经右心途径消融室间隔心肌的实验研究

经皮腔内室间隔心肌消融术(PTSMA)是近年出现的治疗肥厚型梗阻性心肌病(HOCM)的比较有前途的方法[1],但在部分HOCM中无明显疗效[2].本实验采用经右心途径消融小型猪室间隔心肌,观察手术前后左心室结构与功能的变化,为该方法用于治疗HOCM进行初步探索.     

冠状动脉室间隔支影像学变异及其临床意义

目的:总结冠状动脉室间隔支的影像学特征并探讨其临床意义。方法:从200例冠脉造影正常而具有某些冠心病危险因素的患者、76例肥厚梗阻型心肌病和28例冠心病冠状动脉造影显示右冠状动脉慢性闭塞患者的室间隔支动脉数量、粗细、分布等特点进行分类、相互间比较。结果:肥厚性梗阻型心肌病、冠心病右冠脉慢性闭塞病变(CTO)患者与冠状动脉造影正常患者的室间隔支动脉显影形态无显著性差异;3种疾病之间的室间隔动脉分类中Ⅰ型均占绝对多数(P0.05,P0.01)。结论:不同心血管疾病的冠状动脉室间隔支形态、大小、粗细等影像特征相似,可作为右冠状动脉CTO逆行开通的良好途径和肥厚梗阻型心肌病心肌化学消融的靶血管。     

经皮室间隔心肌消融术治疗84例肥厚型梗阻性心肌病疗效及安全性评价

目的:评价经皮室间隔心肌消融术(PTSMA)治疗84例肥厚型梗阻性心肌病的疗效和安全性.方法:自1999年9月至2010年7月采用Sigwart法为84例有症状的肥厚型梗阻性心肌病(HOCM)患者行PTSMA治疗.在心脏超声的应用、消融操作、压力监测、疗效评价以及术后处理等方面做了一些改进.结果:每例患者共用无水乙醇0.6～9ml,分别消融1～5支前间隔支血管,在心肌声学造影(MCE)指导下大部分病例行室间隔基底部全层心肌的多间隔支消融.术后即刻导管测左室流出道压差84例均较术前下降＞50%.随访8周到11年,79例患者超声指标和临床症状消失或较术前改善;3例患者随访期间症状复发;2例随访期间开始半年和4年症状和超声指标进行性改善,1例术后1年半后死于扩张型心肌病,1例术后4年死于脑中风.术中21例患者出现一过性Ⅱ度以上的房室传导阻滞,14例患者出现一过性短暂室性心动过速,5例出现前间隔心肌梗死心电图改变,其中1例伴有下壁心肌梗死心电图改变.本组患者无围术期死亡和严重并发症发生.结论:MCE指导下经皮腔内室间隔多间隔支心肌消融术治疗HOCM疗效满意,安全性好.     

梗阻性肥厚型心肌病化学消融术治疗进展

梗阻性肥厚型心肌病(HOCM)是以室间隔非对称性肥厚、左室流出道狭窄,并由此引起梗阻症状为特点的心肌病。降低左室流出道压差是临床治疗有症状HOCM患者的目标,经皮经腔室间隔心肌化学消融术是一种很有前景的介入治疗方法,创伤小、安全性高,并能取得与外科手术同样的疗效。     

心肌声学造影指导下经皮腔内室间隔化学消融术治疗肥厚型梗阻性心肌病的进展

随着技术的改进和心肌声学造影剂的应用,经皮腔内室间隔心肌化学消融术(PTSMA)在国外已经成为治疗肥厚型梗阻性心肌病的常规方法,它通过向冠状动脉间隔支内注入酒精导致心肌坏死,造成室间隔心肌萎缩,使狭窄的左室流出道扩张,中短期疗效可靠.     

肥厚型梗阻性心肌病室间隔心肌消融术的国专家共识

肥厚型梗阻性心肌病( hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy,HOCM)是肥厚型心肌病的一种,因肥厚室间隔造成心室梗阻而得名.目前尚无理想的治疗措施,药物治疗为首选.但部分HOCM患者药物治疗效果不佳或不能耐受,这部分患者需要借助非药物治疗方法.非药物治疗方法包括手术和介入治疗,经皮穿刺腔内间隔心肌消融术(percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation,PTSMA)是一种介入治疗手段,其原理是通过导管注入无水酒精,闭塞冠状动脉的间隔支,使其支配的肥厚室间隔心肌缺血、坏死、变薄、收缩力下降,使心室流出道梗阻消失或减轻,从而改善HOCM患者的临床症状[1].     

