体外循环心脏不停跳下瓣膜心脏病合并慢性心房颤动的外科治疗

目的 探讨改良迷宫术与体外循环心脏不停跳技术结合,治疗慢性心房颤动的成功率及安全性.方法 采用热凝及无水酒精注射方式,对33例心脏瓣膜病变合并慢性心房颤动患者于体外循环心脏不停跳下行瓣膜置换术的同时实施改良迷宫术.结果 33例全部存活,术后心房颤动全部消失;随访6～27个月,其中28例维持窦性心律,心房颤动复发5例.无房室传导阻滞,无出血及血栓复发.结论 浅低温心脏不停跳心内直视下的改良迷宫术操作简单、疗效确切、安全性高,值得临床推广应用.     

心脏不停跳下心内改良迷宫术治疗心房颤动的远期疗效

目的 评价心脏不停跳心内直视下行瓣膜置换术加射频消融迷宫手术的安全性和远期疗效.方法 采用射频消融方式,对113例心脏瓣膜病变合并慢性心房颤动患者于体外循环心脏不停跳下行瓣膜置换术的同时实施改良迷宫术.结果 全组无院内死亡,术后心房颤动全部消失;实施改良迷宫术过程耗时21～32 min,平均24 min.随访12～46个月,其中105例维持窦性心律,心房颤动复发8例,转复率为92.77%;心脏超声心动图复查提示左心房、左心室较术前明显缩小（P〈0.01）.无房室传导阻滞、出血及血栓复发.结论 浅低温心脏不停跳心内直视下应用射频消融迷宫术操作简单易行,远期疗效确实,无远期并发症发生.     

改良单纯左房迷宫术的临床研究

目的 评价采用简化的左心房迷宫术治疗心房颤动的近期疗效.方法 60例以二尖瓣为主要病变的风湿性心脏病合并房颤患者,根据患者在实施瓣膜手术同时有无接受简化左房迷宫术分成迷宫组（30例）和对照组（30例）.对两组患者的一般情况、术后心律、心脏超声指标及心功能加以对比.结果 两组患者围术期一般资料差异无统计学意义.迷宫组患者随访期间90%维持窦性心律,对照组术后均为房颤心律.超声心动图检查显示,迷宫组术后左房射血分数较对照组均有明显提高（P＜0.05）,NYHA心脏功能评级迷宫组优于对照组（P＜0.01）.结论 简化左房迷宫手术能有效地治疗房颤,改善术后心功能.     

冲洗射频改良迷宫Ⅲ手术治疗心房颤动的临床效果观察

目的:对合并心房颤动(房颤)的心脏病患者行心内直视手术的同时进行冲洗射频改良迷宫Ⅲ手术,评价冲洗射频改良迷宫Ⅲ手术在心内直视手术中治疗房颤的临床效果。方法:从2004-05开始,采用Medtronic公司的射频消融系统对115例合并房颤的心脏病患者行心内直视手术的同时进行冲洗射频改良迷宫Ⅲ手术,其中包括双瓣置换术48例、二尖瓣置换术49例、主动脉瓣置换术2例、冠状动脉搭桥术同时行瓣膜置换术11例、冠状动脉搭桥术1例、三尖瓣置换术1例、其他手术3例。术后应用胺碘酮6个月。结果:115例患者手术当日109例房颤消除,其中95例为窦性心律,14例为结性心律;6例仍为房颤心律,房颤消除率为94.8%。术后随访3个月,82例维持窦性心律,10例为房性心律,房颤消除率为80%;14例基础心律为窦性心律或结性心律,但仍偶有房颤、房扑间断发作;9例仍为房颤心律。随访12～24个月,全组115例患者中80例维持窦性心律,11例为房性心律,房颤消除率为79.1%;9例基础心律为窦性心律或结性心律,但仍偶有房颤、房扑间断发作;15例为房颤。结论:冲洗射频消融改良迷宫手术在治疗合并有房颤的心脏疾病的心内直视手术中安全、简便、易于操作...     

