中国云南湄公河上游乙型脑炎传播媒介生物学及行为的研究

目的 探讨乙型脑炎病毒媒介在人房的季节消长、嗜血习性和叮人行为，以及其幼虫相关的生物学习性，从而制定出有效的媒介控制措施。方法 2001年6～12月，在云南南部湄公河上游，选取一个种植场，采用CDC诱蚊灯和人工诱捕的方法捕蚊；蚊胃血源环状沉淀法鉴定其嗜血习性以及孳生地调查幼虫孳生习性。结果 共捕获乙脑病毒媒介蚊虫5属、11种、5726只。无论是诱蚊灯还是人工诱蚊法，三带喙库蚊、伪杂鳞库蚊、棕头库蚊和中华按蚊的季节密度高峰都出现于6～8月的雨季；3种库蚊在村内和村外有整夜叮咬活动，但中华按蚊的叮人高峰出现在21：00之前。人房室内诱蚊灯捕蚊与室外人诱观察发现，室内捕捉乙脑病媒数量远高于室外。蚊胃血检测结果发现它们的人血指数都比较高；幼虫具有明显的特征性分布。结论 湄公河上游地区人房优势蚊种三带喙库蚊、伪杂鳞库蚊、棕头库蚊和中华按蚊的生物学及行为与以往畜圈调查的结果存在着差异。     

平阴县1988年蚊虫密度监测报告

从4—12月在监测点内选住房4间、牧畜棚4间,每旬捕蚊一次,按人工h计算密度,今年共捕蚊3310只;其中人房1074只,牧畜棚2236只,♀3077只,♂233只,隶属4属17种。库蚊属9种,为淡色库蚊、迷走库蚊、马来库蚊、褐尾库蚊、三带喙库蚊、贪食库蚊、伪杂鳞库蚊、惠氏库蚊、二带喙库蚊。按蚊属3种,为中华按蚊、林氏按蚊、潘     

云南景东县乙型脑炎流行状况调查

目的调查云南省景东县流行性乙型脑炎的流行现状。方法媒介蚊虫调查采用诱蚊灯通宵捕蚊方法,蚊虫乙脑病毒检测采取RT-PCR方法,健康人群血清乙脑病毒抗体检测采用ELISA。结果共采集到蚊虫4属15种6653只,其中三带喙库蚊和中华按蚊属于当地的优势种群,分别占总捕获蚊数的82.07%和10.46%。RT-PCR检测三带喙库蚊和中华按蚊共16批1310只,各有1株感染乙脑病毒;ELISA检测当地健康人群血清乙脑病毒抗体阳性率为72.96%,不同年龄组人群乙脑病毒抗体水平差异有统计学意义(χ2=51.589,P0.01)。结论云南景东县蚊虫种类较多,三带喙库蚊和中华按蚊有传播乙型脑炎的作用。     

云南湄公河流域上游河谷地区疟疾媒介传疟作用研究

目的通过观察蚊媒季节消长、嗜血习性、叮咬行为和疟疾子孢子率以研究出它们在云南湄公河上游河谷地带传疟作用的关系. 方法村内采取诱蚊灯和人工诱捕方法捕蚊;现场采取显微镜解剖蚊虫的方法观察唾腺子孢子,实验室采用ELISA技术检测蚊虫体内环子孢子蛋白(CSP). 结果村内共捕获16种按蚊.现场显微镜解剖7种按蚊,1 010只经产蚊中,发现了7只唾液腺感染子孢子;ELISA方法检测现场捕回的8种按蚊,5 154只各龄期蚊中,发现11只环子孢子蛋白阳性蚊.微小按蚊、中华按蚊、多斑按蚊子孢子阳性率(包括ELISA环子孢子蛋白阳性和镜检唾腺子孢子感染蚊)分别是0.37%、0.22%、0.32%, 昆虫接种率分别估算为9.82、3.97、2.69.这些蚊媒叮咬活动起始于黄昏,并整夜有活动,但微小按蚊夜间活动高峰出现于子夜,中华按蚊和多斑按蚊的高峰则在2100之前.它们的人血指数都在80%以上. 结论以上结果显示微小按蚊、中华按蚊和多斑按蚊是湄公河上游河谷地带的重要传疟媒介.     