CartoSound指导下肥厚型梗阻性心肌病射频消融治疗

目的 探讨心腔内超声(CartoSound)三维标测指导下射频消融室间隔治疗肥厚型梗阻性心肌病(HOCM)的安全性及疗效.方法 在CartoSound三维标测技术指导下,对5例HOCM患者行经皮室间隔射频消融治疗,以收缩期二尖瓣瓣叶前向运动(SAM)对应的左室室间隔部位作为消融靶点,应用Smartouch盐水灌注消融电...     

多普勒导丝代替普通导引导丝行经皮间隔心肌化学消融术二例

血管内多普勒导丝测定冠状动脉血流速度可评价其生理功能和介入治疗效果.肥厚型梗阻性心肌病患者前降支静息血流速度增加但血流储备下降.经皮间隔心肌化学消融术(PTSMA)是治疗HOCM有效方法.     

经皮腔内冠状动脉室间隔化学消融术治疗梗阻性肥厚型心肌病的近期疗效观察

目的评价经皮腔内冠状动脉室间隔化学消融术治疗梗阻性肥厚型心肌病的近期疗效。方法选择梗阻性肥厚型心肌病患者29例,利用Sigwart法行经皮腔内冠状动脉室间隔化学消融术,99%无水酒精注入间隔支,并记录注入前后即刻左心室流出道压力阶差和心电图的变化。在消融术前及术后30天通过超声心动图测量室间隔厚度及左心室舒张末直径。结果间隔支内平均酒精注射量为2.97 mL;术后即刻左心室流出道压力阶差平均下降到36.0±9.3 mmHg;术后30天室间隔厚度降低3.2±0.3 mm;2例需要再次另外一支间隔支消蚀;3例患者术中出现一过性完全性房室传导阻滞;所有患者临床症状都有不同程度的缓解。结论经皮腔内冠状动脉室间隔化学消融术能显著降低左心室流出道压力阶差,治疗梗阻性肥厚型心肌病的近期疗效可靠,但应该严格控制适应症,以减少严重并发症发生。     

心肌声学造影指导下经皮腔内室间隔化学消融术治疗肥厚型梗阻性心肌病的进展

随着技术的改进和心肌声学造影剂的应用，经皮腔内室间隔心肌化学消融术(PTS-MA)在国外已经成为治疗肥厚型梗阻性心肌病的常规方法，它通过向冠状动脉间隔支内注入酒精导致心肌坏死，造成室间隔心肌萎缩，使狭窄的左室流出道扩张，中短期疗效可靠。     

Non-surgical septal myocardial reduction by coil embolization for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: early and 6 months follow-up.

AIMS: To evaluate the feasibility and the incidence of complete heart block (CHB) after non-surgical septal myocardial reduction by coil embolization in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM). METHODS AND RESULTS: Twenty patients with HOCM and drug-refractory symptoms underwent non-surgical myocardial septal reduction by coil embolization with detachable coils. Occlusion of septal perforator branches was successfully performed in all patients. We detected neither ventricular tachycardia nor CHB. One patient presented an interventricular septal defect after the procedure, and died 19 days later. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging showed, in all patients, an increase in areas of hyperenhancement in the interventricular septum (IVS) compared with baseline. At 6-month follow-up, NYHA functional class and peak oxygen consumption were significantly improved compared with baseline (14.8 +/- 4.5 vs. 18.5 +/- 4.5 mL/kg/min; P = 0.001, respectively). Echocardiography showed a significant reduction of the IVS thickness and left ventricular outflow tract gradient (21 +/- 3 vs. 17 +/- 4 mm, P < 0.0001; 80 +/- 29 to 35 +/- 29 mmHg, P < 0.0001, respectively). CONCLUSION: The results of this pilot non-randomized study suggest that non-surgical septal myocardial reduction by coil embolization in HOCM is feasible and does not induce CHB. Larger studies, ideally with a randomized comparison between coil embolization and alcohol septal ablation, are warranted.     