瓣膜置换术中双极射频消融治疗风湿性心脏病合并心房颤动

目的 探讨风湿性心脏瓣膜病合并心房颤动（AF）患者同期行瓣膜替换术及双极射频消融迷宫术的近期手术效果.方法 选取风湿性心脏瓣膜病合并心房颤动患者18例（消融组）,同期行瓣膜替换术及双极射频消融迷宫术治疗心房颤动.18例配对仅行心脏瓣膜替换术而未行双极射频消融迷宫术的患者作为对照组.患者年龄36～65岁,平均53.5岁,房颤持续时间1～10年,平均5年,左心房内径为44～67 mm.比较两组患者的手术治疗结果.结果 消融组18例患者术后窦性心律16例,房颤心律1例,结性心律1例;随访8个月,15例维持窦性心律,3例阵发性房颤心律.对照组13例术中心脏复跳后即为房颤心律,5例心脏复跳后为窦性心律,术后24 h内均转为房颤心律,应用胺碘酮不能持续恢复窦性心律.两组术后左房内径均较术前显著降低（P＜0.01）,消融组术后左房内径小于对照组[（33.06±2.88）mm比（36.16±2.43）mm,P＜0.05].结论 风湿性心脏瓣膜病合并慢性心房颤动患者在行瓣膜替换术的同时行附加的双极射频消融手术疗效良好,安全简便.     

射频迷宫术治疗心房颤动

为探讨射频迷宫术治疗心房颤动（简称房颤）的效果，比较１８例二尖瓣置换术中加做迷宫术（治疗组）和１８例单纯二尖瓣置换术（对照组）的慢性房颤治疗结果。治疗组前２例采用切割冷冻法完成迷宫术，后１６例采用改良的射频法。其中１６例（８８．９％）于术后当日至２２日转为窦性心律。切割冷冻法有１例因术后出血给予大量输血引起急性肾功能衰竭而死亡，余未见明显并发症。随访２～１２个月未见房颤复发。对照组中５例曾于术后恢复短暂窦性心律，但出院时又转为房颤。结果表明迷宫术能有效地治愈慢性房颤，改良的射频法比切割冷冻法操作简单，无出血并发症，心房肌损伤小。提示心房的大小、ｆ波的粗细、心功能的好坏等是影响迷宫术成功的因素     

重危瓣膜病变合并巨大心脏的外科治疗

目的:报道181例重危瓣膜病变合并巨大心脏的外科治疗体会。方法:回顾性分析181例瓣膜外科病例中合并巨大心脏临床资料,男性76例,女性105例,年龄15～57岁,平均(45.7±15.2)岁。分为2组:巨大左心房(GLA)组84例,左心房内径(LAD)70～150mm,平均(80.3±17.5)mm;巨大左心室(GLV)组97例,左心室舒张末内径(LVEDD)70～112mm,平均(79.4±12.7)mm。患者全部行瓣膜置换术,其中GLA组行主动脉瓣与二尖瓣双瓣膜置换术12例,二尖瓣置换术72例,同期行三尖瓣环缩成形术42例,左心房血栓清出13例;84例均作左心房折叠术。GLV组行主动脉瓣置换术38例,主动脉瓣与二尖瓣双瓣膜置换术27例,二尖瓣置换术32例,二尖瓣置换术均保留全部或部分瓣膜和瓣下结构,同期行三尖瓣环缩成形术18例,左心房血栓清出4例,左心房折叠术21例。结果:手术早期死亡率GLV组和GLA组分别为9.3%和6.0%,GLV组明显高于GLA组(P<0.05);死亡原因GLV组以室性心律紊乱为主(55.6%),明显高于GLA组(P<0.05);GLA组以呼吸衰竭为主。术后1个月超声心动图显示,GLA组LAD平均(60.1±12.1)mm,GLV组LVEDD平均(56.6±16.1)mm,较术前明显缩小(P<0.01)。心功能恢复良好。结论:瓣膜置换同期左心房折叠术有利于改善合并巨大左心房的术后恢复;保留二尖瓣瓣膜及瓣下结构有利于合并巨大左心室病例的恢复。     