湖北省主要传疟媒介按蚊生态习性及密度分析

目的了解近年来湖北省主要传疟媒介按蚊季节消长、栖息、吸血和孳生地等生态习性及其密度变化情况,为消除疟疾前蚊媒防制工作提供依据。方法于2012年7—9月,选择京山县、广水市和随州市曾都区为调查点,采用人工叮咬、帐诱捕蚊和灯诱3种方式进行媒介按蚊密度监测和生态习性调查。对调查资料进行描述性分析和方差分析检验。结果调查捕获的传疟按蚊均为中华按蚊,未发现嗜人按蚊。京山县人诱密度成蚊密度7月份最高,为7.50只/(人·h);曾都区帐诱密度8月份最高,为0.18只/帐;广水市灯诱密度7月份最高,为9.67只/夜。中华按蚊幼虫密度在不同孳生地以8月下旬和9月上旬为高。结论湖北省原嗜人按蚊和中华按蚊复合媒介区,现已很少发现有嗜人按蚊的存在,中华按蚊幼虫孳生地以稻田为主,中华按蚊幼虫密度和成蚊密度季节消长基本一致。     

云南湄公河流域上游河谷地区疟疾媒介传疟作用研究

目的通过观察蚊媒季节消长、嗜血习性、叮咬行为和疟疾子孢子率以研究出它们在云南湄公河上游河谷地带传疟作用的关系。方法村内采取诱蚊灯和人工诱捕方法捕蚊；现场采取显微镜解剖蚊虫的方法观察唾腺子孢子，实验室采用ELISA技术检测蚊虫体内环子孢子蛋白（CSP）。结果村内共捕获16种按蚊。现场显微镜解剖7种按蚊，1010只经产蚊中，发现了7只唾液腺感染子孢子；ELISA方法检测现场捕回的8种按蚊，5154只各龄期蚊中，发现11只环子孢子蛋白阳性蚊。微小按蚊、中华按蚊、多斑按蚊子孢子阳性率（包括ELISA环子孢子蛋白阳性和镜检唾腺子孢子感染蚊）分别是0．37％、0．22％、0．32％，昆虫接种率分别估算为9．82、3．97、2．69。这些蚊媒叮咬活动起始于黄昏，并整夜有活动，但微小按蚊夜间活动高峰出现于于夜，中华按蚊和多斑按蚊的高峰则在21：00之前。它们的人血指数都在80％以上。结论以上结果显示微小按蚊、中华按蚊和多斑按蚊是湄公河上游河谷地带的重要传疟媒介。     

云南省思茅市倚象镇人房蚊类群落特征调查

目的对思茅市翠云区倚象镇纳吉村人房蚊类进行调查,了解蚊类群落学特征,为蚊媒疾病防制提供科学依据。方法采用CDC诱蚊灯在人房通宵捕蚊,对所获蚊虫进行群落学特征分析。结果捕获2亚科、6属、9亚属、26种696只蚊虫,数据分析发现人房蚊虫优势种为棕头库蚊和三带喙库蚊,优势度分别为62·06、27·23。结论当地人房群落蚊种较多,群落组成和结构复杂。     

老挝波乔会晒县和敦蓬县居民区蚊虫种类调查

目的调查老挝波乔省会晒县和敦蓬县居民区成蚊种类组成,为制定当地媒介控制措施提供依据。方法采用诱蚊灯通宵捕蚊法和电动捕蚊器法采集成蚊,采用形态学方法鉴定蚊虫种类。结果共捕获蚊虫3亚科7属38种13 537只,乙型脑炎媒介三带喙库蚊和棕头库蚊属于当地优势蚊种,分别占捕获总数的75.57%(10 230/13 537)和13.61%(1 843/13 537);疟疾媒介中华按蚊和登革热媒介白纹伊蚊分别占捕获总数的0.57%(77/13 537)和0.94%(127/13 537)。结论老挝波乔省会晒县和敦蓬县蚊虫种类丰富,乙型脑炎媒介三带喙库蚊、疟疾媒介中华按蚊和登革热媒介白纹伊蚊广泛存在,提示当地存在乙型脑炎、登革热、疟疾等重要虫媒传染病流行的风险,当地应加强对上述媒介蚊虫的监测。     

浙江金华蚊种调查

1980～1985年,先后在原金华地区的13个市、县进行了蚊种调查和有关生态观察,结果如下: 五年来共捕获成蚊31498只;幼虫4750条,羽化成蚊502只,经鉴定分类为五属24种。 按蚊属:中华按蚊。 库蚊属:致倦库蚊、三带喙库蚊、二带喙库蚊、伪杂麟库蚊、迷走库蚊、中华库蚊、桔尾库蚊、纹腿闸蚊、贪食库蚊、褐尾库蚊、五指库蚊、棕头库     