肥厚型梗阻性心肌病经酒精室间隔消融术后心脏结构及功能变化

目的 探讨经皮穿刺腔内酒精室间隔心肌消融术（percutaneous transluminal alcohol septal myocardial ablation,PTSMA）对肥厚型梗阻性心肌病（hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy,HOCM）患者心脏结构及功能的影响.方法 收集2006年1月至2012年12月在成都市第三人民医院住院的HOCM患者24例,比较其PTSMA术前、术后3个月及术后12个月的左心室流出道压力阶差、室间隔厚度、左心室后壁厚度、左心房内径、左心室舒张末期内径、纽约心脏病协会（NYHA）心功能分级、左心室射血分数和左心室短轴缩短率的变化.结果 HOCM患者进行PTSMA术后3个月及术后12个月左心室流出道压力阶差、室间隔厚度、左心室后壁厚度、左心房内径、左心室舒张末期内径、纽约心脏病协会心功能分级、左心室射血分数和左心室短轴缩短率与术前比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;术后12个月相比术后3个月,以上指标变化差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论 PTSMA能显著改善HOCM患者左心室流出道梗阻及降低室壁厚度,改善患者心功能,是有效的治疗方法.     

Intracardiac echocardiography guidance for alcohol septal ablation in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy

Intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) was used in a 17-year-old female with refractory symptoms and hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) to guide alcohol septal ablation. During the procedure ICE readily identified the hypertrophied interventricular septum, the dynamic intraventricular gradient, the systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve and the associated mitral regurgitation. Notably, a perfect match was demonstrated between transthoracic echocardiography and ICE findings regarding contrast location. Potential complications related to this technique and alternative therapeutic strategies are discussed. This report highlights the potential use of ICE to guide procedures of alcohol septal ablation in patients with HOCM.     

Nuclear magnetic resonance for the assessment of the effects of alcohol septal ablation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Alcohol ablation of the interventricular septum is a well-established method of treatment in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM). The extent of ablation-induced iatrogenic infarction is usually assessed by the use of echocardiography. The role of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in this setting has not yet been well established. In this report we describe five patients with HOCM who underwent alcohol septal ablation and subsequent NMR evaluation. The usefulness of NMR in these patients is discussed and comparison with echocardiographic results is presented.     

经皮导管室间隔心肌化学消融术治疗肥厚型梗阻性心肌病的近期疗效

目的:探讨经皮导管室间隔心肌化学消融术(PTSMA)治疗肥厚型梗阻性心肌病(HOCM)方法及近期疗效。方法:11例HOCM患者,经心脏超声及导管测压证实存在左室流出道压力阶差(LVOTG),选择靶间隔支注入无水乙醇消融后记录LVOTG变化,出院时及出院后1个月复查超声心动图。结果:11例患者中消融第1间隔支者9例,消融第2间隔支者1例,同时消融第1、第2间隔支者1例;术后即刻导管测量LVOTG较术前明显下降[(90.40±41.95)∶(52.90±34.12)mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),P<0.01]。11例中1例术后4 h死亡,1例术后第5天置入永久双腔起搏器,其余9例度过围术期并出院随访。10例存活者出院时与术前相比,LVOTG和二尖瓣收缩期前移(SAM)幅度较术前明显改善[(44.56±28.87)∶(82.98±36.46)mmHg,(2.3±1.06)∶(4.1±1.37)mm,P<0.01)];术后1个月超声测量LVOTG、室间隔厚度、左室流出道内径和SAM幅度分别为:(40.43±19.27)mmHg、(18.6.1±1.17)mm、(15.5±1.08)mm和(0.5±0....     

超声心动图在肥厚型梗阻性心肌病中的应用

目的评价超声心动图在肥厚型梗阻性心肌病(HOCM)患者经皮室间隔化学消融术(PTSMA)治疗中的应用价值.方法应用超声心动图筛选HOCM患者17例,介入治疗术中引导及监测PTSMA,术后随访.结果术后即刻导管测量左心室流出道(LVOT)压差较术前减低,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).术后4周经胸超声心动图检查,LVOT压差、室间隔厚度和左心室射血分数均较术前明显减低,LVOT宽度均较术前明显增加,均差异有统计学意义(均P＜0.01).术前及术后超声心动图与导管测压所得参数具有良好的相关性(r=0.78;r=0.82,均P＜0.01).结论超声心动图技术可用于指导和监测HOCM患者的PTSMA治疗.     

Pathological features of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) in the elderly.