冷冻消融迷宫术治疗风湿性二尖瓣病变合并心房颤动及巨大左心房的安全和有效性

目的:评估冷冻消融迷宫手术和二尖瓣手术治疗风湿性二尖瓣病变合并心房颤动及巨大左心房患者的安全性和有效性。方法:选取2014年10月至2018年6月,在我院行冷冻消融迷宫手术的心房颤动合并风湿性二尖瓣病变的162例患者,分为两组:大左心房组(LAD≥60 mm)62例,非大左心房组(LAD60 mm)100例,于出院时,术后1、3、6、9、12、24个月进行随访。用倾向性评分(PSM)的方法匹配后对比其安全性及疗效指标。结果:大左心房组有1例患者(0.6%)在围术期死亡,其余患者完成2年随访。安全性指标:体外循环时间、主动脉阻断时间、术中出血量间,差异无统计学意义(P0.05),应用临时起搏器比例,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);早期并发症总发生率:两组分别为18.2%(8/44)和11.1%(5/45),差异无统计学意义(P0.05);术后疗效指标:两组术后窦性心律恢复率:两组分别为79.5%(35/44)和84.4%(38/45),左心房收缩功能恢复率:术后2年两组分别为68.2%(30/44)和68.9%(31/45),组间,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:冷冻消融迷宫手术和二尖瓣手术治疗风湿性二尖瓣病变合并心房颤动及巨大左心房安全性较好,近期疗效满意。     

微创迷宫术射频消融治疗风湿性心脏病心房颤动的临床研究

探讨直视下微创迷宫术射频消融左房后壁治疗风湿性心脏病心房颤动 (简称房颤 )的可行性及临床疗效。选择风湿性心瓣膜病伴房颤患者 1 6例 ,阵发性房颤 1例、持续性房颤 1 5例 ,房颤时间 1～ 1 0年 ,在瓣膜置换术中行直视下微创迷宫术射频消融左房后壁 ,即运用射频探针做围绕 4个肺静脉口的环形线性消融及连接消融环最低点与二尖瓣环的直线消融 ,输出功率 30～ 40W ,每次放电时间 45～ 60s ;同时应用胺碘酮辅助治疗 ;随访 6～ 1 2个月。结果显示 :1例手术失败 ,术后早期房颤复发 ;2例出院后房颤复发 ;1 5例持续性房颤患者中有 1 2例能够维持窦性心律 ,成功率 80 %。结论 :微创迷宫术射频消融左房后壁治疗风湿性心脏病房颤有较高的疗效 ,且方法简单 ,并发症少 ;同时应用胺碘酮能逆转心房电重构 ,减少房颤复发     

直视下左心房后壁射频消融微创迷宫术治疗风湿性心脏病心房颤动的临床对照研究

目的 通过对照观察探讨心脏瓣膜置换手术(换瓣术)过程中直视下微创迷宫术法射频消融左心房后壁治疗风湿性心脏病(风心病)慢性心房颤动(房颤)的可行性及疗效.方法 128例行心脏瓣膜置换术的风心病伴慢性房颤患者中,76例在换瓣术中直视下以微创迷宫术法射频消融左心房后壁,设计两条迷宫线路:一条为围绕4个肺静脉口外侧的环形线,另一条为连接左下肺静脉口下缘与二尖瓣后叶根部的最短直线.术中分次节段性消融,输出功率30～40W,放电时间45～60 S;术前3 d静脉应用胺碘酮,术后口服3个月停药;随访24个月.其余52例拒绝行射频消融微创迷宫术的风心病患者设为对照组,其换瓣术、胺碘酮应用及术后随访同射频消融微创迷宫术组(消融组).结果 随访24个月,消融组成功率81.58%(62/76),对照组成功率44.23%(23/52),P＜0.001,差异有统计学意义.结论 换瓣术中采用直视下在左心房后壁行射频消融微创迷宫术法能显著提高术后维持窦性心律的成功率,比传统的药物治疗疗效好,且方法简单,并发症少.胺碘酮有助于逆转心房电重构,减少房颤复发.     

