病毒性肝病患者的资料。结果经过肝穿组织学检查以及其他特异性诊断指标最后诊断肝糖原贮积病13例,肝豆状核变性12例,遗传性血色病5例,DubinJohnson综合征3例,肝性血卟啉病1例,自身免疫性肝炎3例,原发性胆汁性肝硬化1例,原发性硬化性胆管炎1例,药物性肝损伤7例,BuddChiari综合征6例,酒精性肝病5例,非酒精性脂肪性肝炎2例。结论肝穿组织学检查在非病毒性肝病诊断中具有重要价值。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.