胰十二指肠切除术后胃排空延迟的因素分析

目的　明确影响胰十二指肠切除术后胃排空延迟形成的因素。方法　回顾性分析1994年12月至2 0 0 3年12月接受胰十二指肠切除术的12 3例患者的病历资料。结果　胃排空延迟的发生率为2 1.1% (2 6/12 3 )。单变量分析表明:手术失血量、手术方式、近端空肠切除长度、胆瘘、腹腔感染、术后白蛋白水平、术后排气时间、术后前3d日均胃液引流量及胆汁引流量为有意义的相关因素;经Logistic回归多变量分析,确定了6个独立与胃排空延迟相关的变量:腹腔感染、手术方式、手术失血量、术后排气时间、术后前3d日均胃液引流量及胆汁引流量。结论　腹腔感染、保留幽门的胰十二指肠切除术及手术失血量≥10 0 0ml是胰十二指肠切除术后胃排空延迟发生的重要影响因素;胃排空延迟伴随有术后排气时间延长、术后前3d胃液引流量增多及胆汁引流量减少。     

Improvement of early delayed gastric emptying in patients with Billroth I type of reconstruction after pylorus preserving pancreatoduodenectomy

Background  Early delayed gastric emptying (DGE) is the most common complication after pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy (PpPD). Recently, a vertical antecolic reconstruction for duodenojejunostomy was recommended to decrease the incidence of early DGE in patients with Billroth II-type reconstruction after PpPD. However, Billroth I-type reconstruction (B-I) after PpPD is still favored in Japan. Methods  Twelve consecutive patients with B-I were prospectively enrolled. Our technique includes an end-to-side duodenojejunostomy and alignment of the stomach contours with fixation of the greater omentum to the abdominal wall in order to promote passage from the stomach through the jejunal loop. DGE was evaluated according to the consensus definition of the International Study Group of Pancreatic Surgery (ISGPS). Results  DGE was absent, with the nasogastric tube removed within 3 days in all patients. Mean duration of nasogastric tube placement was 1.5 ± 0.4 days. Mean maximum suction volume was 85 ± 32 ml/day. Conclusion  Preliminary results were encouraging simply with relief of the outflow disturbance around the duodenojejunostomy in patients with B-I after PpPD. These findings warrant further prospective randomized trials at either multiple or high-volume centers. A portion of this study was presented at the 15th United European Gastroenterology Week (UEGW) in Paris on 30 October 2007.     

胰十二指肠切除术后胃排空延迟的危险因素分析

目的 探讨胰十二指肠切除术后发生胃排空延迟的危险因素。方法 回顾性分析2011年1月至2015年1月期间在我院接受胰十二指肠切除术的患者69例临床资料,分析性别、年龄、BMI、基础疾病、临床症状、血清白蛋白水平、手术情况、胰瘘、腹腔积液及切口感染对胰十二指肠切除术后胃排空延迟的影响。结果 单因素分析结果显示,BMI≥25kg/m2、术后发生胰瘘、腹腔积液的患者胰十二指肠切除术后胃排空延迟的发生率显著升高（P＜0.05）;多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,BMI≥25kg/m2、术后发生胰瘘、腹腔积液均是胰十二指肠切除术后发生胃排空延迟的危险因素（P＜0.05）。结论 BMI≥25kg/m2、术后胰瘘、腹腔积液均是胰十二指肠切除术后发生胃排空延迟的危险因素,临床应及早采取防治策略,以降低胃排空延迟的发生率。     

A new reconstruction method for preventing delayed gastric emptying after pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy

BACKGROUND: With the aim of preventing delayed gastric emptying after pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy (PPPD), we devised a new reconstruction method in which the pancreas and the bile duct are anastomosed to the proximal jejunum brought through the transverse mesocolon, and the duodenum is antecolically anastomosed to the jejunum below the mesocolon. The right gastric artery is divided in order to place the stomach, the duodenum, and the jejunum in a straight line. METHODS: Thirty patients underwent PPPD with the new reconstruction method (n = 12) or the conventional method (all anastomoses performed retrocolically; n = 18). Early and late complications were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: Delayed gastric emptying occurred respectively in 1 patient (8%) and 13 patients (72%) operated on by the new and conventional method (P <0.001). The incidences of other complications did not differ significantly between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: The new reconstruction method may prevent delayed gastric emptying after PPPD.     