改良左房折叠术在风湿性心脏病并发心房纤颤的临床应用

目的探讨改良左房折叠术治疗心房纤颤（房颤）的有效性。方法：210例风湿性心脏病并发房颤的患者[所有患者均因个人原因未选择瓣膜置换术中行射频消融术,各组患者术前年龄、左房内径（LAD）差异无统计学意义],在行瓣膜置换（单瓣115例,双瓣95例）的同时随机分为3组：改良组（71例,即瓣膜置换的同时行改良左房折叠术）、常规A组（对照组1,68例）和常规B组（对照组2,71例）行常规左房折叠术,术后测量患者LAD、左室射血分数（LVEF）值,观察改良左房折叠术治疗房颤的有效性。结果：术前、术后相同心脏超声平面显示改良组术后LAD显著减小,且改良组房颤转复率1月高达31％,明显高于常规A组（12％）和B组（7％）。术后12个月随访发现,改良组房颤转复率为18％,与常规A组（6％）和常规B组（4％）相比有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：在行瓣膜置换术的同时,改良左房折叠术作为附加术式在一定程度上可有助于转复患者房颤心律为窦性心律。     

Factors related to sinus rhythm at discharge after radiofrequency ablation of permanent atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing mitral valve surgery

Late recovery of sinus rhythm is unusual in patients with permanent AF treated by (radiofrequency) RF maze procedure during mitral valve surgery. Identification of clinical and instrumental preoperative factors predictive of early success of RF ablation in patients with permanent AF undergoing mitral valve surgery may improve selection of subjects to obtain long-term results. Hundred and thirty consecutive patients with permanent AF and mitral valve disease underwent modified RF maze procedure during concomitant mitral valve surgery. Rheumatic valve disease (61 pts) and mitral valve prolapse (41 pts) were the more common aetiology of valve abnormalities. Mitral valve replacement was performed in 54 % of patients and mitral valve repair in the remaining 46 %. Four patients died after surgery. At discharge, 87 patients (69 %) were in sinus rhythm (group 1) and 43 patients in AF persisted (group 2). At an average 24-month follow-up, sinus rhythm was present in 67 % of patients, and 33 % were in atrial fibrillation. In this period, late recovery of sinus rhythm was observed only in five patients, while eight discharged in sinus rhythm developed again atrial fibrillation. Among preoperative parameters at univariate analysis female sex, atrial fibrillation >24 months, left atrial diameter >54 mm, left atrial area >24 cm², rheumatic valve disease and NYHA class were associated with persistence of AF. At Cox regression multivariate analysis, increased left atrial area (OR 1.07 per unit increase—95 % CI 1.01–1.131) and rheumatic aetiology of valve disease (OR 4.52, 95 % CI 1.65–12.4) were associated with persistence of AF at hospital discharge. Persistence of AF after RF ablation in patients undergoing mitral valve surgery is related to aetiology, e.g. rheumatic valve disease, and to increasing left atrial diameter. Due to low rate of late recovery of sinus rhythm, indication to RF ablation associated with MV surgery should be carefully considered in patients with large atria and rheumatic mitral valve disease.     

Efficacy of intra-operative radiofrequency ablation in patients with permanent atrial fibrillation undergoing concomitant mitral valve replacement

BACKGROUND: Permanent atrial fibrillation (AF) is present before operation and persists after surgery in 30-40% of patients undergoing mitral valve surgery. Using the maze procedure, 75-82% of patients can be cured of AF, but the procedure is difficult and long lasting. Percutaneous radiofrequency (RF) ablation has emerged as an effective therapy for AF in recent years. AIM: To assess the efficacy of intra-operative RF ablation of AF in patients undergoing mitral valve surgery. METHODS: 100 adults with permanent AF underwent mitral valve replacement. Patients were divided into two groups: the RF group--50 patients qualified for mitral valve replacement and RF ablation; and the control group--50 patients selected for mitral valve replacement without ablation. Odds ratio and 95% confidence interval were examined to assess the influence of several factors on the outcome (free from AF during one-year follow-up based on symptoms and serial Holter ECG recordings). RESULTS: Baseline clinical, demographic and echocardiographic characteristics were similar in both groups. Electrical cardioversion following surgery was required in 76% of patients from the RF group compared with 94% from the control group (p<0.002). In those who underwent cardioversion, sinus rhythm was restored more frequently in RF than control patients (32 vs. 16%, p<0.002). Sinus rhythm at hospital discharge was present in 56% of RF patients compared with 22% of controls (p=0.0001), and after one-year follow-up in 54 vs. 16% (p<0.001), respectively. The use of amiodarone was significantly lower in RF patients compared with controls (32 vs. 70%, p<0.05). NYHA class III (OR 8.5, CI 1.0-394) or IV (OR 36, CI 1.2-1958) and left atrial diameter >6 cm (OR 9.3, CI 0.5-5230) were identified as predictors of AF. CONCLUSIONS: Intra-operative RF ablation performed in the left atrium in patients with chronic AF undergoing mitral valve replacement significantly improves sinus rhythm restoration rate. Advanced heart failure (NYHA class IV) and left atrial diameter >6 cm are negative prognostic factors for sinus rhythm maintenance.     