老挝库蚊族种类及分布调查

目的 掌握老挝库蚊族种类及分布情况,为制定相关虫媒病毒性传染病防控措施提供参考。方法 2012-2019年采用成蚊诱蚊灯捕捉法和幼虫勺捕法在老挝10省开展库蚊族种类调查,并结合以往老挝库蚊族调查相关文献,确定老挝库蚊族种类、孳生环境、地理分布及其医学重要性。结果 老挝库蚊族隶属2属6亚属42种,其中,三带喙库蚊、白霜库蚊、棕头库蚊属于老挝乙型脑炎重要媒介。结论 老挝库蚊族种类丰富,且乙型脑炎多种媒介种类并存特点明显,建议老挝相关部门加强对媒介库蚊监测。     

Correlation of population indices of female Culex tritaeniorhynchus with Japanese encephalitis viral activity in Kapuk, Indonesia

Nineteen consecutive monthly light trap collections of mosquitoes were made between October 1978 and April 1980 in Kapuk, Indonesia. Kapuk is a small suburb of Jakarta where pigs are raised in close proximity to rice paddies which are breeding sites for Culex tritaeniorhynchus. Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus is believed to be endemic and has been recovered from mosquitoes and pigs in the area on several occasions. A total of 18,435 female Cx. tritaeniorhynchus were allocated to 359 pools of approximately 50 per pool. Virus isolations were attempted in both Vero and BHK-21 cells and agents producing cytopathic effect were identified in a micro-neutralization test. Nineteen strains of JE were recovered from the 359 pools of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus tested. The light trap index of female Cx. tritaeniorhynchus (X) and the relative frequency of pools positive for JE (Y) for each month of the study were plotted and correlation coefficients (r) calculated after transforming the mosquito population data logarithmically and the relative frequencies of isolation by arcsine square root. The close fit of the data (p less than 0.001) to an inverse linear model (1/y = a + b log10X) suggests a close dependence of JE viral activity on the population dynamics of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus. Three additional strains of JE were recovered from other Culex spp. at the same study site. One strain each was isolated from individual pools of Cx. gelidus, Cx. vishnui and Cx. fuscocephala. Cx. tritaeniorhynchus was more frequently infected with JE than the other species tested.     

Mosquito blood feeding patterns as a factor in the epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis in southern India.

Determinations were made of the source of 16,330 bloodmeals from 10 species of Culex mosquitoes, including recognized vectors of Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus, in two epidemiologically distinct areas in southern India. In Madurai, where cases occurred sporadically and pigs were reared only in some villages, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Cx. pseudovishnui, and Cx. vishnui had fed predominantly on cattle (89.2-91%), but less frequently on humans (2.1-6.2%) and on pigs and ardeid birds (0-0.1%). In Nallur, which was endemic for JE and had a large pig population, 4.4-5.4% of the feedings were on these hosts. Cattle feedings accounted for 84.6-88% of the total feedings, human feedings for 2.4-6.2%, but there were no ardeid-positive feedings. Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Cx. vishnui showed a marked increase in the proportion of human feedings during the hot season, due to increased availability of humans sleeping outdoors to mainly exophagic mosquitoes. Feeding indices were corrected for spatial and temporal concurrence of hosts in each season, but these factors were found to require further elucidation. Discrepancies in the relative abundance of vectors as monitored by two different methods are discussed in the light of these observations.     

Population dynamics of some Pakistan mosquitoes: changes in adult relative abundance over time and space