胰十二指肠切除术后胃排空障碍的诊疗进展

目的总结胰十二指肠切除术(PD)后胃排空障碍诊疗的现状与进展。方法检索近年来国内外有关PD后胃排空障碍的相关研究文献并进行综述。结果目前胃排空障碍的病因及发病机制尚未完全阐明,与手术创伤、患者高龄、合并糖尿病、伴有其他腹部并发症等多种高危因素有关。保留幽门PD并不增加术后胃排空障碍的风险,而幽门环切除、结肠前吻合、Braun吻合、微创手术对降低其发生是有利的。胃排空障碍的治疗目前国内外仍无明显进展,但绝大多数患者可通过对症保守治疗获得痊愈。结论 PD后胃排空障碍应以预防为主,围术期应用术后加速康复策略可能是目前临床解决术后胃排空障碍的关键所在,但需进一步研究。     

胰十二指肠切除术后胃排空延迟的危险因素分析

目的 探讨胰十二指肠切除术后胃排空延迟(delayed gastric emptying,DGE)发生的危险因素.方法 回顾性分析1996年1月至2011年12月213例胰十二指肠切除术的临床资料,分析影响DGE发生的危险因素.结果 213例胰十二指肠切除术共出现DGE 87例,总发生率为40.8％,其中A级30例(14.1％),B级31例(14.5％),C级26例(12.2％).无DGE组、A级DGE组、B级DGE组和C级DGE组的中位术后住院时间分别为21、30.5、32和61 d(x2 =66.171,P=0.000).单因素分析显示手术时间(≥420 min)、术中出血量(≥1000 ml)、Child法消化道重建和术后胰瘘是PD术后DGE的危险因素.Logistic回归分析显示Child法消化道重建、术中出血量(≥1000 ml)和术后胰瘘为术后DGE的独立危险因素,OR值分别为2.098、2.525和4.821.术后胰瘘是C级DGE惟一的危险因素.结论 胰十二指肠切除术后DGE的发生率较高,会明显延长患者住院时间;术中采用Roux-en-Y术式,并尽量减少出血量,有助于减少DGE的发生;术后胰瘘会造成DGE尤其是C级DGE的发生率明显增加.     

Therapeutic strategies for the management of delayed gastric emptying after pancreatic resection

BACKGROUND: Delayed gastric emptying (DGE) is one of the most troublesome postoperative complications following pancreatic resection. Not only does it contribute considerably to prolonged hospitalization, but it is also associated with increased postoperative morbidity and mortality. METHODS: We performed an electronic and manual search of the international literature for studies dealing with the treatment of DGE following pancreatic resection using the Medline database. The search items used were "delayed gastric emptying," "pancreaticoduodenectomy," "Whipple procedure," "pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy," and "complications following pancreatic resection" in various combinations. RESULTS: A number of studies were identified regarding possible therapeutic alternatives for the treatment of DGE. From the class of prokinetic regimens, most studies seem to support the use of erythromycin. However, its use has not gained wide acceptance. Regarding the operative technique, both standard Whipple and pylorus-preserving pancreatic resection carry similar rates of DGE. Billroth II type-like gastrointestinal reconstruction is the most widely accepted method and is associated with lower rates of DGE. Reoperations for managing severe DGE were very rarely reported. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of DGE in high-volume centers specialized in pancreatic surgery is well below 20%, thus following the improved rates that have been reported in the last decade regarding mortality and length of hospital stay after pancreatic surgery. DGE mandates a uniform definition and method of evaluation to achieve homogeneity among studies. Standardization of the operative technique, as well as "centralizing" pancreatic resections in high-volume centers, should aid to improve the occurrence of this bothersome postoperative complication.     