Long-term results of the maze procedure on left ventricular function for persistent atrial fibrillation associated with mitral valve disease

Although the maze procedure is often performed as a surgical treatment for atrial fibrillation (AF) combined with mitral valve surgery, the long-term efficacy of the maze procedure concerning cardiac function has not been determined. The aim of this study was to assess long-term results of the maze procedure for left ventricular function in patients with persistent AF associated with mitral valve disease. We analyzed 38 patients who underwent the maze procedure for persistent AF and mitral valve surgery. The cardiothoracic ratio on chest X-ray and the left atrial dimension, left ventricular end-diastolic dimension, left ventricular end-systolic dimension and left ventricular ejection fraction on transthoracic echocardiography were evaluated before and 6 years after the maze procedure. Twenty-two patients maintained sinus rhythm (SR group) and 16 patients had recurrence of permanent AF (AF group) after the maze procedure. Preoperative cardiac function and the methods of mitral surgery were similar between the two groups. At the latest follow-up, left ventricular function tended to be better in the SR group than in the AF group. Cardiovascular events occurred more often in the AF group during follow-up (50 vs. 18%, p < 0.05). This retrospective study revealed that maintaining the sinus rhythm after the maze procedure for patients who underwent mitral valve surgery might be important for preserving better long-term left ventricular function and result in fewer cardiovascular events.     

风心病慢性房颤心外膜标测心房有效不应期的对比研究

目的:研究风心病慢性房颤的电生理特征。方法:对29例风心病伴或不伴慢性房颤的病人在行二尖瓣置换术时,采用心外膜标测技术测定左、右心房各部位的有效不应期(AERP)及右房内和房间的传导时间。结果:风心病慢性房颤组左、右心房AERP比窦性心律明显缩短(P<0.05),左、右心房各部分的AERF,之间有明显差异(P< 0.01),即存在明显离散性;慢性房颤组的右房和房间传导时间在转复为窦性心律和缩短刺激右房高位问期时均显著长于正常对照组(P<0.05)。结论:风心病慢性房颤心房各部位AERP的差异反映了其AERP的离散性,而AERP 的离散性在房颤的诱发和维持过程中起着重要作用。     

Superior left atrial approach to the mitral valve: incidence of postoperative arrhythmia

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY: The superior left atrial approach to mitral surgery involves exposure of the mitral valve through a longitudinal, craniocaudally orientated incision in the roof of the left atrium. The study aim was to evaluate the incidence of postoperative arrhythmias following this procedure. METHODS: Fifty-nine patients underwent either mitral valve repair (n = 20), mitral valve replacement (n = 26) or an associated procedure (n = 13), including aortic valve replacement, coronary artery bypass grafting and atrial septal defect closure. Eight patients had undergone previous surgery on the mitral valve. Patients were classified according to their preoperative rhythm: sinus rhythm (SR), paroxysmal or chronic atrial fibrillation (AF), or permanent pacing. Changes in cardiac rhythm were evaluated postoperatively, after four weeks, and at late follow up (mean 23.8 months). RESULTS: Preoperatively, 24 patients had shown SR, 10 had paroxysmal AF, 24 had chronic AF, and one patient had permanent pacing. At the time of discharge, SR was recorded in 18 patients who had SR preoperatively, in seven who had paroxysmal AF preoperatively, and in one patient who had chronic AF preoperatively. At follow up, SR was seen in 19 patients with preoperative SR, in seven with paroxysmal AF preoperatively, and in two with chronic AF preoperatively. Four patients received permanent pacemakers postoperatively due to total heart block or bradycardia. CONCLUSION: The superior left atrial approach to mitral valve surgery appears to be safe as it maintains the sinus rhythm in a high proportion of patients postoperatively. In addition, it is not normally prone to technical complications.     