Time series and spatial changes in the relative abundance of 14 mosquito species were described from weekly or biweekly collections at nine localities in Punjab province, Pakistan, from January 1976 to June 1980. Comparisons between indoor aspirator catches and outdoor mechanical sweeper collections enabled mosquito resting habits to be classified as: (1) endophilic (Anopheles culicifacies, An. fluviatilis, An. stephensi, An. subpictus); (2) partially exophilic (An. annularis, An. pulcherrimus, An. nigerrimus, Culex bitaeniorhynchus, Cx, pseudovishnui, Cx, quinquefasciatus, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus), or exophilic (Cx. fuscocephala, Aedes caspius, Mansonia uniformis). Temporal abundance patterns were grouped by seasonality, overwintering strategies and the magnitude of fluctuation. Seasonal patterns were: (1) unimodal-spring (Cx. quinquefasciatus, Ae. capius); (2) unimodal-monsoon (An. nigerrimus, An. subpictus, Cx. bitaeniorhynchus, Cx. fuscocephala); (3) bimodal-spring dominant (An. annularis, An. culcifacies, An. stephensi), and (4) bimodal-monsoon/post-monsoon dominant (An. fluviatilis, An. pulcherrimus, Cx. pseudovishnui, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Ma. uniformis). Mosquito overwintering strategies included: (1) adults with slowed reproductive activity (An. annularis, An. culicifacies, An. fluviatilis, An. pulcherrimus, An. stephensi, Cx. quinquefasciatus); (2) females with interrupted reproductive activity (An. nigerrimus, Cx. fuscocephala, Cx. pseudovishnui, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus); (3) immature stages (Ae. caspius, Ma. uniformis) and (4) annual extinction and re-introduction (An. subpictus). The magnitude of seasonal change was classified by the number of standard deviations from the overall mean exhibited by the annual maxima or minima: (1) stationary, less than 1 standard deviation (An. culicifacies, An. fluviatilis, Cx. bitaeniorhynchus, Ae. caspius), (2) fluctuating moderately, one to two standard deviations (An. annularis, An. nigerrimus, An. pulcherrimus, An. stephensi, Cx. fuscocephala, Cx. quinquefasciatus, Ma. uniformis) and (3) markedly fluctuating greater than two standard deviations (An. subpictus, Cx. pseudovishnui, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus). The seasonal increases of An. culicifacies and An. stephensi abundance did not closely parallel the periods of maximal malaria transmission. Temporal patterns exhibited by several culicine species indicated that the period of greatest West Nile virus activity would probably occur during the post-monsoon season.     

云南省景洪市虫媒病毒调查分析

近１０多年来，先后从云南省景洪市各乡镇的当地病人、猪、蝙蝠和蚊虫体内分离出乙型脑炎病毒２２株，从白纹伊蚊中分离到登革４型病毒１株，从蝙蝠和蚊体内分离到基孔肯雅病毒５株，从患急性期血液中分离到辛德毕斯病毒１株，从发热病人血液、脑炎病人脑脊液、猪血清和牛血清中分离到新环状病毒４７株，从黄胸鼠肺脏中检查出流行性出血热病毒抗原阳性６份；人群、猪恒河猴或鼠类血清中亦检出上述６种病毒的抗体，表明景洪市存在乙     

A quantitative mosquito survey of 7 villages in Punjab Province, Pakistan with notes on bionomics, sampling methodology and the effects of insecticides.

A total of 451,337 female and male mosquitoes comprising 43 species in 9 genera were collected during a quantitative survey of 7 suburban and rural villages in the Lahore area during 1976 and 1977 using larval, indoor resting, outdoor resting, biting and light trap collections at weekly intervals. Culex tritaeniorhynchus was the most abundant species collected comprising 51.8% of the total specimens, followed by Cx. quinquefasciatus (16.4%), Cx. pseudovishnui (6.8%), An. subpictus (4.8%) and An. culicifacies (4.7%). Bovid bait collections provided the greatest diversity and highest numbers of mosquitoes per unit of collection effort, while light traps provided the poorest diversity and lowest numbers of specimens. Most species exhibited a bimodal seasonal abundance pattern, with peaks occurring in late spring and after the cessation of the heavy monsoon rains. The spraying of houses and cattle sheds with organophosphorous insecticides was effective in controlling the endophilic resting vectors of human Plasmodia, An. culicifacies and An. stephensi, but had little effect on the partially or completely exophilic resting species.     