The pathological findings and available clinical data in 15 necropsy cases of HOCM, aged over 61 years, are reported. Three patients were in the eighth decade and 4 in the ninth; 8 were women. Five presented as sudden death, 2 died in congestive cardiac failure, and 7 died of unrelated conditions and HOCM was an apparently incidental postmortem finding. Compared with cases under 60 years, the hearts of the elderly patients were heavier and less likely to show typical asymmetrical hypertrophy, the free wall of the left ventricle also being thickened in two-thirds of the cases over 60 years. Most of the elderly cases showed a distinctive band of fibrous thickening over the upper part of the interventricular septum. This lesion had a "mirror image" relation to the lower part of the aortic surface of the anterior mitral cusp, with the histological features of a friction lesion. It appears to be a morphological expression of the systolic contact of anterior mitral cusp and interventricular septum seen on cineangiography and thus diagnostic of HOCM. Once formed, the fibrous band appears to persist even if the obstructive element disappears. It is, therefore, a valuable diagnostic feature indicating a diagnosis of HOCM in an age group where the morphology is usually not the classical asymmetrical form and in which this diagnosis is usually not considered.     

肥厚梗阻型心肌病介入治疗方法的新改进

目的 探讨经皮“室间隔心肌隧道化学消融术（percutaneous transluminal septal tunnel myocardial ablation,PTSTMA）”治疗传统技术不适合的肥厚梗阻型心肌病（hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy,HOCM）的方法及疗效.方法 选择2005年6月至2011年6月期间住院的HOCM患者中的26例为研究对象.观察经PTSTMA治疗的26例HOCM患者术后即刻左心室流出道压力阶差（left ventricular outflow tract pressure gradient,LVOTPG）变化,术后24 h磷酸肌酸激酶同工酶、心电学改变,术后3个月心脏超声指标变化以及随访临床症状的转归.结果 3例通过单支血管消融,17例通过2支血管消融,6例通过3支血管消融.LVOTG由术前（75.6±22.4）mm Hg（1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa）降至（21.4±5.84）mm Hg,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）.术后24 h磷酸肌酸激酶同工酶为（1 86±84）μ/L,2例发生Ⅲ＆#176;房-室传导阻滞,均于1周后恢复正常传导,10例发生室性心律失常,12例发生右束支传导阻滞.消融后室间隔厚度减少[（16.8±4.2）mm vs.（22.8±5.8）mm,P＜0.01]、左心房内径减少[（42.0±8.6）mmvs.（48.0±7.0）mm,P＜0.05],差异均有统计学意义.随访时间为（39.8±8.6）个月.与消融前比较,随访中胸痛、呼吸困难症状明显减少,纽约心脏协会心功能分级明显改善,室性心律失常明显减少,黑蒙症状也有一定改善.结论 冠状动脉造影证实冠状动脉室间隔支解剖形态不适合做传统室间隔心肌化学消融术的HOCM患者,PTSTMA能显著降低LVOTPG,改善临床症状.PTSTMA可作为HOCM心肌化学消融术的一种补充方法,其近、中期安全有效.     

Percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: Acute results and three-year noninvasive follow-up in 18 patients

OBJECTIVES: To study the acute results and long-term clinical course after percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation (PTSMA) in symptomatic patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM). METHODS: In 18 patients (seven women, 11 men; average age 53+/-15 years) with symptomatic and medically refractory HOCM, 1.3+/-0.4 septal branches were occluded with an injection of 3.6+/-1.2 mL of 95% alcohol to ablate the hypertrophied interventricular septum. After three years, noninvasive follow-up results of clinical course, echocardiographic and electrocardiographic findings were determined. RESULTS: The invasively measured left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) gradients were reduced in all patients, with a mean decrease from 79+/-21 mmHg to 11+/-8 mmHg at rest (P<0.01) and from 136+/-41 mmHg to 49+/-21 mmHg after extrasystole. All patients had angina pectoris for 8 h to 24 h. Eleven patients (61.1%) developed a trifascicular block for 3 min to four days requiring temporary (n=10 [56%]) or permanent dual chamber pacemaker implantation (n=1 [6%]). All patients were discharged after 5.9+/-2.3 days. Clinical, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic follow-up was achieved in all patients after three years (3.1+/-0.5 years). No cardiac complications occurred. Thirteen patients (72%) showed clinical improvement, with a New York Heart Association functional class of 1.5+/-0.8. A further reduction in LVOT gradient was shown in eight patients (44%). CONCLUSIONS: The LVOT gradient was greatly reduced in patients with HOCM undergoing a PTSMA procedure and their symptoms were greatly improved without cardiac complications during three-year follow-up. Possible complications include different degrees of heart block, such as trifascicular blocks, requiring temporary pacemaker implantation. PTSMA is a promising nonsurgical method for the treatment of symptomatic patients with HOCM. Clinical long-term follow-up of a larger series of patients is required to determine the therapeutic significance conclusively.