射频消融迷宫术治疗心房颤动疗效观察

目的 :探讨直视下射频消融迷宫术治疗心房颤动 (房颤 )的效果。方法 :选取 136例风湿性心脏病并发房颤患者 ,在体外循环心内直视下行射频消融迷宫术 ,同时行瓣膜替换术 ;另选取 18例患者 (包括风湿性心脏病并发房颤 13例 ,先天性心脏病并发房颤 5例 )在体外循环心内直视下行单纯右心房射频消融术 ,同时行瓣膜替换及其他心内畸形矫治。结果 :无手术死亡。射频消融迷宫术组有 112例恢复了窦性心律 ,占 82 .4 %;单纯右心房射频消融术组 11例恢复了窦性心律 ,占 6 1.1%。结论 :射频消融迷宫术治疗房颤成功率高 ,方法简单 ,效果满意 ,危险性小。     

Effect of maze procedure in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing valve replacement

BACKGROUND AND AIMS OF THE STUDY: The study aim was to elucidate the impact of the maze procedure on late outcome after valve replacement. METHODS: Between 1992 and 2000, 241 patients underwent the maze procedure combined with valve replacement. Patients were allocated to three groups: aortic valve replacement (AVR/maze, n = 16); mitral valve replacement (MVR/maze, n = 148); and combined aortic and mitral valve replacement (DVR/maze, n = 77). RESULTS: Mean follow up was 3.9 +/- 2.3 years. Hospital mortality was 0% in the AVR/maze group, 2.0% (n = 3) in the MVR/maze group, and 3.9% (n = 3) in the DVR/maze group. Elimination of atrial fibrillation (AF) at discharge was achieved in 74.3-75.9% of cases. Freedom from recurrence of AF/atrial flutter was 71.2% in the AVR/maze group, 68.2% in the MVR/maze group, and 64.0% in the DVR/maze group at five-year follow up. By multivariate analysis, risk factors for recurrence of AF/atrial flutter included preoperative enlarged left atrial dimension >70 mm, decreased postoperative fractional shortening <30%, and absence of postoperative left atrial contraction. Freedom from stroke was 93.6% in patients who achieved regular rhythm (normal sinus rhythm or junctional rhythm), and 80.9% in those with recurrence of AF at five years after surgery (p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: The combined maze procedure and valve replacement is safe and effective in selected patients. Restoration of regular rhythm significantly reduced the incidence of late stroke.     

Antithrombotic therapy in native heart valve disease

In establishing the indication for anticoagulation of patients with native heart valve disease, those with thromboembolic events and/or atrial fibrillation (AF) must be distinguished from patients with sinus rhythm. Anticoagulation should be started as a matter of principle in patients with thromboembolic events and/or AF who do not undergo valve replacement. However, a more differentiated procedure is mandatory for patients with sinus rhythm. If the left atrium is enlarged, spontaneous echo contrast is detected, and/or there is no atrial contraction and/or reduced left ventricular pump function (e.g., in patients with mitral valve stenosis), then anticoagulation with a target INR of 2.5 is indicated, even in those with sinus rhythm. Whereas rheumatic mitral valve stenosis predominates in developing countries, aortic stenosis (AS) predominates in developing countries. These AS patients mainly suffer microemboli that often determine the prognosis in patients with calcification of the mitral annulus. Anticoagulation is not recommended in calcific microemboli. If there are simultaneous atherothrombotic plaques of the aortic arch > 5 mm in size owing to an often more complex cardiovascular risk profile, then warfarin treatment is indicated. Mitral valve prolapse (MVP), patient foramen ovale and atrial septal aneurysm are potential sources of embolism that may cause stroke. On their own, these congenital lesions do not entail an indication for anticoagulation. This applies in particular to patients with MVP in whom secondary prevention of stroke can be attained with 100 mg aspirin.