残胃排空延迟征的诊断和治疗

目的　探讨胃大部切除术后胃功能性排空延迟征的病因、诊断及治疗。方法　对 1999年1月至2003年12月收治的8例胃术后残胃功能性排空延迟征的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果　功能性胃排空延迟征均发生于胃术后 3~10 d。7 例经非手术治疗于术后 14~36 d恢复胃动力,1例再手术。3周内治愈4例,4周内治愈6例。结论　术后胃肠运动的改变及吻合口水肿可能是胃排空延迟的主要原因,而营养不良、水电解质失衡、腹腔感染则是诱因。胃肠道造影及胃镜检查是诊断本病的重要方法。采取非手术治疗一般可治愈。     

上腹部手术后胃排空障碍32例临床分析

目的 探讨上腹部手术后胃排空障碍的病因、发生机制、诊断和治疗方法。方法对2000年1月-2005年1月上腹部手术后出现的32例胃排空障碍的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 功能性胃排空障碍均发生于腹部手术后4～12天。全部病例经非手术治疗于术后14-35天均恢复胃动力痊愈出院，平均恢复时间为17．8天。结论上腹部手术后功能性胃排空障碍的病因是多因素的，诊断手段主要靠消化道造影及胃镜检查，采取非手术疗法可治愈胃排空障碍，避免再次手术。     

胃手术后功能性胃排空障碍的诊断与处理

目的探讨胃手术后功能性胃排空障碍(FDGE)的临床特点和处理方法。方法对1998—2003年224例胃手术的病例资料进行回顾性分析。结果224例患者中有9例(4％)在术后3—10(平均7．2)d时出现FDGE，诊断根据临床表现、胃造影和胃镜检查确定。其中毕Ⅱ式胃肠吻合术患者FDGE的发病率为6．1％，显著高于毕Ⅰ式1．8％。经非手术综合治疗9—56(平均22)d后，8例治愈，1例因并发严重肺部感染死亡死亡。结论FDGE是胃术后的近期并发症，毕Ⅱ式吻合术后易发。通过上消化道造影及胃镜检查一般能明确诊断，确诊后采用非手术综合治疗多可治愈。     

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目的 探讨胃大部切除术后残胃功能性排空障碍的病因、诊断及治疗。方法 对1990—2001年587例胃大部切除术病例资料进行回顾性分析。结果 587例中有26例出现胃功能性排空障碍，发生率为4．4％。所有病例经保守治疗后，7—28天内治愈。结论 术后胃肠道运动的改变及吻合口水肿可能是胃排空障碍的主要原因，而高龄、营养不良、水电解质失衡、腹腔感染则是诱因。胃肠道造影及胃镜检查是诊断本病的重要方法。采取非手术治疗一般均可治愈。     

管状胃和膈肌缝合预防食管癌切除术后胃排空障碍的效果分析

目的总结管状胃和膈肌缝合固定在预防经颈、胸、腹三切15食管癌切除术后胃排空障碍中的应用经验。方法回顾性分析我科2009年6月至2013年7月980例经颈、胸、腹三切口手术治疗食管癌患者,均行管状胃代食管手术。将患者分为两组：A组530例,未作特殊处理,其中食管上段癌63例,食管中段癌382例,食管下段癌85例;B组450例,将胃缝合固定于膈肌,其中食管上段癌43例,食管中段癌343例,食管下段癌64例。比较两组患者术后胃排空障碍的发生情况。结果A组患者均顺利完成手术,无患者死亡。B组与A组相比较,其术后胃排空障碍的发生率显著减少（P〈0．05）。结论在经颈、胸、腹三切口治疗食管癌手术中,通过将管状胃与膈肌缝合固定可以降低经颈、胸、腹三切口食管癌切除术后胃排空障碍的发生率。     

胃切除术后排空障碍的高危因素与治疗

目的 探讨切除术后排空障碍的高危因素及治疗方法。方法 对482例胃切除术病例进行回顾性分析。结果 本组482例中有41例出现胃排空障碍,发生率为8.5%。胃切除术后排空障碍的高危因素有糖尿病（19%）、营养不良（10%）、腹膜炎（17%）、高龄（≥60岁）（14%）以及术后消化道出血（15%）、吻合口漏（33%）、膈下感染、脓肿形成（39%）、胆胰漏（83%）等。结论 术前及术后存在的高危因素可能是胃切除术后排空障碍的原因。胃动力常在4周内恢复,如需再次手术,以全胃切除为宜。     