云南省西双版纳州蚊虫分布特点及与虫媒病毒的关系

１９８１、１９８２、１９８３、１９８６、１９８７和１９８８年在西双版纳州景洪、勐海和勐腊县（市）捕获成年雌性蚊虫８属３４种３４５０８只。夜晚在农村畜圈及其周围采获蚊虫２１种,优势蚊种为棕头库蚊和三带喙库蚊;白天在野外竹林采获蚊虫２５种,优势蚊种为贺斑伊蚊和白蚊伊蚊。从三带喙库蚊（８株）、霜背库蚊（４株）、伪杂鳞库蚊（３株）、环带库蚊（１株）、棕头库蚊（１株）、中华按蚊（３株）、刺扰伊蚊（２株）、白     

Distribution of mosquitoes and mosquito-borne viruses along the China-Myanmar border in Yunnan Province

A total of 54,673 mosquitoes were collected at 11 sites located near the China-Myanmar border in the western part of Yunnan Province during July and August 2007. There were 29 species in 4 genera identified from the collections, including 12 species of Culex, 12 species of Anopheles, 3 species of Aedes, and 2 species of Armigeres. Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles (67.9%, 37,119/54,673) and Anopheles sinensis Wiedemann (25.9%, 14,170/54,673) were the most abundant species in this investigation. Virus was isolated using BHK-21 and C6/36 cells from 22 of 510 mosquito pools. Isolates included Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and Getah virus (GETV), which were identified by serological and molecular methods. Twenty JEV strains were isolated from Cx. tritaeniorhynchus (15 isolates), An. sinensis (3 isolates), and Armigeres subalbatus Coquillett (2 isolates), and 2 GETV strains were isolated from Culex pseudovishnui Colless and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus. This study suggests that Ar. subalbatus is a potentially important local vector because of the high JEV infection ratio found in this species. Enzootic JEV transmission persists in this area and therefore, surveillance for human disease caused by JEV and GETV should be conducted in the region.     

Retrospective analysis of epidemiological investigation of Japanese encephalitis outbreak occurred in Rourkela, Orissa, India

There was an outbreak of Japanese encephalitis (JE) during July/August of 1993 in Rourkela City of Orissa, India. Among the serum samples, 40% of the sera showed antibodies against JE, while 17% of the sera showed recent infection to dengue virus. As many as 15 species of mosquitos were encountered in and around the affected areas. Species like Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Cx, vishnui, Cx. pseudovishnui and Cx. bitaeniorhynchus constituted 19% of the total collections. The above species were resistant to DDT and dieldrin, but susceptible to malathion.     

Vectors of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV): species complexes of the vectors

The vectors of JEV are Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Cx. vishnui, Cx. pseudovishnui, Cx. gelidus, Cx. fuscocephala, Cx. quinquefasciatus, Cx. pipiens pallens, Cx. bitaeniorhynchus, Cx. annulirostris, Aedes togoi, Ae. japonicus, Ae. vexans nipponii, Anopheles annularis and An. vagus. Cx. tritaeniorhynchus is in the tritaeniorhynchus complex, breeds in rice fields, ground pools in vast areas. Two types of mating behavior, eurygamy and moderate stenogamy were detected. In the case of the eurygamy type, the mosquitoes were from Southern Thailand and hilly areas near Kanchanaburi, Thailand. Female mosquitoes are usually dark in color, the cibarial armature has rod teeth and the posterior end of the cibarial armature is bowl shaped with a typical rim. The rim of the bowl is everted. The moderate stenogamy type were mosquitoes from the plain areas such as Bangkok, Ayutthaya, Suphan Buri and Saraburi. The posterior end of the cibarial armature is bowl shaped with a stout rim. The larvae were characteristic in their siphon index, antennal index, hair O of prothoracic segment, and comb scale number and arrangement. Cx. tritaeniorhynchus summorosus from Japan, Los Banos and Luzon, Philippines, differed from Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in that on the lateral plate of the phallosome tritaeniorhynchus teeth are somewhat weakly developed and only gently curved whereas in tritaeniorhynchus summorosus they are strongly developed, considerably longer, and sharply recurved. The siphons of larvae are short, the sides parallel and the apex truncate in tritaeniorhynchus whereas in tritaeniorhynchus summorosus they are long and slender. Cx. tritaeniorhynchus var. siamensis is possibly present. Colonies have been maintained in the Department of Medical Entomology for 31 generations. The characteristics are in hair O (short, less than 20 branches, and without secondary branching and the larval siphon (short and broad where the others are long). Cx. vishnui and Cx. pseudovishnui are in the vishnui complex. Cx. quinquefasciatus and Cx. pipiens pallens are in the Cx. pipiens complex comprising: (1) Cx. pipiens; (2) Cx. quinquefasciatus Say; (3) Cx. molestus Forskal; (4) Cx. pipiens pallens; (5) Cx. australicus; (6) Cx. globocoxitus. Anopheles annularis is a species complex evidenced by two types of polytene chromosomes.