便秘术后胃排空障碍及肠内营养支持治疗的应用

目的探讨便秘术后胃排空功能障碍（FDGE）的原因及肠内营养支持治疗的作用。方法回顾性分析2008年7月至2013年3月80例重度功能性便秘患者的临床资料,患者行结肠次全切除联合改良Duhamel术,术后发生FDGE者进行肠内营养支持等保守治疗。结果80例重度功能性便秘患者术后有13例发生FDGE,发生率为16．25％,其中9例耐受全肠内营养治疗,4例辅助外周静脉营养支持。保守治疗后7～43d后好转。结论功能性消化不良可能是便秘患者术后发生胃排空功能障碍的主要原因,肠内营养支持在治疗胃排空功能障碍中起主要作用。     

腹部非胃手术后功能性胃排空障碍的诊治分析

目的:探讨腹部非胃手术后功能性胃排空障碍的病因、发病机制、诊断、治疗和预防方法。方法:回顾性分析我院2011年8月至2012年8月间诊治的8例腹部非胃手术后功能性胃排空障碍病人的临床资料。结果:8例病人平均年龄为(69.9±11.2)岁,均为开腹手术。6例(75.0%)有腹部手术史,5例(62.5%)手术时间超过3 h。术前5例(62.5%)有低蛋白血症,4例(50.0%)有贫血。所有病人均表现为上腹饱胀伴呕吐,胃振水音明显,鼻胃管引流出胃液800~1 500 mL/d。所有病人均经泛影葡胺胃造影确诊。均行保守治疗,7例(87.5%)保守治疗成功,其中5例(71.4%)于2周内治愈。结论:腹部非胃手术后功能性胃排空障碍是多病因疾病。多发生在胆道手术胆漏、复杂腹部手术、长期胃肠吻合输出襻梗阻解除后。消化道造影及胃镜检查是诊断的重要手段。采取保守治疗多可治愈,充分的术前准备和完善的术后处理有助于预防。     

Gastric emptying after pancreatoduodenectomy with total stomach preservation and selective proximal vagotomy

This study evaluates postoperative gastric emptying following a new method of pancreatoduodenectomy with total stomach preservation and selective proximal vagotomy performed on 10 patients with diseases affecting the head of the pancreas, 7 being malignant and 3 benign. Reconstruction was carried out using the Billroth I and Billroth II techniques in 5 patients each, respectively. Early postoperative gastric emptying was evaluated by the time before intragastric tube removal and the resumption of oral intake, as well as by barium gastric radiography, while late postoperative gastric emptying was evaluated by the acetaminophen method. No difference was seen in early postoperative gastric emptying between the two surgical techniques, the mean time which elapsed before intragastric tube removal being 4.4 days for the Billroth I and 4.5 days for the Billroth II patients, and the mean time until the resumption of oral intake being 6.8 days for the Billroth I and 7.0 days for the Billroth II patients. A significant delay in gastric emptying was seen in the Billroth II patients compared to a normal control group, 30 and 45 min after acetaminophen administration, but the difference in gastric emptying between the Billroth I and II patients was not significant. Moreover, both techniques impaired gastric emptying much less than Traverso's pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy.     

腹部手术后胃排空障碍的诊断和治疗

目的:探讨腹部手术后功能性胃排空障碍的病因、发病机制、诊断及治疗。方法:对1993年7月至2003年6月收治的29例腹部手术后胃排空障碍的病例资料进行回顾性分析。结果:功能性胃排空障碍发生于术后3～12天,29例胃排空障碍病例均经保守治疗后8～32天痊愈出院,平均15．7天。结论:腹部手术后功能性胃排空障碍的病因是多因素的,胃肠造影及胃镜检查是诊断及鉴别本病的重要方法,采用非手术治疗一般均可治愈,应尽量避免再次手术治疗。